2. Organic Chemistry
Aka Carbon chemistry
It is a major branch of chemistry
It contains Hydrocarbons (C and H)
Carbon forms chains involving several
carbon atoms linked to each other in a
straight line, circular pattern, or branched
pattern
There are 3 major types: Alkanes, Alkenes,
and Alkynes
What is it?
3. Examples of Chains
Straight line
Branched
Circle Patterned
If you learn through images…
4. Saturation
Saturated
Hydrocarbons that
have the maximum
number of Hydrogen
atoms possible in the
chain.
Alkanes are saturated
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons that
have a lower number
of Hydrogen atoms
then the maximum
number of that chain
Alkenes and Alkynes
are unsaturated
A N D
5. Alkanes
Alkanes are straight chained
hydrocarbons that only contain
single bonds.
Single bonds are when atoms
share only 2 electrons together.
When drawing hydrocarbon
chains, a single bond is shown
with a single, straight line. Like
this C – C .
The general formula for
Hydrogen atoms to Carbon
atoms is:
Naming
To Name an Alkane you
need to know the new
prefixes.
The prefix you use depends
on the number of Carbon
atoms present in the
hydrocarbon.
Cn H2n+2
1 = meth
2 = eth
3 = prop
4 = but
5 = pent
6 = hex
7 = hept
8 = oct
9 = non
10 = dec
Follow the
prefixes
with „ane‟
7. Naming Branched Chains
1) Find the longest, continuous carbon chain and name.
2) Count the number of Carbon atoms up to the position
of the branch. Count from the side that produces the
lowest number.
3) Name the branch using prefixes for the number of
Carbon atoms on the branch and a new ending of
„yl‟ instead of „ane‟.
4) Put all the information into this formula :
step2 -step3 step1
The prefixes and „ane‟ ending of the compound‟s name are
used when naming any type of patterned chain. But, if the
hydrocarbon chain has a branch or circle pattern there is more
you have to add to it.
There are 4 steps you can take to name a branched chain…
8. Example of Naming Branched Chains
B. Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Longest chain is 4 carbon atoms. So it
is Butane.
The branch is on the second chain,
so the number is 2.
The branch has one Carbon atom
so its Meth + yl. Methyl.
Put in the Formula :
__ ______________
2 3 1
2 - Methylbutane
Answer =
9. Naming Branched Chains
C.
Sometimes you get hydrocarbon
chains that have multiple branches. Like This
To name this the steps are the same,
but with some changes.
When picking the number that the
branch is on, start with the branches
that have the same name first. Then
you write both numbers together
with a comma in-between them.
(ex. 3,4-Butane)
Then for step 3, if there are two of
the same branches, you have to
add „di‟ at the beginning to
indicate that there is two. (3,3-
Diethyl)
Now, if the two branches aren‟t
the same (ex. Methyl and ethyl)
you write them in alphabetical
order (ex. 2-Ethyl-3-Methyl).
This one for example..
Step 1: propane
Step 2: 2,2
Step 3: Di + meth + yl = Dimethyl
Step 4: 2,2 - dimethylpropane
10. Name Theses Compounds
1 = meth
2 = eth
3 = prop
4 = but
5 = pent
6 = hex
7 = hept
8 = oct
9 = non
10 = dec
As a reminder…
1. 2.
3. 4.
|
– C –
|
– C –
| | | | |
– C – C – C – C – C –
| | | | |
– C –
|
* When naming, only the carbon atoms matter .For
convince sake a dash = a Hydrogen atom. Also for number
2, ignore the Hydrogen atoms because it just another way
of drawing it.
Click for answers…
13. Questions on Drawing
Draw the structural, line, condensed, and molecular diagrams for each
1) Butane
2) 3-Ethylpentane
3) 3,3-Dimethylpentane
4) 2-Methyl-3-Ethylpentane
1 = meth
2 = eth
3 = prop
4 = but
5 = pent
6 = hex
7 = hept
8 = oct
9 = non
10 = dec
One more time…
Click for answers…
14. Answers For Drawing Alkanes
Structural Line Condensed Molecular
CH3CH2CH2CH3 C4H10
CH3CH2C3H6CH2CH3 C7H16
CH3CH2C3H6CH2CH3 C7H16
CH3C2H4C3H6CH2CH3 C8H18
15. Structural Isomers
Organic Compounds
that have the same
molecular formula but a
different arrangement of
atoms
Some compounds don‟t
have structural isomers
Having a different
structural formula gives
the compound
different chemical and
physical properties.
