Single European Employment Market Place EU Project - Semantic Aspects and Interoperability

1. Semantic Aspects
and
Interoperability
Boris Villazón-Terrazas1, Asunción Gómez-Pérez1, Jaime Ramírez1,
and Mick Kerrigan2
1
Ontology Engineering Group. Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial
Facultad de Informática
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Campus de Montegancedo sn,
28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
2
DERI, University of Innsbruck
Technikerstraße 21a, 6020
Innsbruck, Austria

2. Scenario
p
ES
Vacan. Cand.
q
ES
J
r
ES
o
EURES
ESES
(Int)
n
ES
Cand.
Cand.
m
ES
l
Catalonia
ESES
(Es)
Vacan.
Cand.
h
ES
a
ES
b
ES
ES Employment Service
Cand.
Cand.
Job Seeker’s Candidacy
Vacan.
Vacan.
K
i
ES
Lombard
ES (It)
LEGENDA
Vacan.
Employer Job Vacancy
c
ES
L
d
ES
K
Private
g
ES ES
(Int)
Wallonia
e
ESES
(Be)
f
ES
Vacan.
2

3. Table of Contents
1. Reference Ontology
2. Local Ontologies
3. Mappings Local Ontologies - ES Data Sources
4. Mappings Reference Ontology - Local Ontologies
ES
Data
Sources
ES
Data
Sources
M
ES
M
M
M
M
Data
Sources
M
Reference
Ontology
M
M
M
M
M
ES
?
Data
Sources
ES
M
Data
Sources
M
M
Data
Sources
ES
Data
Sources
ES
3

4. Repositories & libraries
ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET,
EURES taxonomy,
FOET, ISCED97,
NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392,
HR-XML, …
RDF(S)
ES Data
Sources
OWL
Building
Reference
Ontology
Building
Local
Ontologies
Building
Mappings
L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Mappings
L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Local
Ontologies
Reference
Ontology
Mappings
R.O. - L.O.
Building
Mappings
R.O. - L.O.
4

5. Building Reference Ontology
Methodology
Repositories & libraries
RDF(S)
ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET,
EURES taxonomy,
FOET, ISCED97,
NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392,
HR-XML, …
OWL
Selection
Evaluate
Import
Import
RDF(S)
Conceptualize
Specify Knowledge
Acquisition
Integrate
Prune
Evaluate
Use
Implement
WSML
Extend
OWL
Specialize
5

6. Reference Ontology Construction
Specification of the Reference Ontology
60 Competency questions grouped into 5 categories
n
n
n
n
n
Job Seeker (12)
Job Offer (12)
Time and
date management (7)
Currencies (4)
General (25)
Given the job offer profile (job, contract type, salary, work condition)
and the required profile to seek (required education level, required work
experience, required knowledge, required skills), what job seekers are
the most appropriate?
Each organization has job offers
for job seekers
Vocabulary:
Questions: contract type, salary, work condition,
job seeker, job offer, …
Answers: autonomous, 3000 euro, holliday job, …
Classes: Contract Type, Compensation,
Work Condition, Job Seeker,
Job Offer …
Relations: has job category,
has compensation,
requires work experience …
Attributes: Name, date of birth, email …
6

7. Building Reference Ontology
Methodology
Repositories & libraries
RDF(S)
ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET,
EURES taxonomy,
FOET, ISCED97,
NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392,
HR-XML, …
OWL
Selection
Evaluate
Import
Import
RDF(S)
Conceptualize
Specify Knowledge
Acquisition
Integrate
Prune
Evaluate
Use
Implement
WSML
Extend
OWL
Specialize
7

8. Reference Ontology Construction
Standards and Taxonomies Selection
n
We select the most appropriate standards and taxonomies for:
n
Occupation Classification
ISCO-88 (COM), SOC, ISCO-88, ONET,Eures Taxonomy
n
Classification of Economic Activities
ISIC Rev. 3.1, NACE Rev. 1.1, NAICS
n
Apprenticeship classifications
ISCED 97, FOET
n
Currency Classification
ISO 4217
n
Geography Classification
ISO 3166
n
Language Classification
ISO 6392
n
Driving License Classification
European Legislation
n
Skill Classification
Eures Taxonomy
n
Contract Types Classification
LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification
n
Work Condition Classification
LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification
n
The IDABC1 identifies as one of the successsful factors at facilitating the
development of pan-European interoperable information systems:
n
“Identify, reuse and extend existing assets (taxonomies, thesauri, etc.)”
(1) -> IDABC Content Interoperability Strategy. Working paper. Sep 2005. pag 6
8

9. Building Reference Ontology
Methodology
Repositories & libraries
RDF(S)
ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET,
EURES taxonomy,
FOET, ISCED97,
NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392,
HR-XML, …
OWL
Selection
Evaluate
Import
Import
RDF(S)
Conceptualize
Specify Knowledge
Acquisition
Integrate
Prune
Evaluate
Use
Implement
WSML
Extend
OWL
Specialize
9

