Presentation by CCAFS/IITA researchers to Tanzania Members of Parliament, Sept. 13, 2017. Offers research findings on gender budgeting, policy analysis, and climate change adaptation.

1. 1
Gender responsiveness: indispensable for
effective climate adaptation and attaining
food security

2. About IITA
Leading partner on agricultural research
for development in Africa
• 18 Countries, 4 Regional Hubs
Hosted by
• Government of Tanzania
• Under MALF Umbrella
Staff
• >100 national staff and students
• 23 international scientists
Major achievements with partners
• Control of crop pandemics
 Cassava Mosaic Virus,
 Cassava Brown Streak,
 Banana Xanthomas Wilt,
 Nematodes
• Breeding banana, cassava, soybean,…
• Bio fortification, aflatoxin control
• Climate change adaptation
• Youth agripreneurs
IITA is a knowledge partner – How do you want us to support you?

3. 3
Outline
• Climate change adaptation and CSA
• Gender responsiveness and food
security
• Research results
• Results from review of policy
documents
• Results from budget analysis
• What can legislators do to improve?

4. 4
Gender responsiveness for food
security in the face of climate change
• Climate Change adaptation and CSA
• Improving food and nutrition security
• More efficient systems/holistic approach
• Belief that men and women are equal
• Gender integration is a criteria for
accessing climate finances

5. 5
Gender responsiveness means…
Policies sufficiently
integrate gender
Gender provisions in
policy & practice
address gender
structural issues &
strategic needs
Implementation plans
design clear strategies
for addressing gender &
provide an
implementation budget
Implementation of
adaptation options
Exhaustively capture men’s, women’s and
youth priorities in policy statements.
Gender analysis identifies women
and men priorities, opportunities
& constraints across scales sand
guides the design of interventions
Incorporate gender indicators in monitoring and
assessment of programme implementation
land ownership/access,
access to credit, information,
extension advice, markets, &
constraining cultural norms
…that we are addressing gender inequalities at all
levels
Spell out steps that will be taken to
address the identified gender issues
Interventions address
men, women and
youth priorities
Reward appropriately
planned gender response

6. 6
Gender and policy analysis research
Gathering
evidence
Desk review of
policies, strategies &
implementation
plans
Interviews with
policy makers,
practitioners
& farmers
Analysis of district
and ward budgets
2012-2016
Feedback
workshops with
district officials
Methodology

7. Summary observations…
Use of gender
stereotypes
• “Gender” and “Women” are used interchangeably.
• Overlooks men’s adaptive capacity to climate change.
• Women portrayed as “vulnerable”, “marginalized” and “key
agent of change” rather than a group that can contribute to
economic development.
Low
intersectionality
• Tanzania is home to more than 150 indigenous ethnic groups
– yet policies present low intersectionality of gender with
other social divides.
Use of unclear
terminology
…from documents reviewed

8. Summary observations…
Insufficient
consideration to
gender structural
constraints
Poor
harmonization of
policies
• Several disengagements between gender approaches in
different policies and across governance levels.
• Mismatch between identified gender constraints and suggested
policy solutions.
Ineffective
decentralization
• Insufficient budget, skills, and relegating gender issues to
NGOs.
• Little engagement with gender at district level. Some districts
budget inconsistently for gender, others don’t.
• Fail to comprehensively address gendered power dynamics at
different levels and the structural constraints reinforcing
vulnerability.
• Women do not have effective ownership of land – affects
adoption of practices and access to credit.
…from policy documents reviewed

9. 9
Gender integration in policy
documents
Grade Level of Gender Integration
Grade 1 No reference to gender issues
Grade 2 Gender mentioned in overall objectives but absent from subsequent
implementation levels
Grade 3 Gender clearly presented as one relevant entry point in relation to main
objective, but absence of clear road map leading to implementation
Grade 4 Gender included in action plan, but absence of clear earmarked
resources for implementation
Grade 5 Gender included in document from objective down to action plan, with
clear resources identified for implementation.
 Policy documents were systematically scrutinized for their degree of gender
integration and were given specific grades
Source: Gumucio and Tafur Rueda (2015)

10. 10
Extent of gender integration across
governance levels
Majority integrate
gender but lack
implementation plans
No mention of
gender
Most do not
mention gender
 Integration at national level does not trickle to sub-national level

11. 11
Extent of gender integration
across ‘policies’
Most NRM policies integrate gender
but lack implementation plans
Gender integration in policies is not
replicated in development and action plans

12. 12
Gender integration in policy the
last two decades
Very slight
improvement in the
inclusion of gender
in policy over the
years
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1995 1997 1998 2001 2002 2004 2006 2007 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Grade
Year
Grades of policies issued over the years
Tanzania Linear (Tanzania)
The positive change is
inconsistent

13. 13
Gender budget analysis
•Budget analysis: Six districts
–Gairo
–Singida
–Njombe
–Lushoto
–Kilolo
–Kilosa
•Four-year sequential analysis of
budget allocated to gender activities
–2012/2013
–2013/2014
–2014/2015
–2015/2016

14. 14
Gender budgets
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016
Proportionofgenderbudget
Financial year
Forward budget
estimate
Approved Estimate
Actual expenditure
Average percentage of district budget committed to gender
Kilolo & Kilosa
Gairo & Njombe
• Gender allocations fluctuate
considerably from one financial
year to another
• Stark differences between
forward budgets, approved
budgets and actual
expenditures
• Limited skills for gender
mainstreaming & budgeting
• Central government
budgets focus on
infrastructure
• Own source budgets small;
ceiling for gender budgets
(10%)

15. 15
Gender budgets
 Activities financed by gender budgets are not transformative
• Training and sensitization: Training of gender
groups (widowers, MVCs, PLHIV and their
guardians) in reproductive health and
entrepreneurial skills
• Gender mainstreaming: Community development,
gender, and children (acting allowance, moving
expenses, diesel , special food, office utilities)
• Research: Conducting an assessment on the
degree of disability among the vulnerable groups
• Support activities: Support entrepreneur groups
through provision of equipment, material and
financial support.

16. 16
 Even though policies are increasingly acknowledging gender, it
remains at superficial level – Root causes of inequality are not
addressed.
 There is need to harmonize gender mainstreaming and
budgeting across sectors, policies and governance levels.
 It is only through a gender sensitive budget that
implementation of the gender mandates stated in policies will
be possible.
Take Home Messages

17. 17
What should be done to appropriately address
gender inequalities and enable food security?
What specific roles should MPs play in:
• Making policies and programs more gender responsive?
• Addressing the gender budget issue?

18. 18
Further reading
1. Gender responsive policy formulation and budgeting in Tanzania: do plans and budgets
match? CCAFS Info Note. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate
Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). http://hdl.handle.net/10568/78606.
2. Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management in Tanzania:
A Gender Policy Review. CCAFS Info Note. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program
on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/77770.
3. Gender perceptions of climate change impacts and in adaptation practices:
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/35869/retrieve
4. Gender responsive approach to CSA: practice guide:
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/73049/CSA%20Practice%20Brief%20Ge
nder.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
5. Policy brief from the March 2015 gender conference in Paris:
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/60479/retrieve

19. 19
Contacts:
Edidah Ampaire: e.ampaire@cgiar.org
Shakwaanande Natai: shakwaanande.natai@kilimo.go.tz
Fazal Issa: f.issa@forumcc.org
Thank
you