Designing for Sociality in Enterprise Search

1. PHOTO BY GAIJINSEB Designing for Sociality in Enterprise Search Brynn Evans & Will Evans Hello! We’ll be talking today about Designing for Sociality in Enterprise Search.

2. Who are we? Will Evans Brynn Evans http://semanticfoundry.com/ http://brynnevans.com Before we get started, we wanted to briefly introduce ourselves. (And no, we are not related!) Will self-identifies as an interaction designer. He began thinking about social search when he designed the user experience for the website Kayak, an online travel assistant. Brynn is a design researcher who has done several studies of social search over the last 2 years. Social search popped out to her as a major trend (and interest) when she was doing a study of enterprise search in early 2007. After getting reports from 150 people about their search experiences, she saw that a huge proportion were involved in social interactions with their colleagues at some point in their search process. The subsequent focus of her work has been how can we leverage those social interactions during online search: when, why, and how. Today’s talk is a synthesis of findings from Brynn’s work, with an eye on how to actually design for sociality in enterprise search.

3. LEGEND I n u e n ce r ( B l o g g e r ) S i te w/detachable s h a re d co nte nt Brand Umbrella Community Core Social Features Brand Module B ra n d Ap e r t u re Branded Theme Module Lifestyle/Editorial B ra n d B ra n d Content I nte re s t i nte re s t (article, idea, comment, tip) Community Member Wa l l e d In uencer G a rd e n Community Manager L i fe s t y l e / B ra n d Ed i to r i a l Audience [Non-member] I nte re s t S h a re d Eco s ys te m B ra n d I n u e n ce r ( B l o g g e r ) S i te w/detachable s h a re d co nte nt i nte re s t Wi l l Eva n s Us e r E x p e r i e n ce Arc h i te c t S e m a nt i c Fo u n d r y, L LC Today we’ll also share our different perspective on design and search. We are ﬁrst and foremost interested in how people engage with each other in mediated spaces—and the complex behaviors that arise from social interactions. This ‘Conceptual Model of The Social Web’ was drawn by Will to illustrate how we think about sociality in mediated spaces. The point of the diagram is to draw connections between people and the context, situations, and social objects (content, searches, etc.) that inform their interactions. These interactions leave behind what we’re calling “social residue.” Social residue is important to consider in design, and especially for “social interaction design”. Social search carries with it all the concerns of designing for sociality in mediated spaces, and involves consideration of this perspective of social interaction design. We’ll talk more about this later in the talk.

4. Search is an activity PHOTO BY DAVID WILD We will begin by framing our talk with our perspective on how to think about search. The ﬁrst thing to recognize is that search is an activity—something that extends over a period of time, not just something that happens in a quick moment and fades from memory. Many searches take minutes to hours to days to (sufficiently) complete. And even with shorter searches, people still experience different phases of search. Early search queries often involve scoping out the problem space (wide, open-ended questions), while later queries are intended to narrow the focus. This perspective alone should make us rethink the traditional search engine approach, which is about a much more isolated and momentary experiences.

5. An extended search process Early Middle Late One way to visualize this is with a map. This is an illustration of an extended search process through time. You can imagine that you, as a searcher, advance through phases (like early, middle, and late) which are characterized by a different set of information needs, requirements, knowledge, state, context, and trajectory. Keep this in mind through the rest of the talk.

6. An extended search process Early Middle Late One way to visualize this is with a map. This is an illustration of an extended search process through time. You can imagine that you, as a searcher, advance through phases (like early, middle, and late) which are characterized by a different set of information needs, requirements, knowledge, state, context, and trajectory. Keep this in mind through the rest of the talk.

7. Search is also already social! PHOTO BY BREWBROOKS The second thing we know is that search is already (very) social! Recall that the number of implicit and explicit social interactions that Brynn saw in her original study of enterprise search speaks to this. However, this is not new: librarians and even researchers inside organizations have been telling us this for years. They’ve documented how co-workers routinely turn to each other to ask for help, seek advice and suggestions, and get feedback on early search results. Sometimes people search together (what might be called collaborative search) when they have shared goals; but many otherwise solo searches also involve social resources in some way or another. For details on when, where, and why these interactions occur, see Brynn’s papers on the “Model of Social Search”: http://brynnevans.com/papers/evans-chi-social-search-ﬁnal.pdf http://brynnevans.com/papers/evans-chi-inSubmission.pdf The problem is that today’s social search solutions are kludgy. You can email or IM your colleague. You can post a ‘lazytweet’ on Twitter. Or you can knock on the cubicle next door. These all break you from your concentration on the task at hand, and often involve drastic state changes (as well as interface switching). Not ideal.

8. Social interactions improve search PHOTO BY INGORRR Finally, there’s evidence that social interactions can improve search outcomes. Brynn has seen this in her latest research (not yet published) as have others (Peggy Anne Salz found that asking people for help during mobile phone search, via ChaCha, greatly improved search outcomes). This makes sense intuitively, but is also supported by knowing that: 1) 2 out of 3 searches involve ﬁnding things your friends/colleagues have found previously. 2) our networks have lots of tacit knowledge that we can tap Ref: http://brynnevans.com/papers/evans-kairam-pirolli-inSubmission.pdf http://brynnevans.com/papers/Cognitive-Consequences-of-Social-Search-WIP.pdf

