Lindiwe Majele Sibanda, FANRPAN. 4 May 2010.

1. Articulating Africa-Wide Policy Issues for
Adaptation and Mitigation
CCAFS Launch Conference: Building Food
Security in the face of Climate Change
Lindiwe
Majele
Sibanda
(PhD)
Nairobi,
Kenya
4
May
2010
LMSibanda@fanrpan.org
www.fanrpan.org

2. Outline
Saving
the
Planet
or
a
Win
-­‐
Win
Treaty?
• Global
Climate
Change
Scenario
• Clash
of
the
Titans
Climate
Change
and
Africa
• Status
of
Smallholder
Farmers
• Climate
Change
Impacts
What
is
Africa
Doing?
• CAADP
• The
African
Climate
Posi>on
-­‐
Road
to
Copenhagen
• Priori>es
for
Africa
-­‐
Adapta>on
and
Mi>ga>on
• Model
for
Engagement
www.fanrpan.org

3. Growing
Challenges
• 1.7
billion
more
people
to
feed
• Ra>o
of
arable
land
to
popula>on
declining
by
40-­‐55%
• Growing
water
scarcity
• Climate
change
www.fanrpan.org

4. Saving
the
Planet
or
a
Win
-­‐
Win
Treaty
Clash
of
the
Titans
Least
Developed
Countries!!!
America
+
Europe
G77
+
China,
India,
Brazil
When
the
bull
elephants
fight
–
AFRICA
suffers
www.fanrpan.org

5. Climate
Change
and
Sustainable
Development
in
Africa
Africa
contributes
only
about
3.8%
of
total
GHGs
Yet
African
countries
are
among
the
most
vulnerable
to
climate
change,
because
of
the
following
factors:
• High
poverty
levels
• Heavy
reliance
on
climate-­‐sensi>ve
sectors
(e.g.
rain-­‐fed
agriculture,
mining,
oil
&
gas,
fisheries,
forests,
tourism,
etc.)
• Poor
economic
and
social
infrastructure
• Exis>ng
stresses
on
health
and
well
being
(e.g.,
HIV/AIDS,
Malaria,
illiteracy)
• Conflicts
• Low
adap>ve
capacity
(limited
human,
ins>tu>onal,
technological
and
financial
capaci>es)
www.fanrpan.org

6. Climate
Change
in
Africa
• Africa
_
0.5C
warmer
now
than
100
years
ago
x
• Temperatures
have
risen
much
higher
,
parts
of
Kenya
have
become
3.5°C
hoaer
in
the
past
20
years
(Oxfam,
the
New
Economics
FoundaOon
and
the
Working
Group
on
Climate
Change
and
Development)
• Agriculture
contributes
over
20%
GDP
• Climate
change
nega>ve
impact
on
agriculture
-­‐
up
to
2%
by
2010
6
www.fanrpan.org

7. Why
Africa’s
Climate
Change
Burden
is
Greater
•
300
million
people
–
35%
of
Africans
live
in
extreme
poverty
•
250
million
people
–
30%
directly
affected
by
deser>fica>on
and
drought
•
Africa
is
the
least
polluter
-­‐
(3.8%)
of
the
GHG
concentra>ons
in
the
atmosphere
7
www.fanrpan.org

8. COMESA:
2003
Crop
Yields(MT/ha)
COMESA
vs.
Global
Crop
COMESA
Global
Maize
1.39
4.47
Rice
1.12
3.84
Wheat
1.38
2.66
Sorghum
0.67
1.30
Cassava
8.18
10.76
Beans
0.60
0.70
Bananas
4.69
15.25
www.fanrpan.org

9. What
is
Africa
Doing?
•
AFRICAN
UNION-­‐CAADP
•
Africa
Bio-­‐Carbon
Ini>a>ve
• FARMING
FIRST
9
www.fanrpan.org

10. The
Comprehensive
Africa
Agriculture
Development
Programme
(CAADP)
•
Endorsed
by
the
AU
Assembly
–
July
2003
•
Goal
“to
help
African
countries
reach
a
higher
path
of
economic
growth
through
agriculture-­‐led
development,
which
eliminates
hunger,
reduces
poverty
&
food
insecurity
&
enables
expansion
of
exports.”
10
www.fanrpan.org