10. Building Reference Ontology
Evaluating Time Ontologies
1. Using the competency questions, we have identified temporal properties
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
When the job seeker completed his/her first degree?
Is the job seeker older than 30 years?
How much time did the job seeker spend
completing his/her first degree?
How long is the duration of the contract?
Which job offers were posted in last 24 hours?
Which job offers were posted in last 7 days?
Which job offers were posted in last month?
2. Result : DAML Time Ontology
Time Points
Cyc’s
Upper
Ontology
Unrestricted
Time
Ontology
Simple
Time
Ontology
Time Points
Time Interval
Distinction between
open and closed
intervals
Absolute and Relative
Time
Explicit modeling of
proper intervals
Relations between
time intervals
Concatenation of
intervals
Convex and non
convex intervals
Different temporal
granularities
Reusable
Time
Ontology
Kestrel
Time
Ontology
SRI’s
SUMO Time DAML Time AKT Time
Time
Ontology
Ontology
Ontology
Ontology
Time Interval
Absolute and Relative Time
Relations between time intervals
Convex and non convex intervals
Distinction between open and closed
intervals
Explicit modeling of proper intervals
Concatenation of intervals
Different temporal granularities
Provides axioms
10

11. Building Reference Ontology
Methodology
Repositories & libraries
RDF(S)
ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET,
EURES taxonomy,
FOET, ISCED97,
NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392,
HR-XML, …
OWL
Selection
Evaluate
Import
Import
RDF(S)
Conceptualize
Specify Knowledge
Acquisition
Integrate
Prune
Evaluate
Use
Implement
WSML
Extend
OWL
Specialize
11

12. Building Reference Ontology
EURES
Reference Ontology
ISCO-88 COM
CEF
ONET
ISO 6392
EURES
Language
Ontology
Skill
Ontology
Occupation
Ontology
EURES
LE FOREM + BLL + EURES
has c
o
is ass ntract type
ociate
/
d to
subClass-Of
has w
ork c
ondit
ion /
Labour
is as
socia
has
ted to
co n t
Regulatory
ract
type
Ontology
/ is a
ssoc
iated
has
with
work
is as
cond
soci
ition
ated
with /
Competence
Ontology
mpetence
requires co d with
is associate
/
Job Offer
Ontology
ISO 3166
ate
is loc
d in /
ociate
is ass
lo
has
d with
catio
has
lary /
a
has s
d to
ociate
is ass
Job Seeker
Ontology
n
natio
sso
/ is a
ciate
d wi
/ is n
from
ality
n
resid
es in
/ is
Geography
Ontology
th
ation
of
en
resid
ce o
DAML Time
Ontology
f
has date of birth
/ is date of birth of
Time
Ontology
European Legislation
Driving
License
Ontology
Economic
Activity
Ontology
date /
has begin te of
da
is begin
FOET
ISCED97
has
a
is as ctivity s
e
soci
ated ctor /
with
Compensation
Ontology
r/
ecto
ity s with
activ
d
has sociate
is as
subClass-Of
has
a
is as ctivity s
e
soci
ated ctor /
with
ISO 4217
Education
Ontology
Ad hoc wrapper
External Sources
NACE Rev. 1.1
12

13. Building Reference Ontology
Job Seeker and Job Offer
has education /
is education of
has competence /
is competence of
has mother language /
is mother tongue of
speaks /
is spoken by
Language
Job Seeker
Ontology
has nationality from /
is nation of
has candidacy/
belongs to
has job category /
resides in /
is residence of
has work experience /
belongs to
Candidacy
has objective /
belongs to
is associated with
Competence
has work condition /
is associated to
has contract type /
has compensation / is associated to
is associated with / is associated to
has location
Language
Ontology
Job Seeker
Offered Work
Experience
Objective
has job category /
is associated with
Computing
Professionals
subClass-Of
is associated with
Occupation
Education
Ontology
Labour
Regulatory
Ontology
Work Condition
has compensation /
is associated with
Compensation
Compensation
Ontology
Country
has work condition /
is associated with
Job Offer
Ontology
has contract type /
is associated with
Contract Type
has location /
is location of
Organization
has job vacancy/
belongs to
Geography
Ontology
Job Vacancy
Location
has activity sector /
is associated with
Sector
is located in /
is associated with
Requested
Work Experience
is associated with /
requires work experience
has activity sector /
is associated with
has job category
requires competence /
is associated with
Competence
Ontology
subClass-Of
ICT Objective
requires education /
is associated with
Education
has activity sector /
is associated with
Occupation
Ontology
Economic
Activity
Ontology
has activity sector /
is associated with
has job category/
is associated with
has vacancy/
belongs to
Vacancy
subClass-Of
ICT
Vacancy
has job category/
is associated with
has job category /
is associated with
13

