Energy Forms

1. ENERGY FORMS
BY
Rakesh H
Research Scholar
Department of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College,
Shivamogga.
KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY
E-mail-rocky.devrath@gmail.com

2. Nature of Energy
• Energy is all around you!
– You can hear energy as sound.
– You can see energy as light.
– And you can feel it as wind.
– Can verify as work.

3. Nature of Energy
• You use energy
when you:
– hit a softball.
– lift your book bag.
– compress a
spring.

4. Nature of Energy
Living organisms need energy for
growth and movement.

5. Nature of Energy
• Energy is involved
when:
– a bird flies.
– a bomb explodes.
– rain falls from the sky.
– electricity flows in a
wire.

6. Nature of Energy
• What is energy that it can be involved in
so many different activities?
– Energy can be defined as the ability to do
work.
– If an object or organism does work (exerts
a force over a distance to move an object)
the object or organism uses energy.

7. Nature of Energy
• Because of the direct connection
between energy and work, energy is
measured in the same unit as work:
joules (J).
• In addition to using energy to do work,
objects gain energy because work is
being done on them.

8. Forms of Energy
• The five main forms of
energy are:
– Heat
– Chemical
– Electromagnetic
– Nuclear
– Mechanical

9. In your syllabus
• Hydroelectric Energy
• Fossil Fuel Energy
• Nuclear Energy
• Wave Energy
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Geothermal Energy

10. NONRENEWABLE
AND
RENEWABLE RESOURCES

11. HMMMM....
What do you think
nonrenewable
resources are?
Break it down...
Nonrenewable?
Resource?

12. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
A nonrenewable resource is a natural
resource that cannot be re-made or
re-grown at a scale comparable to its
consumption.

13. NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear fission uses
uranium to create
energy.
Nuclear energy is a
nonrenewable
resource because once
the uranium is used,
it is gone!

14. COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS
Coal, petroleum, and
natural gas are
considered
nonrenewable because
they can not be
replenished in a short
period of time. These
are called fossil fuels.

15. HOW IS COAL MADE ???

16. HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ???

17. WHAT WAS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN COAL AND OIL/GAS?

18. HMMMM....
If nonrenewable
resources are resources
that cannot be re-made
at a scale comparable
to its consumption,
what are renewable
resources?

19. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are
natural resources that can
be replenished in a short
period of time.
● Solar Geothermal●
● Wind Biomass●
● Water Wave●

20. SOLAR
Energy from the
sun.
Why is energy
from the sun
renewable?

21. GEOTHERMAL
Energy from
Earth’s heat.
Why is energy
from the heat of
the Earth
renewable?

22. WIND
Energy from
the wind.
Why is energy
from the wind
renewable?

23. BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic or
living matter.
Why is energy
from biomass
renewable?

24. WATER or HYDROELECTRIC
Energy from the
flow of water.
Why is energy of
flowing water
renewable?

25. Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is
considered a renewable energy source. A renewable energy
source is one that is not depleted (used up) in the
production of energy. Through hydropower, the energy in
falling water is converted into electricity without “using up”
the water.

26. Hydropower energy is ultimately derived from the sun, which drives
the water cycle. In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a continuous
cycle. Because of the force of gravity, water flows from high points to
low points. There is kinetic energy embodied in the flow of water.

27. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving object has kinetic
energy.

28. Humans first learned to
harness the kinetic energy in
water by using waterwheels.
A waterwheel is a revolving
wheel fitted with blades,
buckets, or vanes.
Waterwheels convert the
kinetic energy of flowing water
to mechanical energy.

29. Mechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a
machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any
object that is able to do work has mechanical energy.

30. Early waterwheels used mechanical
energy to grind grains and to drive
machinery such as sawmills and
blacksmith equipment.

31. Waterwheel technology advanced over time.
Turbines are advanced, very efficient waterwheels. They are
often enclosed to further capture water’s energy.

32. Not long after the discovery of electricity, it was realized that a turbine’s mechanical
energy could be used to activate a generator and produce electricity. The first hydroelectric
power plant was constructed in 1882 in Appleton, Wisconsin. It produced 12.5 kilowatts of
electricity which was used to light two paper mills and one home.

33. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the
kinetic energy in flowing water into electric energy.

