COUR CJUS 750Developing Research Questions Instructions This paper requires you to create research questions based upon the literature review and annotated bibliography research. 1. Think about your current understanding (working theory) of a research issue of interest to you in the criminal justice field (here again is where the previous Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography assignments will help you). What important concepts are part of this research interest and how do they relate? Begin a search of the relevant literature. 2. Develop three to five research questions that help to focus your topic. List possible aspects of the conceptual context that would guide a literature review if you were to do one. 3. Create a research statement (if you have not done so already) and create five to ten open-ended interview questions for your own research project. Pilot the questions with a classmate, asking her or him to pretend that she or he is one of your participants. Work together to reshape the questions. Then pilot the questions with someone who has had experiences similar to your research population or ask the questions of a research participant who is willing to collaborate with you on developing your questions. Reshape the questions again after reflecting upon what worked, what did not, and what new questions arose. 4. Be sure to write down the answers to those questions (you will need them for another upcoming assignment). Assignment Specifics: · Develop 3–5 research questions · Develop 5–10 open-ended interview questions · Citations from any of the required reading/presentations from the assigned module/week · APA format Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 3. Page 1 of 2 Page 1 of 1 Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6 Annotated Bibliographies Shanee’ N. Ellington Liberty University Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557 This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry. Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing ex.

1. COUR
CJUS 750Developing Research Questions Instructions
This paper requires you to create research questions based upon
the literature review and annotated bibliography research.
1. Think about your current understanding (working theory) of a
research issue of interest to you in the criminal justice field
(here again is where the previous Literature Review and
Annotated Bibliography assignments will help you). What
important concepts are part of this research interest and how do
they relate? Begin a search of the relevant literature.
2. Develop three to five research questions that help to focus
your topic. List possible aspects of the conceptual context that
would guide a literature review if you were to do one.
3. Create a research statement (if you have not done so already)
and create five to ten open-ended interview questions for your
own research project. Pilot the questions with a classmate,
asking her or him to pretend that she or he is one of your
participants. Work together to reshape the questions. Then pilot
the questions with someone who has had experiences similar to
your research population or ask the questions of a research
participant who is willing to collaborate with you on developing
your questions. Reshape the questions again after reflecting
upon what worked, what did not, and what new questions arose.
4. Be sure to write down the answers to those questions (you
will need them for another upcoming assignment).
Assignment Specifics:
· Develop 3–5 research questions
· Develop 5–10 open-ended interview questions
· Citations from any of the required reading/presentations from
the assigned module/week
· APA format

2. Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of
Module/Week 3.
Page 1 of 2
Page 1 of 1
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The
Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and
Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice
Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the
correlation between quantitative research and criminology
whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and
process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that
are used to support the hypothesis are the number of
dissertations presented with a different style of research applied

3. to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution
to the research process by collecting a variety of related
information across the research topic. The two main modes of
measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative
methods which are usually the two major measurement scales
used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of
research because different disciplines normally apply different
approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing excellence in qualitative
inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 49-60.
doi:10.1037/qup0000002.
The author of this article looks into the various
orientations that influence the qualitative inquiries’ success rate
by reviewing the history of the criteria that was mainly used in
measuring the success rate of a certain qualitative inquiry
approach. He then discusses how the traditional criteria have
been widely used to evaluate the modern qualitative approaches
which he looks at from different types of qualitative approach
methods. From the analysis of the various contemporary
orientations which lead to the development of various types of
inquiries, he is able to consider five proposed mode of
qualitative inquiries which include ethnography, narrative,
phenomenological, grounded theory and also case study. This
provision sets the basis for the discussion of the various types
of inquiries which is then compared to the analysis of their
effective use and impact within the criminal justice systems for
example in the article below from the National Criminal Justice
Reference Service (NCJRS) which looks into the most common
types of approaches to qualitative inquiries.
Kleck, G., Tark, J., & Bellows, J. J. (2006). What methods are
most frequently used in research in criminology and criminal
justice? Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 147-152.
doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.007
The authors of this article attempted to look at the most