14. Building Reference Ontology
Conceptualization
Modular approach for ontology construction
Reusability
Usability
-
+
Application
Domain O. : Job Seeker, Job Offer
Domain O.: Economic Activity, Occupation, Education, Skill, Driving
License, Compensation, Labour Regulatory, Competence
General/Common Ontologies: Time, Geography, Language
+
Representation Ontology: WSML
14

15. Building Reference Ontology
Semiautomatic Ontology Construction
EURES Taxonomy
Oracle DB
ONET
HTML
ISCO-88 (COM)
MS Access
Integrate
Extend
Specialize
Prune
Ad hoc wrapper
WSML exporter
Occupation
Ontology
15

16. Repositories & libraries
ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET,
EURES taxonomy,
FOET, ISCED97,
NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392,
HR-XML, …
RDF(S)
ES Data
Sources
OWL
Building
Reference
Ontology
Building
Local
Ontologies
Reference
Ontology
16

17. Building Local Ontologies
Local Ontologies Building Process
n
Option 1:Building Local Ontologies from the Reference Ontology.
Specialize
Reference
Ontology
Resultant Local Ontology
Extend
Prune
n
Option 2:Building Local Ontologies as a reverse engineering process
from ES Data Sources.
Resultant Local Ontology
ES Data Sources
Reverse
Engineering
17

18. Building Local Ontologies
Comparison between the options
Option 1: Building Local Ontologies from
the Reference Ontology.
Option 2: Building Local
Ontologies as a reverse
engineering process from ES Data
Sources.
Mappings between Local
Ontologies and Reference
Ontology
Mappings are not complex. They use the same
terms.
Complex mappings due to terminology
heterogeneity.
Mappings between Local
Ontologies and ES
schema sources
Complex mappings due to terminology and
structural heterogeneity.
Mappings are not complex. They use
the same terms.
Building process
Structured/guided by the architecture of the
Reference Ontology and scoped with
applications needs.
Requires more sophistication of
knowledge engineering and good
acquaintance of all the data and their
structures of the application.
Changes in the Reference
Ontology
Imply changes in
· the mappings between local and reference
ontologies.
· the mappings between the local ontologies
and the ES schema sources.
· the Local Ontology.
Imply changes in
· the mappings between Local
Ontologies and the Reference
Ontology.
Changes in the ES
schema sources
Imply changes in
· its Local Ontology (probably the part that is
not a mirror of the Reference Ontology).
· the mappings between Local Ontologies and
ES schema sources.
· in the mappings between Local Ontology
and the Reference Ontology.
Imply changes in
· the Local Ontologies.
· in mappings between ES sources
and Local Ontologies.
· mappings between local and the
Reference Ontology.
18

19. Building Local Ontologies
Approach followed by SEEMP for building
Local Ontologies
A hybrid approach
n
Option 1 for Job Seeker and Job Offer Ontologies
n
Option 2 for Occupation, Education, etc.
Skill
Education
Economic Activity
Job Offer
Reference
Ontology
Reverse
Engineering
Occupation
Ontology
Job Seeker
Ontology
ES Occupation
Taxonomy
Integrate
Local Ontology
19

20. Repositories & libraries
ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET,
EURES taxonomy,
FOET, ISCED97,
NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392,
HR-XML, …
RDF(S)
ES Data
Sources
OWL
Building
Reference
Ontology
Building
Local
Ontologies
Building
Mappings
L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Mappings
L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Local
Ontologies
Reference
Ontology
Mappings
R.O. - L.O.
Building
Mappings
R.O. - L.O.
20

21. Building Mappings Local Ontologies – Reference Ontology
SEEMP Connector Architecture
EMPAM
WSMT
Exposed EMPAM Web Services
WSML (Reference Ontology)
Exposed Connector Web Services
Reference
Ontology
WSML (Reference Ontology)
Data
Mediator
Mediation
Mappings
Mappings
WSML (Local Ontology)
XML to WSML
Converter
X2O
Mappings
Mappings
XML
Exposed Connector Web Services
XML
Exposed PES Web Services
PES
Local
Ontology
XMapster
Mapping Editor
21

22. Building Mappings Local Ontologies – Reference Ontology
Tools for Creating and Testing Mappings
22

23. 1. Reference Ontology
2. Local Ontologies
3. Mappings Local Ontologies - ES Data Sources
4. Mappings Reference Ontology - Local Ontologies
ES
Data
Sources
ES
Data
Sources
M
ES
M
M
M
M
Data
Sources
M
Reference
Ontology
M
M
M
M
M
ES
Data
Sources
ES
M
Data
Sources
M
M
Data
Sources
ES
Data
Sources
ES
23

24. Semantic Aspects
and
Interoperability
Boris Villazón-Terrazas1, Asunción Gómez-Pérez1, Jaime Ramírez1,
and Mick Kerrigan2
1
Ontology Engineering Group. Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial
Facultad de Informática
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Campus de Montegancedo sn,
28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
2
DERI, University of Innsbruck
Technikerstraße 21a, 6020
Innsbruck, Austria