Final Paper Topics & Guidelines Your assignment is to write a 4-6-page paper (@1250-1800 words) on one of the following topics. You are expected to cite at least three sources (outside of the course text) in supporting your thesis on your chosen topic. (Wikipedia may be used, but will not be considered one of your three sources). Please follow these Guidelines: 1. Double-space the paper, using Times New Roman font in 12-point. 2. Use MLA formatting and documentation style. 3. Cite correctly. Put all copied words, phrases, sentences, etc. in quotation marks and cite all paraphrased words, ideas, and arguments correctly. 4. Include examples of art works to support your analysis. (Feel free to include illustrations in your paper.) 5. Use the art vocabulary from Chapters 4 and 5 to describe the art works 6. Use originality in your thinking, analysis and selection of art works 7. Review the Power Point "How to Write a Comparison" and announcements: "How to Cite Correctly" and "Just What is a Thesis Anyway?". 8. Please use Microsoft Word or software compatible with MS Word to save your document. 9. Name your document: last name_ first name_ title.doc; i.e. Smith_Mary_Art in Time.doc TOPIC FOR FINAL PAPER 1. Discuss the influence of photography on the art of the late 19th and 20th centuries, citing specific uses of photography. Discuss the shifting and sharing of the functions and purposes of art by painting, drawing, and photography. Your paper should be clearly and carefully written. You must be correct on points of content, but points will also be taken off for grammatical errors, incorrect documentation and citation style, careless errors, awkward phrasing, poor sentence construction, and illogical or confusing organization. A paper of this length might benefit from being divided into subsections. As noted above, papers should be double-spaced and follow MLA documentation formatting and style. All quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material must be cited, both within the text of the paper (parenthetical citations) and on a works-cited page or list of references. Don’t forget to include a running header with your name and page numbers. Consult a reputable style guide, such as the Little, Brown Compact Handbook by Jane E. Aaron, for help on writing style, correct grammar, and documentation guidelines. Research Paper Notes In writing your essay, keep in mind three key elements: Structure, Content, and Language These are the three ways in which your essay will be evaluated. Structure The structure of the paper is guided by the thesis statement, which should appear at the end of your first paragraph. Do not make the reader search for your thesis. Think of the introductory paragraph as starting and warming up your car. It is necessary, but it doesn't actually take you anywhere. Think of the thesis at the end as putting your car in gear. The thesis gives your paper its direction. There is an important difference between a thesis and a topic, whic.

1. Final Paper Topics & Guidelines
Your assignment is to write a 4-6-page paper (@1250-1800
words) on one of the following topics. You are expected to cite
at least three sources (outside of the course text) in supporting
your thesis on your chosen topic. (Wikipedia may be used, but
will not be considered one of your three sources).
Please follow these Guidelines:
1. Double-space the paper, using Times New Roman font in 12-
point.
2. Use MLA formatting and documentation style.
3. Cite correctly. Put all copied words, phrases, sentences, etc.
in quotation marks and cite all paraphrased words, ideas, and
arguments correctly.
4. Include examples of art works to support your analysis. (Feel
free to include illustrations in your paper.)
5. Use the art vocabulary from Chapters 4 and 5 to describe the
art works
6. Use originality in your thinking, analysis and selection of art
works
7. Review the Power Point "How to Write a Comparison" and
announcements: "How to Cite Correctly" and "Just What is a
Thesis Anyway?".
8. Please use Microsoft Word or software compatible with MS
Word to save your document.
9. Name your document: last name_ first name_ title.doc; i.e.
Smith_Mary_Art in Time.doc
TOPIC FOR FINAL PAPER
1. Discuss the influence of photography on the art of the late
19th and 20th centuries, citing specific uses of photography.
Discuss the shifting and sharing of the functions and purposes
of art by painting, drawing, and photography.