4. commonly used approaches to a quantitative inquiry by
establishing research into how frequent the modes used in
qualitative methods of research in criminal justice-related
journals are applied in research. Survey research, which forms
one of the elements of phenomenological approaches to a
quantitative inquiry was found to be at the center stage of data
collection since secondary data occupied only a small
percentage as compared to individual approaches such as
narrative writing which has been discussed in the book writing
Qualitative inquiry. This also provides an outlook on the
effectiveness of the use of this method by looking at the
percentage use of data collected using those methods of
qualitative inquiry.
Goodall Jr, H. L. (2018). Writing Qualitative Inquiry; Self,
Stories, and Academic Life (1st ed.). New York, NY:
Routledge.
This book narrows its focus on the increasing growth of
the application of narrative writing when conducting qualitative
inquiries. As much as it addresses what it is required for the
acquisition of viable data, it can be associated with the most
common types of data collection methods used today within the
criminal justice system as annotated in the article in
International Justice of Law Crime and Justice. It also describes
the best practices that ought to be followed in ensuring success
with the use of the qualitative approach method. The various
importance of the proper articulation of the process is also
discussed with an evaluation of how to make sure that the
process is effective enough being provided. This is facilitated
through the provision of properly crafted and directed
questions.
Barrera, D. J. (2019). Narrative criminal justice. International
Journal of Law, Crime, and Justice. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/334017565_Narra
tive_criminal_justice
The article from the International Journal of law crime and
justice expounds more on the importance of the narrative

5. approaches within the criminal justice system. According to the
analysis of several secondary resources, relationships between
the actions are exhibited in the way they affect each other in
that narratives have to be compatible with the actions that lead
to an event while actions have also to be in line with the
narrative provided. This provision goes as far as affecting
decisions made in regards to the judgments and other decisions
made when administering justice. Evidence is found within the
various examples such as Paul Ricoeur's philosophy on
narrative and decision making. All the examples are meant to
provide a clear explanation of how the inquiry approach is so
relevant within the criminal justice system. This approach is
normally different from the others in the use of a narrative to
explain a story that normally has a huge impact on providing
insights that happened as opposed to the theoretical framework
of doing research.
Lopez, V. A., & Emmer, E. T. (2000). Adolescent Male
Offenders: A Grounded Theory Study of Cognition, Emotion,
and Delinquent Crime Contexts. Criminal Justice and
Behavior, 27(3), 292-311. doi:10.1177/0093854800027003002
The article provides a clear outlook of how the criminal
justice system formulates theories to explain certain criminal
behavior, for example, delinquent behavior. The data used is
derived from a survey of a number of young offenders whereby
they classified the crimes according to their level and nature of
the assault. The divided groupings then provided a pattern in
regards to how they are connected emotionally since it was one
of the most influential factors that affected everyone who was
found on the wrong. They also found the importance of the
understanding brought about by explaining the delinquent
actions to the administrators as well as the general public when
it comes to decisions on how to address the young offenders.
However, the main emphasis in the article is the three crime
contexts which include emotion-driven violent assaults, mixed
motives, and belief-driven driven results. The subgroupings
facilitate the differentiation process between the factors that

6. drive the delinquents to commit the crime.
Reeves, S., Peller, J., Goldman, J., & Kitto, S. (2013).
Ethnography in qualitative educational research: AMEE Guide
No. 80. Medical Teacher Journal, 35(8). Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.804977
The use of ethnography is widely discussed in this article which
mainly articulates the significance of the importance of having a
vast knowledge of the underlying factors such as cultural and
religious perspectives of the crime among others. This issue is
investigated by looking at it from the medical education context
whereby student behaviors are explained and a measure of how
they have been impacted by the ethnographic works is also
investigated. The nature of its support for naturalism is
supported as one of the main attributes of ethnography as a
qualitative approach to inquiry. In the criminal justice system,
the investigators might try to establish the exact nature of what
might have influenced the behaviors of the offenders by relating
their immediate social society’s behavior to the crime. It might
also be used to relate a person with some motive.
Travis, L. F. (1983). The Case Study in Criminal Justice
Research: Applications to Policy Analysis. Criminal Justice
Review, 8(2), 46-51. doi:10.1177/073401688300800208
Case studies on the other hand normally form the most basic of
all the approaches since the main approach is usually by
relating concepts thus forming a generalized but detailed
explanation or prediction to something. An example of this
application is in the application of case studies to present the
study results to the audience in a more tangible manner than can
easily be understood. Case studies form one of the most
important secondary sources of information since researchers
get to gain a lot from the vast range of information according to
the article. This is investigated by looking at the fading
popularity of the use of case studies within the criminal justice
system. As compared to the other Quantitative approaches, this
model has the widest use of secondary sources of data which is
mainly achieved through either referencing or using surveys to

7. obtain the data.
Running Head: EVIDENCE BASED POLICING APPROACH
1
EVIDENCE BASED POLICING APPROACH
7
Evidence-Based Policing Approach
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Abstract
This paper discusses evidence based policing approach that
occur in the criminal justice system. One of the most important
elements that are usually used to increase or rather prove the
level of credibility of police work is through the use of
evidence-based policy whereby a crime is prosecuted based on
the best evidence discovered through investigation. Apart from
that, the use of correct evidence provides a wide pool of
resources that can be used to prevent future crimes from