11. What
is
Africa
Doing?
Comprehensive
Africa
Agriculture
Development
Plan
CAADP
Areas
of
IntervenOon
Pillar
1
Extending
the
area
under
sustainable
land
management
and
reliable
water
control
systems
Pillar
2
Improvement
of
rural
infrastructure
and
enhanced
market
access
Pillar
3
Increased
food
availability
and
nutriOon
Pillar
4
Improving
agricultural
research
and
technology
disseminaOon
and
adopOon
www.fanrpan.org

12. His
Excellency
Ngwazi
Dr.
Bingu
wa
Mutharika
“MALAWI
SHALL
NEVER
GO
BEGGING
FOR
FOOD
AGAIN”
2004
“IN
5
YEARS
NO
AFRICAN
CHILD
SHOULD
DIE
OF
HUNGER
AND
MALNUTRITION”
January
2010
www.fanrpan.org

13. Bringing
PerspecOves
Together
CAADP
addresses
the
climate
challenge
by:
• enhancing
biodiversity
through
sustainable
agriculture
and
agroforestry
• safeguarding
the
produc>vity
of
farms
through
SLWM
But,
recognizing
climate
change,
both
local
and
global,
as
a
threat
to
these
objecOves,
by
• using
these
same
approaches
as
adapta>on
strategies
to
climate
change.
And,
recognizing
the
role
that
carbon
plays
in
land
use,
as
well
as
in
the
global
climate
regime,
by
•
linking
mi>ga>on
strategies,
especially
carbon
sequestra>on,
to
these
goals.
www.fanrpan.org

14. The
Africa
Bio-­Carbon
Initiative
• An
iniOaOve
of
COMESA,
EAC
and
SADC
–
NOW
AFRICAWIDE
• Launched
in
Poznan
in
December
2008
• Endorsed
African
Heads
of
States-­‐
Libya
2009
– Nobel
Laureate
Wangari
Maathai
– Honourable
Rejoice
MabudaKasi,
Deputy
Minister
of
Environmental
Affairs,
South
Africa,
– Mr
Agus
Purnomo
from
Indonesia's
NaSonal
Council
on
Climate
Change
– Honourable
Ligia
de
Doens,
Minister
of
Environment
for
Panama
– Honourable
Ambassador
Blake
of
AnSgua
and
Barbuda
– Brent
Swallow
from
the
World
Agroforestry
Centre
(ICRAF)
– Alexander
Mueller
from
the
Food
and
Agriculture
OrganisaSon
(FAO)
14
www.fanrpan.org

15. The
Africa
Bio-­‐Carbon
IniOaOve
Vision
• To
reduce
climate
change
impacts
and
enhance
community
resilience
• Enhance
access
to
rural
energy
and
empower
rural
popula>ons,
• Increased
agricultural
produc>vity
and
improved
food
security
PURPOSE
A
post-­‐2012
climate
change
framework
that:
• Acknowledges
Africa's
food
security
efforts
• Rewards
i
climate
change
mi>ga>on
in
agriculture,
forestry
and
other
land-­‐uses
• Promotes
adapta>on
CALL
• To
call
for
release
of
funding
for
research
and
the
development
ac>vi>es
to
enhance
learning
and
ensure
that
sustainable
agriculture/forestry/land
use
ac>vi>es
are
rewarded
and
eligible
for
funding
in
the
interna>onal
post-­‐2012
framework.
15
www.fanrpan.org

16. The
Africa
Climate
Change
Focus
IniOaOve
• IntegraOon
–
Climate
Change
considera>ons
must
be
integrated
into
policies,
sectoral
planning
and
implementa>on
at
local,
na>onal
and
regional
levels
• Disaster
reducOon
and
risk
management
–
beaer
diagnosis
of
vulnerabili>es
and
strengthen
local
leadership
and
response
• Building
economic
and
social
resilience
• Reflects
African
reali>es
and
priori>es
-­‐
poverty
reduc>on
and
community
benefits
• Reduced
emissions
for
deforestaOon
and
forest
degradaOon
(REDD)
• Agriculture,
Forest
and
Other
Land
Use
(AFOLU)
• Land
Use,
Land
Use
Change
and
Forestry
(LULUCF)
www.fanrpan.org