Even if both isomers
have the same
molecular formula,
their properties
change.
Pentane
16. Do They Have Isomers?
1. Propane 2. Hextane
or not?
Indicate whether they have Isomers or not, and how many. If
they do, draw them.
Click for answers…
No Isomers Yes. Five.
17. Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbon
chains which connect in a circle.
They create the 3rd and final type
of structural pattern for Carbon
Compounds.
To name these, all you have to
do is put „cyclo‟ in front of the
original name of the carbons.
When you have branches on
them, start counting from the
bottom right of the circle.
The general formula for Hydrogen
atoms to Carbon atoms is:
Cn H2n
4 carbon atoms
= Butane
Connected in a
circle = „cyclo‟
Cyclobutane
5 carbon atoms
= pentane
Connected in a
circle = „cyclo‟
The branch is on
the 3rd C = 3
Branch has one C = Methyl
3-Methylcyclopentane
19. Practise Questions For CycloAlkanes
Name Draw (structural, line, condensed, and molecular)
1.
2.
1. 2-Ethyl-3-Methylcyclohexane
2. 1-Butyl-3,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
Click for answers…
20. Answers of Alkanes
Structural Line Condensed Molecular
1
CH2CH2C3H5C2H3H2CH2C C9H18
2
C4H7CH2C3H4H2CH2C C10H20
1. Cyclohexane
2. 7,9-Diethyl-3,5-Dimethylcyclononane
21. 2= di
6=hexa
10=deca
3= tri
7=hepta
4=tetra
8=octa
5=penta
9=nona
Alkyl Halides
Alkyl Halides are Hydrocarbon
chains with Halogens attached to
them. This includes F, Cl, Br, and I.
You name these the same way you
would name the branches but
instead of using a prefix and „yl‟
ending, each halogen has its own
name.
F =Fluoro
Cl =Chloro
Br =Bromo
I =Iodo
This is the Halo
Group
If there are more then one of the
same kind of Halogen, the prefixes
you use are:
If Halo and Alkyl are on the same
hydrocarbon chain, it still goes in
alphabetical order.
1 C= Methane
3 Cl = Trichloro
Trichloromethne
3 C= Propane
Branch= 2-methyl
Halo= 2-Iodo
2-Iodo-2-methypropane
5 points= cyclopentane
Br= 2-bromo
2-Bromocyclopentane
23. Questions on Alkyl Halides
Name Draw (structural, line, condensed, and molecular)
1. 1-Chlorobutane
2. 3,3-Difluorocyclohexane
3. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
2= di
6=hexa
10=deca
3= tri
7=hepta
4=tetra
8=octa
5=penta
9=nona
As a reminder…
Click for answers…
25. Why Are Alkanes Important?
Alkanes
Wax (candles)
Nylon (toothbrushes, Parachutes)
Plastics/Polymers(in everything)
Gasoline (gas for cars)
Petrochemicals (tar, roofing)
Cycloalkanes
Asphalt (roads)
Petroleum Jelly (cosmetics,
medical purposes)
Heavy oil (used for vehicles)
Halo Groups
Teflon (cooking equipment,
beauty produces)
Silicone polymers (electrical steel)
What are Alkanes used for in real life
26. Alkenes
Alkenes are organic
compounds that contain a
carbon-carbon double bond.
A double bond is when atoms
share 4 electrons. When
drawing hydrocarbon chains,
double bonds are shown with
two parallel lines. Like this C = C.
The General Formula for
hydrogen atoms to carbon
atoms is:
Cn H2n
Naming
To name Alkenes you use
the same prefixes as the
Alkane but you change the
ending. Instead of using the
„ane‟ ending for Alkanes
you put „ene‟.
Unlike the single bonded
Alkanes, you have to
indicate where the double
bond is, in the name. You
put the number of which
bond the double bond is on
first, a dash, and then the
parent compound name.
27. Examples of Naming Alkenes
1 2 Ethaneene
7 points = heptane
Cl on 4th carbon = 4-chloro
Double bond on 4th carbon = 4-heptene
4-chloro-4-heptane
6 points = hexane
In circle = „cyclo‟
Double bond on 3rd Carbon = 3 - hexene
3-cyclohexene
29. Questions on Alkenes
Name Draw (structural, line, condensed, and molecular)
1. 1-propene
2. 1-iodo-1-flouro-2,2-diflouro-1-ethene
3. 1-Methylcyclopentene
Click for answers…
31. Alkynes
Alkynes are organic
compounds that contain a
carbon-carbon triple bond.