8. happening. The concept of evidence-based policing is discussed
in the paper by looking at the various components that are
usually involved when coming up with strategies to gather
evidence including their challenges and the importance of the
use of evidence-based policing. Some importance of using the
system when delivering criminal justice include fact that a more
correct sentencing will be delivered, increase in the amount of
proof that can be used in litigation process as well as the
discovery of more information on other crimes and criminals
through the investigation process whereby the police get to
interact with the general public who at time might disclose
information on other crimes that keep nagging them.
The main challenges that face the problem, however, is the
issue on its emphasis on procedure which eventually leads to
the development of other challenges like a limitation of the
police to innovate to gather more information. Unlike
traditional methods that encouraged the interaction between the
policemen and the public, the more systematic evidence-based
system emphasizes the use of procedures taught in the police
academies which limits the policemen to approaches that might
not be effective enough top coarse the public to give more
information on an issue. Another problem is the lack of enough
secondary resources to support the evidence gathered hence the
emphasis by specialists that there needs to be a relationship
between experience and the case at hand by policemen if the
method is to be successful.
Evidence Based Policing Approach
Evidence-based policing is a law enforcement perspective and
philosophy that implies that research, evaluation, and analysis
and scientific processes should be used in the decision making
of law enforcement personnel (Sherman, 2013). It suggests that
the best evidence should be used to guide the practice and the
work of the police. The police must serve and protect the
public. In so doing, they should ensure that the methods and the
tactics they are using have ever been used before, and it has

9. been proven that they work. It also suggests that the best
evidence should be used to guide the activities of the police in
law enforcement. The following literature review will focus on
the topic of Evidence-Based Policing to explain what is required
for policing, why the approach should be adopted, how police
officers utilize the method, and the challenges of the approach
in comparison to traditional policing. The review is generally
thematically organized.
What is required for evidence-based policing?
Sherman, in his 2013 article, argues that evidence-based
policing is made up of two essential components; an increase in
the amount of research done and the transformation of the
research findings into a format that is easily understood by a
police officer. Police officers are mostly involved with the
fieldwork; the researching component is left to the academic,
which are the criminologists. They design findings on crime and
record the results in academic journals. The second component,
the translation of the research findings into a format that is
accessible by a police officer, is done, and the material is
published for use by police officers. According to Lum & Koper
(2017), most of the time, police officers tend to consider the
real situation that is at hand and use the most specific
information available to solve their cases without considering
what previous writers of a similar incident say about particular
issues.
Why should the evidence-based approach be adopted?
According to Lum & Koper, an evidence-based approach
gives the police personnel an objective standard that they can
use to justify their actions by showing research that is
scientifically proven to support their tactics. Most of the issues
that the police deal with are diverse, and there are different
ways of approaching a law enforcement issue depending on
personalities and the perspective an individual has towards the
society. Having evidence of a tactic that was used by another
police officer to solve a similar case makes the public trust the
police departments more as people who are strategic and

10. intentional in what they do according to (Sherman, 2013). It
also enables a senior officer of the police to have clues on how
they should handle a situation and to use practices and tactics
that have been scientifically proven to solve it. Taking such a
move would enable the officer, and his team is ready for
circumstances that are already indicated in the format. It also
gives them clues of what they should look for in such cases so
that the mission can be completed.
According to Bueermann (2012), the approach factors in the
broad priorities of the population, which incorporates freedom
from violent coercion, which leads to a happier society.
Consequently, the populace may take the chance to inform the
police officers of criminals who might be interfering with their
peace, thus making it easy for the police to make arrests.
Sherman (2013) supports Bueermann by adding that evidence
can be used by the police as a preventative measure. For
instance, a case study of how violent politically motivated
individuals were dealt with by the law would act as a
preventative measure to the general public and other politicians
who have similar intentions of being violent and violating the
law. Consequently, the evidence-based approach helps reduce
the crime rates, especially when people know the possible
outcomes which are possibly heavily penalizing.
Also, the evidence-based approach is essential in sentencing.
Previously solved cases that are related to the current case can
be used to determine how a judge should deal with it. There's
the certainty of punishment for an offense, especially when
there has been consistency in the rate of a particular crime.
According to Telep & Lum (2014), having in mind that the law
is present to determine the type of punishment that the offender
should receive, the previously solved cases that are similar to
the current one can be used as well. Moreover, the approach can
be used in forensics in blinded procedures where the officer
who shows the photo of the offender to witnesses does not know
who the offender is. As a result, the witness can not quickly get
their mind changed by the reaction of the police officer, thus