17. The
Africa
Bio-­‐Carbon
IniOaOve
Principles
• Africa
reaffirms
its
commitment
to
climate
change
mi>ga>on
and
adapta>on
• Ini>a>ve
advanced
and
driven
by
African
leadership
• Reflects
African
reali>es
and
priori>es
-­‐
poverty
reduc>on
and
community
benefits
• Builds
on
exis>ng
African
ins>tu>ons
and
frameworks
(e.g.
NEPAD
-­‐
CAADP,
)
• Seeks
to
Establish
stronger
linkages
between
food
security,
climate
change
and
global
environmental
conven>ons
• Avoids
duplica>on
and
leverages
on
global
partnerships
for
evidence
to
support
policy
processes
17
www.fanrpan.org

18. Addressing
Climate
Change
–
To
Do
• ADAPTATION
is
happening
today!
•
NAPAS-­‐
African
countries
ac>vely
preparing
these
and
need
support
• MITIGATION
–focus
on
opportuni>es!
• Recognize
that
total
CO2
emissions
are
low,
but
per
capita
emissions
are
high
if
land-­‐use
changes
are
taken
into
account
• Focus
on
mi>ga>on
op>ons
which
reduce
land
degrada>on
and
vulnerabili>es
• 13
African
countries
have
prepared
NAMAs
18
www.fanrpan.org

19. NAPAS-­‐Country
X
• Sensi>za>on
of
popula>on
on
effec>ve
water
use
• Dis>lling
exis>ng
water
dams
and
construc>on
of
new
ones
• Expansion
of
food
subsidies
in
rural
areas
• Conserva>on
and
protec>on
of
the
country’s
water
towers
• Encourage
water
harves>ng
in
urban
and
rural
areas
• Enhanced
food
relief
supply
to
the
vulnerable
• Increased
use
of
insec>cide
treated
materials
www.fanrpan.org

20. NAPAS-­‐Country
Y
• Sensi>za>on
of
popula>on
on
effec>ve
water
use
• Replacement
of
household
goat
herds
with
sheep
herds
to
reduce
pressure
on
fragile
rangelands
• Introduc>on
of
drought-­‐resistant
seed
varie>es
and
increased
fish
and
poultry
produc>on
• Introduc>on
of
new
water
harves>ng/spreading
techniques
• Rehabilita>on
of
exis>ng
dams
as
well
as
improvements
in
water
basin
infrastructure
for
increased
water
storage
capacity
• Improvement
of
access
to
groundwater
supplies
by
humans
and
animals
though
installa>on
of
water
pumps
www.fanrpan.org

21. Africa’s
Strategy
–
“REDD
–
AFOLU
CoaliOon”
•
Africa
promotes
REDD
+-­‐
the
reduc>on
of
greenhouse
gas
emissions
by
forest
sources
– REDD
provides
a
unique
opportunity
for
forest
naSons
to
be
rewarded
for
forest
protecSon
and
stewardship
– REDD++
is
a
welcome
opportunity
•
Africa
promotes
AFOLU
-­‐
carbon
sequestra>on
through
agriculture,
forestry
and
land
use
21
www.fanrpan.org

22. Climate
Change
in
Africa
Status
of
African
Farmers
• Land
owned
–
maximum
2
acres
• Main
Crops
–
Staples
(Corn)
• Livestock-­‐mul>ple
use
low
returns
• Yield
Maize
100kg/ha
• Fer>lizer
used:
0.2
of
recommended/desired
levels
• Use
of
recycled
seeds
• Agricultural
implements
owned
-­‐
hand
hoe
• Policy
engagements
Nil
www.fanrpan.org

23. Puing
Farming
First
-­‐
Key
Principles
www.fanrpan.org

24. PrioriOse
Research
ImperaOves

meet
the
challenges
of
the
future
• Conduct
research
on
food
systems,
soil
fer>lity,
water
availability,
crop
losses
,
livestock
systems
-­‐-­‐-­‐
climate
change
• Improving
produc>vity
through
responsible
science
and
technology
• Increase
public
and
private
investment
in
R&D
• Promote
farmer-­‐centered
research
• Establish
public-­‐private
partnerships
www.fanrpan.org