A triple bond is when atoms
share 6 electrons. When
drawing hydrocarbon chains, a
triple bond is shown by three
parallel lines. Like this C ≡ C .
The General Formula for
hydrogen atoms to carbon
atoms is:
Cn H2n-2
Naming
To name Alkynes you use
the same prefixes as
Alkanes and Alkenes, but
again you must change the
endings.
Instead of ending with „ane‟
or „ene‟, you put „yne‟.
Like Alkenes, you have to
indicate where the triple
bond is on the hydrocarbon
chain. You write the
number, a dash, then the
parent compound name
just like Alkenes.
32. Examples on Naming Alkynes
There are 3 Carbon atoms = Prop
Has a triple bond = yne
Propyne
There are 2 Carbon atoms = Eth
Has a triple bond = yne
Bromine on 2nd Carbon = 2-bromo
2-bromoethyne
8 points = oct
Has triple bond on 4th carbon = 4, yne
In a circle= cyclo
4-cyclooctyne
36. Alcohols: Functional
Groups
Alcohols are organic compounds that
contain an OH group.
A functional group, if you‟re wondering, is a
group of atoms in a molecule that gives
that molecule the ability to react in a
specific way or it gives it special traits.
The OH in alcohols is drawn the same as
the halo group; as if the OH is coming off of
the carbon.
To name alcohols, you must
1. Name the hydrocarbon without the OH
2. See which carbon the OH is attached to
3. Number from the side of the
hydrocarbon which will result in the
smallest number for the OH
4. Now take that number and place it in
front of the name of the hydrocarbon
(the parent hydrocarbon)
5. Change the ending from “e” to “ol”
To name Alcohols,
2. 2
-the OH is on the
second C
1. Pentane
-there are 5 C’s
which makes it
Pentane
2. 1
-the OH is on 1
-the Br is on 3
- the H3C is on 2
3. 3- Bromo, 2
Methylpentanol
-you change the “e”
to an “ol” because it
has the OH present
3. 2- Ethanol
-since the
ending is “ane”
you change it to
“ol”
1. Ethane
-there are 2 C’s
which makes it
Ethane
(if there is
more than
just OH, you
list them in
alphabetical
order)
38. Questions on Alcohols
1. 3- Propanol
2. 4-methyl- 3-hexenol
1.
2.
Name Draw (structural, line, condensed, and molecular)
Click for answers…
39. Structural Line Condensed Molecular
1
CH3CH2CH2OH C3H8O
2
CH2CH2CH2OC2H4H2CH2C C7OH13
Answers for Alcohols
1. 2-ethanol
2. 2-cyclohexenol
40. Aldehydes
Ketone
Ethers
Amines
Amides
Carboxylic Acids
Other Functional Groups
There are many different kinds of
functional groups and here are just a
few that you should identify.
Aldehydes
Contains a C=O group on the end of the
hydrocarbon chain.
Ketone
Contains a C=O group in a position
OTHER THAN the end of the hydrocarbon
chain.
Ethers
Contains an oxygen that joins two
hydrocarbons
Amines
Contains NH3
Amides
Contains CONH2
Carboxylic Acids
Contains COOH
41. Picking Them Out Of A Crowd
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click for answers…
Which Functional Group is which
42. Answers to Functional Groups
1. Aldehyde
2. Carboxylic Acid
3. Amide
4. Ether
5. Amine
6. Ketone
43. Why Are Alkenes and Alkynes Important?
Alkenes
Anesthetic Agent(to ripen fruit)
Synthetic Rubber
Alkynes
Norethynodrel (steroidal progestin)
Streetlights, Headlights (in earth 20th
century)
Alcohols
Drinking (beer, wine, cocktails)
Antiseptic (disinfectant)
Antifreeze (for cars)
Fuels (for cars)
Preservative (in science, medicine)
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde (medical treatment)
Preservation (embalming)
Ketone
Dissolving agent (for cleaning, thinning of
solutions)
Paints and Varnishes
Ethers
Hospital Ether (fainting gas)
Fuel (diesel)
Amines
Colour (dyes)
Medicine (allergy relief)
Amides
Medicine (penicillin)
Protein (hair, spider silk)
Carboxylic Acids
Poison (red ant venom)
Vinegar
What are they used for in real life