11. reducing the chances of false identification of criminals. Telep
(2017), reinforces the idea by stating that the evidence-based
approach provides police officers with general ideas about how
they should deal with a crime scene, thus making their work
effective, the operation successful and strategic.
Things that police officers do in service to be more evidence-
based
According to Laycock, (2012), police officers answer calls
for service, having in mind that they should proactively have in
mind for the future in terms of whether the crime being reported
will lead to another crime. Whether they can get a more
profound clue of the problems in the crime being reported and
whether the person reporting the crime can give further
information about the crime apart from the information that is
already at hand. Also, the officers can be more evidence-based
by ensuring that they consider specific solvability factors in
certain crime scenes such as the identity of the offender, any
available physical evidence, and the witnesses available,
according to Sherman (2013). Collecting the factors makes it
easier for the detectives to build on the case as compared to
when no evidence had been collected.
They can also encourage the incorporation of the approach by
treating the general public involved and the witnesses fairly. If
the public feels like they have been treated poorly by the police,
it is highly likely that they might not comply with the law
enforcement bodies in the current cases as well as in the future.
The police officers are expected to behave professionally and
respectfully even when they are arresting an offender to
improve the legitimacy of the police in the eyes of the citizens,
which is a critical component that the police should work to
maintain.
Challenges of evidence-based policing approach
The tailored strategies of the evidence-based policing
approach can be so effective in curbing crime as compared to
traditional policing, which focuses on patrols, responding to
911, making arrests, and responding to a case based on the

12. evidence at hand. However, the approach is also faced by
several challenges that work against its way of policing.
The 911 system is more reactive and a response alone approach
to policing and emphasizes responding to calls to be more
evidence-based instead of preventing strategies that can reduce
calls for service provision. Besides, training in police
academies overemphasizes the need for having procedures when
dealing with criminal cases, which might also emphasize the
approach instead of dealing with the evidence at hand.
Moreover, unlike the evidence-based policing approach, the
traditional policing does not limit the police officers from
getting out of the car to conduct patrols, have interactions with
the public or conduct field interviews (Sherman, 2013). It,
therefore, makes it hard for the police officers to access places
that are hard to reach and to improve their interactions with the
public.
Sherman's issue of 2018 also points out that the evidence-based
approach recognizes the hierarchical order of the police officers
in terms of rank. Peer pressure can, therefore, discourage a
junior officer from doing something that the seniors would not
approve. Policing supervisions also focus most on adherence to
the procedures, and the police who follow the procedure to the
letter are rewarded. Consequently, the approach limits the
execution of a plan that would have been successful if the
police officer fails to follow the plan. Senior officers may also
constantly encourage the evidence-based approach and
discourage innovation simply because it does not follow
procedure.
Also, there may not be enough crime analysis documents
available to ake the officers have a better understanding of the
crimes, the offenders, and the location of the crimes, according
to Laycock (2012). As a result, it becomes difficult for a police
officer who has been using the evidence-based approach to be
innovative quickly to know how they can best deal with the
crime. Finally, there is the perspective of the police officers
that experience is more effective as compared to the research

13. information done and written by criminologists, as stated by
Bueermann (2012). However, Telep & Lum (2014) argue that
the evidence-based approach is effective only if its leveraged
with the real-life experiences that an officer has had. None of
the approaches is independent on its own; it has to incorporate
the other approach's components.
In conclusion, an evidence-based policing approach is an
effective way of ending crime. The challenges can be overcome
if the police are openminded and fully incorporate problem-
oriented and evidence-based approaches to solve crimes.
References
Bueermann, J. (2012). Being smart on crime with evidence-
based policing. NIJ Journal, 269, 12-15.
Laycock, G. (2012). In support of evidence-based approaches: a
response to Lum and Kennedy. Policing: A Journal of Policy
and Practice, 6(4), 324-326.
Lum, C. M., & Koper, C. S. (2017). Evidence-based policing:
Translating research into practice. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.
Sherman, L. W. (2013). The rise of evidence-based policing:
Targeting, testing, and tracking. Crime and justice, 42(1), 377-
451.
Sherman, L. W. (2018). Evidence-based policing: Social
organization of information for social control. In Crime and
social organization (pp. 235-266). Routledge.
Telep, C. W., & Lum, C. (2014). The receptivity of officers to
empirical research and evidence-based policing: an examination
of survey data from three agencies. Police Quarterly, 17(4),
359-385.
Telep, C. W. (2017). Police officer receptivity to research and

14. evidence-based policing: examining variability within and
across agencies. Crime & delinquency, 63