2. Your paper should be clearly and carefully written. You must be
correct on points of content, but points will also be taken off for
grammatical errors, incorrect documentation and citation style,
careless errors, awkward phrasing, poor sentence construction,
and illogical or confusing organization. A paper of this length
might benefit from being divided into subsections.
As noted above, papers should be double-spaced and follow
MLA documentation formatting and style. All quoted,
paraphrased, or summarized material must be cited, both within
the text of the paper (parenthetical citations) and on a works-
cited page or list of references. Don’t forget to include a
running header with your name and page numbers. Consult a
reputable style guide, such as the Little, Brown Compact
Handbook by Jane E. Aaron, for help on writing style, correct
grammar, and documentation guidelines.
Research Paper Notes
In writing your essay, keep in mind three key elements:
Structure, Content, and Language
These are the three ways in which your essay will be evaluated.
Structure
The structure of the paper is guided by the thesis statement,
which should appear at the end of your first paragraph. Do not
make the reader search for your thesis. Think of the
introductory paragraph as starting and warming up your car. It
is necessary, but it doesn't actually take you anywhere. Think of
the thesis at the end as putting your car in gear. The thesis gives
your paper its direction. There is an important difference
between a thesis and a topic, which you must realize before
writing. The topic is the subject you will be writing about; the
thesis is what you will show to be true in the course of your
paper. Develop your thesis by thinking about how you want to
answer the question or questions raised in the topics listed
above: the position you take or the answer you believe to be

3. true forms your thesis.
In structuring your paper, remember the analogy with going
somewhere in your car. Most of the time should be spent on the
trip itself. That is, the body of your paper should be much
longer than either the introductory paragraph or the conclusion.
Every “turn” you make in the paper should be a new paragraph.
Give your paper plenty of “fuel” (evidence, reasoning,
quotation) to make it through each paragraph. Make sure that
each paragraph contributes to reaching your destination.
The final paragraph should be your conclusion. The conclusion
is like stopping the car and parking it. It doesn't take long, but
it is absolutely necessary. In your conclusion, confirm that you
have reached your destination and how you got there. You
might also want to briefly touch on some other implications or
issues which you didn't have time to discuss in the paper (places
you'd like to go that are along that same direction, but don't
have time to explore at this point).
Content
The second element of a good essay is the content. No matter
how well-structured and well-written your paper might be, if
you don't have the content, this is not a good paper. First
consider whether you have answered all the questions stated in
the assigned topic. This is a very important consideration.
Second, be sure that all the content in your paper contributes to
reaching your destination. You don't want any wasted space.
Most importantly, make sure that you prove your point, and that
you show mastery of the readings (textbook, Web resources,
threaded discussions) in your paper. Define all technical terms,
and make sure that you support all your points. Give reasons,
evidence, quotations, and illustrations, and concrete examples
to make your points perfectly clear and justified.
Language
The way you use the English language is fundamental to the
quality of your paper. It reflects your education, the clarity and
complexity of your thinking, and the care you have taken in

4. constructing your argument or exposition. Think of words as
tools. You want the right tool for the job, but use the ones you
are comfortable using. Try to strike a balance between words
that are too technical for you to use comfortably and words that
are too colloquial (too much like the language you use in
speaking) to do the job of conveying the complexity of your
meaning. If you use a technical word, be sure to define it. If you
use a quotation, keep in mind that no quotation ever stands on
its own. You must explain why you are using the quotation, and
what it means to you.
Always cite your sources! This is very important. Whenever you
are using three or more words taken from someone other than
yourself, you must tell the reader where you found those words.
If it is a Web page, you must cite both the URL and the date
you located it at that URL. If it is the textbook, give the
author's name and page number where the quotation is located
in parentheses after the quotation. Merely changing a few words
or the order of another author’s words does not constitute a
legitimate paraphrase: you must re-state the author’s meaning in
your own words. In cases of paraphrase, you must still cite your
sources. The ideas or even the order of exposition are not
entirely your own, so you must attribute them to their proper
source.
Always proofread for typographical errors. It is a good idea to
read your paper aloud to see if you are using any sentence
constructions which do not make sense, if you are switching
tenses or voices in mid-paragraph, etc. It is an even better idea
to share your paper with others to see if they can help you. If
you know that you have trouble with grammar or spelling,
review your work carefully before you submit your paper. Your
writing represents your effort at communicating not just the
ideas in your mind, but also your considered opinion—what you
really think. Sloppy writing will generally be construed as
reflecting sloppy thinking. Be careful to let your words
represent your best thoughts as well as possible.