25. Safeguard
Natural
Resources

Improve
land
management
pracOces
• Conserva>on
>llage
• Watershed
management
• Wildlife
habitat
and
biodiversity
protec>on
• Create
incen>ves
for
ecosystem
services
www.fanrpan.org

26. Actors
in
the
food
systems
CGIAR,
Earth System Science Partnership,
Global Research Partnerships CCAFS
FARA:CORAF, NASRO,
ASARECA, CARDESA, NARES,
African Researchers UNIVERSITIES
Agro-Inputs, Processing,
Private Sector Packaging, Trade and Marketing
Farmer organisations Evidence based, predictable policies
NGOs, Media and Advocacy orgs Rallying point for advocacy
www.fanrpan.org

27. Food System ACTIVITIES
Producing food: natural resources, inputs, markets, …
Processing & packaging food: raw materials, standards, storage requirement, …
Distributing & retailing food: transport, marketing, advertising, …
Consuming food: acquisition, preparation, customs, …
Food System OUTCOMES Contributing to:
Social Welfare Food Security, i.e. stability over time Environmental
• Income for: Welfare
• Employment • Ecosystem
• Wealth FOOD FOOD stocks & flows
UTILISATION ACCESS
• Social capital • Ecosystem
• Political capital • Nutritional Value • Affordability services
• Human capital • Social Value • Allocation • Access to natural
• Food Safety • Preference capital
FOOD
AVAILABILITY
• Production
• Distribution
• Exchange
www.fanrpan.org

28. MulO
–
Stakeholder
Policy
Engagements
NATIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVEL
Policy
Ongoing Research Advisory
• Coordination of multi-country studies
Studies Process • Synthesis of research evidence
National Into Agenda for Policy engagements
Policy
Emerging Issues and Dialogues Agenda for • Networking, sharing
of information, regional and
FANR Policies Tracking
(Periodic) Policy global representation
Engagement
Africa Region
Across all AU-RECs (Representatives from all FANR Stakeholder Groups)
(CGIAR, Earth System Science Partnership, • Farmers’ Organisations
CCAFS • Governments
• Private Sector
All Stakeholder Groups) • Researchers
• Development Partners
• Media
• NGOs –
www.fanrpan.org

29. Facing
up
to
the
Climate
Change
Challenge-­‐
Partnerships
• Iden>fy
and
develop
regional
and
country
programmes
capacity
to
generate
and
administer
an
adequate
base
of
knowledge
base
to
address
climate
change
challenge
for
sustainable
development
• Focus
on
climate-­‐related
ac>vi>es:
• Policy
research
and
analysis:
control
of
ac>vi>es
responsible
for
emissions,
par>cipatory
adapta>on
cost
assessment
• Consensus
building
at
community
and
na>onal
level:
alterna>ve
grassroots
climate
change
adapta>on
strategies
• Holding
local
corpora>ons
to
account
(responsibility
&liability
)
• Capacity
strengthening,
technical
advice
and
assistance
• Communica>on
and
outreach
and
movement
building
• Knowledge
management
and
peer
learning
• Linking
agriculture
and
climate
scien>sts
www.fanrpan.org

30. The
New
Economy-­‐
Bio-­‐Carbon
IniOaOve
Model
for
DistribuOng
New
Money
•
Scale
up
of
community
managed
environment
programmes,
e.g.
CAMPFIRE
–communal
areas
management
program
for
indigenous
resources
• Scale
up
role
of
CSOs-­‐
watch
dog
role
(give
evidence
and
voice
to
Farmers,
media,
women)
•
Smallholder
farmers
act
as
environmental
custodians
-­‐
creates
jobs
-­‐
local
people
are
trained
and
become
involved
as
environmental
educators,
etc
•
Benefits
from
carbon
finance
cement
community
collec>ve
responsibility
:
-­‐
incenSve
for
people
to
conserve
environment,
-­‐
generates
funds
for
community
projects
infrastructure
and
new
market
opportuniSes
www.fanrpan.org