34. How a Hydroelectric Power System Works - Part 1
Flowing water is directed at a
turbine (remember turbines
are just advanced
waterwheels). The flowing
water causes the turbine to
rotate, converting the
water’s kinetic energy into
mechanical energy.

35. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside
the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is a fact of nature that moving
a magnet near a conductor causes an electric current.
How a Hydroelectric Power System Works – Part 2

36. The amount of electricity that can be generated by a hydropower plant depends on two
factors:
• flow rate - the quantity of water flowing in a given time; and
• head - the height from which the water falls.
The greater the flow and head, the more electricity produced.
How much electricity can be generated
by a hydroelectric power plant?

37. WIND POWER - What is it?
• All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from
the sun
• The earth receives 1.74 x 1017
watts of power (per hour) from the sun
• About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about
50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth
• Differential heating of the earth’s surface and atmosphere induces vertical and
horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth’s rotation and contours of the
land  WIND.
~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle

38. Wind Power
• Wind power is extracted from air flow using
wind turbines or sails to produce mechanical or
electrical power. Windmills are used for their
mechanical power, wind pumps for
water pumping, and sails to propel ships.
• As of 2013, Denmark is generating more than a
third of its electricity from wind.
• The first windmill used for the production of
electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by
Prof James Blyth of Anderson's College,
Strathclyde University).[17

41. • Environmental benefits
• No emissions
• No fuel needed
• Distributed power
• Remote locations

42. Limitations of Wind Power
 Power density is very low.
 Needs a very large number of wind mills to produce
modest amounts of power.
 Cost.
 Environmental costs.
 material and maintenance costs.
 Noise, birds and appearance.
 Cannot meet large scale and transportation
energy needs.

43. Geothermal Energy

44. Sources of Earth’s Internal Energy
•70% comes from the decay of
radioactive nuclei with long half lives
that are embedded within the Earth
•Some energy is from residual heat
left over from Earths formation.
•The rest of the energy comes from
meteorite impacts.

45. Different Geothermal Energy Sources
•Hot Water Reservoirs: As the name implies these are
reservoirs of hot underground water, but they are more
suited for space heating than for electricity production.
•Natural Stem Reservoirs: In this case a hole dug into
the ground can cause steam to come to the surface. This
type of resource is rare in the US.
•Geopressured Reservoirs: In this type of reserve,
brine completely saturated with natural gas in stored under
pressure from the weight of overlying rock. This type of
resource can be used for both heat and for natural gas.

46. •Hot Dry Rock: This type of condition exists in 5% of the US.
It is similar to Normal Geothermal Gradient, but the gradient is
400
C/km dug underground.
•Molten Magma: No technology exists to tap into the heat
reserves stored in magma. The best sources for this in the US
are in Alaska and Hawaii.

49. Solar Energy:
The Ultimate Renewable Resource

50. What is Solar Energy?
• Originates with the
thermonuclear fusion reactions
occurring in the sun.
• Represents the entire
electromagnetic radiation
(visible light, infrared,
ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio
waves).

51. Putting Solar Energy to Use: Heating
Water
• Two methods of heating water:
passive (no moving parts) and active
(pumps).
• In both, a flat-plate collector is used to
absorb the sun’s energy to heat the
water.
• The water circulates throughout the
closed system due to convection
currents.
• Tanks of hot water are used as storage.

52. Heating Water: Active System
Active System uses antifreeze so that the liquid
does not freeze if outside temp. drops below
freezing.

53. Heating Living Spaces
Passive Solar
Trombe Wall
Passively heated
home in
Colorado

54. Solar-Thermal Electricity:
Power Towers
• General idea is to collect the light from many
reflectors spread over a large area at one
central point to achieve high temperature.
• Example is the 10-MW solar power plant in
Barstow, CA.

55. Power Towers
Power tower in Barstow,
California.

56. Solar-Thermal Electricity:
Parabolic Dishes and Troughs
• Focus sunlight on a smaller receiver for each
device; the heated liquid drives a steam
engine to generate electricity.
• The first of these Solar Electric Generating
Stations (SEGS) was installed by an Israeli
company, Luz International.
• The more recent facilities converted a
remarkable 22% of sunlight into electricity.