5. Surname 5
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Photography; The Revolution of ArtOutline
The widespread utilization of photography as the most
important form of art comes with much shifting and similarities
with other forms of art. The function and purpose of
photography, has also been changing over time. Its influence on
a drawing is enormous – leading to a change of purpose of
drawings. On the hand, paintings were reduced in functionality
since the advent of photography. Replacing both drawings and
paintings, it has become the most depended form of art. This
paper has focused on the influence of photography in the 19th
and 20th Century as well as how shifting and sharing in
purposes and functions of drawing, painting, and photography
by citing examples.
This paper intends to unravel the various ways photography has
revolutionized art since the early 19th Century up to the 20th
Century. It delves into studying the chronologic development of
photography and the ramifications tied to it in art. Various
books and journals have been used to inform this article. I
support my thesis (various ways photography has revolutionized
art) by clear – cut details of the influence it has had on art as
well the shifts, it has in the focuses of both drawing and
painting. This paper does not merely explore the influence
photography has had on art, but rather brings it out
chronologically together with its examples.Introduction

6. Emerging in the early 19th Century, photography has had
revolutionizing influence on art since the 19th and 20th Century
to the proving of the cliché ‘change is inevitable.’ Photography
communicates a wide spectrum of artistic concerns. It is a
complex language as some refer it to, and has swallowed while
assisting drawing and painting to become the master medium of
art. By depicting different stages of phenomena as well as
expressing deep socio-cultural, economic and political aspects,
photography emerged as a dependent form of art. It has also led
to shifts in both the purpose and function of drawing and
painting. It shares purposes with drawings and paintings such as
criticizing social vices, though in varying degrees (Kozbelt,93).
To have a holistic image, of how photography has
revolutionized art as well as influencing the functions and
purposes of artistic work, a holistic study has to be applied.
Body
Influence Of Photography On The Art Of 19th Century
Photography emerged in the early 19th Century and has been
changing the perception of human creativity, imagination, and
visualization. It has revolutionized art faster than it was thought
to. Paintings, as well as drawing, are largely influenced by
photography in a number of ways. Photography has had
increasing functionality as the photos could show petty issues
from the scene. The quote “Painting is dead” – Paul Delaroche,
French painter (Pompe, 488 – 495) indicated the revolutionary
take over. The drawing of maps was also replaced with aerial
photographs. Photography enabled follow - up on the
development of a phenomenon or feature such as a building,
lifestyle indications, and expansion of a town(Gelder).
Flipping the coin to the other side, photography has advanced
the accuracy of painting and drawing of features. Photography
enabled the assessment of relationships between features using
a photograph as a point of reference. Since drawings and
paintings, unlike photographs, are permanent, they applied

7. photographs as a tool of refining its work. The amount of detail
of paint or drawing was to a great extent influenced by what
was captured by a photograph. This made themes to become
clearer as painters and drawers began using photographs are
speedy sketching tools (Kozbelt, 93).
Influence of photography in the 20th Century
Developments in photography that took place in the 20th
Century had many influences on art. Contrary to the earlier
days, writings and paintings were replaced by photography as a
channel for advocating for social changes, economic reforms,
and political restructurings. A photograph creates more sense
than a drawing when addressing starvation or insecurity.
Photography became the media for advertising products since
they are appealing to the eye. Though photographs convey the
direct aspect of an issue, drawings have chipped in to critique a
situation and increase the breadth of understanding an issue by
expanding the human perception. Drawings nowadays
supplement photographs in understanding an issue. Drawings
apply a lot of creativity such as sarcasm (Russell).
Photojournalism has influenced art with great strides. The
creation of the mind-boggling memorable images is a feat that
photography has achieved against painting and drawing. Art
photography has led to the expression of subjective experiences.
In contemporary photography, subjectivity has increased with a
greater display of the phenomena. This has made drawings and
paintings gain value as iconic artifices that add taste in houses
and entertainment circles due to their rarity (Chamberlain, 167-
173).
The core purpose of art is to have a clear interpretation of the
subject matter. However, with changing human conditions as
well as nature, the use of art has also changed. Drawings and
paintings change a little compared to photographs in addressing
issues. A portrait of the 1650s can be confused with another of
1930s, even though depicting different issues. This has made