31. The
Africa
Bio-­‐Carbon
IniOaOve
Road
to
Copenhagen
–visible
impact
• 23-­‐27
February
2009,
New
York,
USA
Intergovernmental
Preparatory
MeeOng
(IPM)
of
the
Seventeenth
Session
of
the
United
NaOons
Commission
on
Sustainable
Development
(CSD-­‐17)
-­‐
Discussed
policy
opSons
and
possible
acSons
to
enable
the
implementaSon
of
measures
and
policies
on
agriculture,
rural
development,
land,
drought,
deserSficaSon
in
Africa
• 14-­‐16
April
2009
Durban,
South
Africa
SACAU
Policy
Conference
-­‐
Developed
clear
strategy
on
climate
change
and
agriculture
in
Southern
Africa
• 6-­‐8
April,
Kadoma,
Zimbabwe
COMESA
Zimbabwe
Climate
Change
Roundtable
-­‐
Developed
a
consensus
on
the
Africa
climate
change
posiSon
• 4
–
6
April
2009,
Lusaka,
Zambia
Regional
ConservaOon
Agriculture
Tour
-­‐
ConservaSon
agriculture’s
role
in
miSgaSon
and
adaptaSon
to
Climate
Change
promoted
www.fanrpan.org

32. Climate
Change
and
Africa
Status
of
African
Farmers
• Small
scale
producers
responsible
for
over
80%
of
staple
food
crops
• Women
-­‐
main
food
producers
in
sub-­‐Saharan
Africa
accoun>ng
for:
a) 70%
of
the
agricultural
labour
force
b) 80%
of
food
produc>on
-­‐ 64%
of
People
Living
With
HIV
and
AIDS
are
in
sub
Saharan
Africa
(SSA)
-­‐ 75%
of
all
Women
LHWA
are
in
SSA
www.fanrpan.org

33. Wanjiku’s
Dream
–Secure
Livelihood
Land
Owned
-­‐1
hectare
Crops-­‐
Staples
&
high
values
crops
Yield
Maize
3t/ha
High
quality
seeds
Fer>lizer
used:
0.7
of
recommended
levels
Agricultural
Implements
hires
a
tractor,
Owns
2
cows,
5
goats
www.fanrpan.org

34. Farmer
of
the
Future-­‐ICT
Friendly
www.fanrpan.org

35. The
Africa
Bio-­‐Carbon
IniOaOve
Lessons
for
Barcelona
• Align
research
agenda
with
global
climate
calendar
• Include
CSOs
in
main
na>onal
nego>a>ng
delega>ons
and
form
coali>ons
• Highlight
where
Agriculture
can
be
included
&
reinforced
in
nego>a>ng
text
• Ensure
integra>on
of
African
media
in
COP15
delega>ons
to
amplify
African
voice
and
hold
governments
accountable
• Support
nego>a>ng
teams
pre-­‐
and
during
nego>a>ons
• Evidence
for
collec>ve
engagements
in
side
mee>ng
at
COP16
www.fanrpan.org

36. What
Needs
To
Be
Done-­‐
What
Needs
To
Be
Done
in
2010-­‐
• LULUCF
inventory
of
emissions
and
rules
explicitly
include
agriculture
• Agriculture
and
food
security
are
part
of
ac>ons
in
implemen>ng
the
Copenhagen
Accord
• Coherent
mi>ga>on
plans
with
adapta>on
plans
and
poverty
reduc>on
strategies
-­‐
key
for
agriculture
which
is
osen
a
priority
sector
in
both
NAMAs
and
NAPAs
• Use
of
best
prac>ce
lessons
from
agriculture
programmes
to
inform
global
and
na>onal
policies
• Regional
and
na>onal
ini>a>ves,
such
as
CAADP
are
supported
to
integrate
climate
change
into
their
policies
and
plans
www.fanrpan.org

37. Conclusion
Agriculture
is
the
back-­‐bone
of
Africa’s
livelihoods.
A
climate
change
deal
must
include
Agriculture,
Forestry
and
Other
Land
Uses
(AFOLU)
COP
16
-­‐NO
Agriculture
is
NO
GLOBAL
DEAL
To
endorse-­‐
Visit
www.africaclimatesoluOon.org
www.fanrpan.org

38. COP16
NO
AGRICULTURE
NO
DEAL
www.fanrpan.org