57. Parabolic Dishes and Troughs
Because they work best under direct sunlight,
parabolic dishes and troughs must be steered
throughout the day in the direction of the sun.
Collectors in southern CA.

58. Direct Conversion into Electricity
• Photovoltaic cells are capable of
directly converting sunlight into
electricity.
• A simple wafer of silicon with wires
attached to the layers. Current is
produced based on types of silicon (n-
and p-types) used for the layers. Each
cell=0.5 volts.
• Battery needed as storage
• No moving partsdo no wear out, but
because they are exposed to the
weather, their lifespan is about 20
years.

59. Solar Panels in Use
• Because of their current costs, only rural
and other customers far away from power
lines use solar panels because it is more
cost effective than extending power lines.
• Note that utility companies are already
purchasing, installing, and maintaining PV-
home systems (Idaho Power Co.).
• Largest solar plant in US, sponsored by the
DOE, served the Sacramento area,
producing 2195 MWh of electric energy,
making it cost competitive with fossil fuel
plants.

60. Efficiency and Disadvantages
• Efficiency is far lass than the 77% of
solar spectrum with usable
wavelengths.
• 43% of photon energy is used to
warm the crystal.
• Efficiency drops as temperature
increases (from 24% at 0°C to 14% at
100°C.)
• Light is reflected off the front face
and internal electrical resistance are
other factors.
• Overall, the efficiency is about 10-
14%.
• Cost of electricity from coal-burning
plants is anywhere b/w 8-20
cents/kWh, while photovoltaic power
generation is anywhere b/w $0.50-
1/kWh.
• Does not reflect the true costs of burning
coal and its emissions to the nonpolluting
method of the latter.
• Underlying problem is weighing
efficiency against cost.
– Crystalline silicon-more efficient,
more expensive to manufacture
– Amorphous silicon-half as efficient,
less expensive to produce.

61. FOSSIL FUELS
85% of the world’s
commercial energy
COAL
OILNATURAL

62. Coal mines
Surface (strip) mine,
Western U.S. Underground (shaft) mine,
Eastern U.S.

63. The future? Hydrogen fuel cells

64. Nuclear Energy

65. Nuclear Fission
• Nuclear fission is the
process of splitting a
nucleus into two nuclei
with smaller masses.
• Fission means “to
divide”
• Remember that fission
has 2 s’s, therefore it
splits into TWO parts.

66. Fission cont.
• Only large nuclei with
atomic numbers above 90
can undergo fission.
• Products of fission
reaction usually include
two or three individual
neutrons, the total mass
of the product is
somewhat less than the
mass of Uranium-235.

67. Chain Reaction
• A chain reaction is
an ongoing series of
fission reactions.
Billions of reactions
occur each second in
a chain reaction.

68. Chain Reaction cont.
• On earth, nuclear
fission reactions take
place in nuclear
reactors, which use
controlled chain
reactions to generate
electricity.

69. Chain Reaction cont.
• Uncontrolled chain
reactions take place
during the explosion
of an atomic bomb.

70. Fission Products
• The products of nuclear
fission reactions are
radioactive, but the energy
released from these
reactions is less harmful to
the environment than the
use of fossil fuels.
• The products are intensely
radioactive and must be
treated and/or stored.

71. Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclear fusion is the
combining of two nuclei
with low masses to form
one nucleus of larger
mass.
• Nuclear fusion reactions
are also called
thermonuclear reactions.

72. Nuclear Fusion cont.
• Fusion reactions exist in
stars.
• Our sun is a good example of
a thermonuclear (fusion)
reaction.
• It is almost impossible to
create fusion reactions on
earth since they need
temperatures above one
million degrees Celsius in
order to take place.