8. photography achieve much influence in art as a preferred
medium for a continuous – changing human and social
landscape (Gelder).Shifting of functions and purposes of art by
painting, drawing, and photography
Paintings and drawings have had their functions and purposes
shifting over time. However, this is driven much by
photography. Paintings help people to perceive the world in a
profound way, unlike photographs. Drawings, on the other hand,
depict issues and situations much better. Use of sarcasm is well
exploited in drawings. Drawings usually invoke creative
thinking but their purpose and function have shifted to express
the artist himself or herself. A painting whose primary purpose
and function is to express the feelings and emotions of the artist
has shifted to become a classical artifice – art piece for prestige
(Russell).
Drawings and paintings have been shifting in purpose to serve
as decorations in houses and offices. In state buildings and
offices, photographs of founding fathers of the nations are
displayed as a symbol of authority. On some buildings in state
capitals, names of national figures are well etched in a piece of
paint to commemorate the purpose they have served. For
example, in New York City, a plaque with names of victims of
the 9/11 bomb blast is laid as a commemoration (Russell).
Sharing of functions and purposes of art by painting, drawing,
and photography
The sharing of function and purposes is fueled by the fact that
paintings are a further development of drawings. In as much in
drawing as in painting, the content is built with line and form.
The number of dimensions of an object can be the same in both.
Both the two media can utilize perspective together with value
to contextualize distance and space. Painting and drawing can
be used to portray objects, scenes as well as people. Drawings

9. serve to enhance the perfection in engraving and lino-
printmaking. Drawings serve the function of being the
foundation of developing the painting (Kozbelt, 93).
Drawings and paintings share a purpose in that they both depict
social-cultural issues at large. To greater extent drawings and
paintings express the artists' imagination. Both forms of art
function to communicate a great deal of information. They both
serve to entertain when addressing an issue such as corruption
sarcastically. Driving propaganda and commercializing an issue
is well depicted by a drawing or a painting rather than a picture.
Critics in newspapers usually represent corrupt authorities as
hyenas holding a briefcase stashed with money
(Russell).Conclusion
It is vivid that photography is at the frontier in the revolution of
art. It is not only a dominant form of art but has also sent
waves of change in drawing and painting as forms of art. Most
painters and drawers depend on photography as a basis of
coming up with their artistic products. It has therefore not only
led the pack as the dominant form of art but has also
transformed functions and purposes of drawing and painting. In
the process, antique paintings and drawings have made become
artifices for decorations in homes. It is the dominant form of art
in the contemporary world with photojournalism emerging out
of the famous documentary photography (Chamberlain, 167-
173).
Work Cited
Chamberlain, Rebecca, et al. "Drawing on the right side of the
brain: A voxel-based
morphometry analysis of observational
drawing." NeuroImage 96 (2014): 167-
173.
Kozbelt, Aaron, et al. "Visual selection contributes to artists'
advantages in realistic

10. drawing." Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the
Arts 4.2 (2010): 93.
Pompe, Jeffrey. “An investment flash: The rate of return for
photographs.” Southern Economic Journal (1996): 488 – 495.
Russell, Bryan C., et al. "Automatic alignment of paintings and
photographs depicting a
3D scene." 2011 IEEE international conference on computer
vision workshops
(ICCV workshops). IEEE, 2011.
Van Gelder, Hilde, and Helen Westgeest. Photography theory in
historical perspective.
John Wiley & Sons, 2011.