73. Nuclear Fusion and Fission
 Nuclear Fusion
• Small nuclei into large
• Immense temperature
and pressure
• Core of stars
Iron is the “dead end” of both fusion and fission – it is the
lowest energy nucleus and cannot be split or fused.
 Nuclear Fission
• Large nuclei into small
• Critical mass to sustain
• Two isotopes we use
235
U 239
Pu

74. Anatomy of a Nuclear Power PlantSource: NRC

75. Anatomy of a Nuclear Power Plant
Source: NRC

76. Advantages of Nuclear Power
 Clean
 Plentiful Supply
 High energy content in uranium
• Small fuel pellet
• Can provide base load power
• Energy savings in transportation
 Operating cost is low after construction
The NEED Project

77. Drawbacks to Using Nuclear Power
 Initial construction costs
 Radioactive waste byproduct
 Storage
 Natural disasters
The NEED Project

78. Wave/Tidal Energy

79. Wave Energy
WHAT IS IT?
• Wave power devices extract
energy directly from surface
waves or from pressure
fluctuations below the surface.
• Energy extracted from the
waves is stored in generators.
• Wave energy can be converted
into electricity through both
offshore and onshore systems.
• Offshore systems are situated in deep
water, typically of more than 40
meters (131 feet). Sophisticated
mechanisms—like the Salter Duck—
use the bobbing motion of the waves
to power a pump that creates
electricity. Other offshore devices use
hoses connected to floats that ride the
waves. The rise and fall of the float
stretches and relaxes the hose, which
pressurizes the water, which, in turn,
rotates a turbine.

80. •Oscillating water column
The oscillating water column consists of a partially submerged concrete or steel
structure that has an opening to the sea below the waterline. It encloses a column of
air above a column of water. As waves enter the air column, they cause the water
column to rise and fall. This alternately compresses and depressurizes the air
column. As the wave retreats, the air is drawn back through the turbine as a result
of the reduced air pressure on the ocean side of the turbine.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
1. Wave capture chamber set into rock face.
2. Tidal power forces water into chamber.
3. Air alternately compressed and
decompressed and decompressed by
"oscillating water column".
4. Rushes of air drive the Wells Turbine,
creating power.

81. •TAPCHAN
Tapered channel system, consists of a tapered channel, which feeds into a reservoir
constructed on cliffs above sea level. The narrowing of the channel causes the waves
to increase in height as they move toward the cliff face. The waves spill over the walls
of the channel into the reservoir and the stored water is then fed through a turbine.
• The TAPCHAN systems
overcome the issue of
power on demand, as the
reservoir is able to store
energy until it is
required.

82. •Pendulum device
The pendulum wave-power device consists of a rectangular box,
which is open to the sea at one end.
A flap is hinged over the
opening and the action of
the waves causes the flap
to swing back and forth.
The motion powers a
hydraulic pump and a
generator.

83. Main Advantages
• This is a non-polluting source of energy
• Wave turbines are relatively quiet to operate and do not affect
wild life.
Main Disadvantages
• Wave energy requires a consistent supply of powerful waves
to fuel a community's electrical needs, but waves are not
consistent.
• Spills or accidental leaks caused by hydraulic fluids in the
system could also potentially harm marine life.

84. Tidal Energy
WHAT IS IT?
• Tides of water caused by
the Moon and Sun, in
combination with Earth's
rotation.
• Practically inexhaustible
and it is classified as a
renweable resource.
• For tidal differences to be
harnessed into electricity the
difference between high and
low tides must be at least 16
feet.
• There are only about fourty
sites on the earth with tidal
ranges of this magnitude.

86. Tidal power technologies
include the following...

87. Barrage or dam
A barrage or dam is typically used to convert tidal energy into
electricity by forcing the water through turbines, activating a
generator.
Gates and turbines are
installed along the dam.
When the tides produce an
adequate difference in the
level of the water on
opposite sides of the dam,
the gates are opened. The
water then flows through the
turbines. The turbines turn
an electric generator to
produce electricity.

88. Tidal fence
Tidal fences look like giant turnstiles. They can reach across channels between small
islands or across straits between the mainland and an island.
A tidal fence has vertical
axis turbines mounted in a
fence. All the water that
passes is forced through
the turbines. They can be
used in areas such as
channels between two
landmasses.

89. Tidal turbine
Tidal turbines look like wind turbines. They are arranged underwater in
rows, as in some wind farms.
• Ideal locations for tidal turbine farms are close to shore
in water depths of 65.5–98.5 feet.
• Turbines were submerged in the East River to generate
electricity from rapid tidal currents in New York City in
2007

91. Main Advantages
• It is predictable.
• No waste or pollution
• It is very cheap to maintain.
Main Disadvantages
• Building cost is expensive.
• Disrupts migration of creatures
in the ocean
• Only produces power for only
about 10 hours a day.