9. 1) 2 out of 3 searches involve finding things your friends and colleagues have previously found 2) Our networks have tacit knowledge Social interactions improve search PHOTO BY INGORRR Finally, there’s evidence that social interactions can improve search outcomes. Brynn has seen this in her latest research (not yet published) as have others (Peggy Anne Salz found that asking people for help during mobile phone search, via ChaCha, greatly improved search outcomes). This makes sense intuitively, but is also supported by knowing that: 1) 2 out of 3 searches involve ﬁnding things your friends/colleagues have found previously. 2) our networks have lots of tacit knowledge that we can tap Ref: http://brynnevans.com/papers/evans-kairam-pirolli-inSubmission.pdf http://brynnevans.com/papers/Cognitive-Consequences-of-Social-Search-WIP.pdf

10. Mere degrees of separation PHOTO BY DAVID RODRIGUES Now, one of the reasons it’s possible to take on the social search challenge today is that networking technology is ﬁnally catching up to what people hope to experience in online search. We all know about the “6 degrees of separation” studies — it means that any two people in the world are only about 6 hops away from each other (median = 4.5), almost regardless of where they live, what they do for a living, etc. Researchers have been replicating these experiments for some time, and recently in online social networking sites (like Delicious, Flickr, LinkedIn). Remarkably, people are only about 2-3 nodes away from each other in online networks. This means that our networks are rather small and inter-connected, and that these tools are making it easier to connect with each other (all good news for social search). Ref: http://videolectures.net/kdd08_leskovec_mesn/

11. But, before we go on, we want to emphasize that we’re not advocating for merely adding social networks like Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn to your enterprise search tool. Linking up network accounts won’t get at the kind of sociality that we’re talking about. The reason for this is that it’s not just the presence of social connections that matter — it’s how those connections get put to use, how they’re used, and why they’re useful. That’s the sociological and anthropological side of studying social interaction design that’s relevant to understand here.

12. Social interaction design (SxD) Social interaction design is the conceptualization, research, strategy, and production of dynamic ecosystems that support conversation. -Will Evans (2008) As we’ve mentioned, what we’re advocating for is a shift in perspective from mere HCI and network theory, to social interaction design (SxD). This is not just web design, either. SxD is about designing for complex dynamic ecosystems, where the content is the conversation and the user interface is the social interface. Another way to think about this is that we are now tasked with designing interfaces where a user is connecting to a community, a large group of people with whom s/he expects to interact. All parties are connecting via the same interface, same tool, same functionality. Our attention must be put to the behaviors and expectations that arise as a result of this shared, mediated space. Pure HCI (user-computer interaction) no longer informs us completely about what to do here.

13. Why you should care: 1. This is a business problem 2. The traditional IR perspective doesn’t capture what people are doing 3. The technology is there, but it’s the sociology that matters. Alright, but why should you care? 1) This is inherently a business problem. Business need to care about social search because it very much can enhance productivity among workers, and in the current state, several days per month are wasted on searching and looking up information. 2) Traditional information retrieval (IR) doesn’t account for the social behaviors involved in seeking information. IR doesn’t capture what people are doing. We have to introduce new perspectives from sociology to understand this. 3) Social networks are now serious mass of connectivity — recording not only our relationships, but also our activities, interests, preferences, friends, links, etc. The technology has gotten to the point so that it’s possible to integrate social networking with search. But remember again, that although the current state of technology will make this possible, we have to pay even greater attention to people’s expected and emergent behaviors around sociality in search.

14. I. Social search strategies II. Modalities of social search III. Design considerations This is what we’ll talk about today. First, we’ll review a few social search strategies that Brynn has identiﬁed in her work. Then, we’ll talk about three modalities of social search — or three ‘ﬂavors’ of social interactions that are importantly different but will serve different roles in search. Finally, we introduce design considerations and early mockups of what a social search system might look like.

15. I. Social search strategies First, social search strategies, which we’ll introduce from the perspective of a persona.

16. The new hire, Molly ...and her team PHOTOS BY SUZUKIMARUTI AND ROO REYNOLDS Meet Molly. Molly is the new hire at your ﬁrm. She’s been brought in by the CTO to manage a team of engineers who are tasked with developing the next generation enterprise social software services. Molly has many years of experience in enterprise software development, but is still learning about the enterprise 2.0 space. In particular, she needs to know the state of the art in enterprise social software as well as the attempts her company has made in the past to offer their own unique services in this space.

17. Search Strategy: Consulting the network PHOTO BY BENSPARK She takes a two pronged approach to solving this search problem. (These two strategies are based an analysis of search failures; as of yet unpublished: Brynn Evans & Ed Chi). First, in the early phases of her learning process, she decides to consult her network. Asking colleagues for help directly lets her quickly get up to speed with what they know, so she doesn’t waste time duplicating their efforts. To achieve this, she calls a meeting with members of her team and asks them to brief her on their specific work to date. She also leads interviews with a few key stakeholders who reside outside of her immediate group. After doing this, she has a roadmap and a framework for thinking about enterprise 2.0. The briefings act as guideposts of important trends and directions in the field, which point her in the right directions going forward.

18. Search strategy: Forge ahead, ask later PHOTO BY US NATIONAL ARCHIVES Molly’s next strategy is to forge ahead on her own, only asking for additional help at a later date. This is an important strategy for Molly for several reasons. First, Molly is the director of her team and it’s her responsibility to master the problem space herself. Second, Molly has already burdened her team with questions up front; now she must embark on her own. And third, she's ﬁnally equipped with sufficient background knowledge and know-how to decide which tools to use to dig deeper and unearth more information about enterprise 2.0. Forging ahead on one’s own is a common strategy for all the reasons Molly gives. However, equally important is checking back in with colleagues to get feedback on what’s been discovered. This strategy is actually quite common among everyday searchers as well, and Molly is already planning the next meeting where she will present her ﬁndings to her team and request their feedback.

19. I. Social search strategies II. Modalities of social search Keeping in mind that asking for help appears separately in different search strategies throughout a search process...what other ways can people help us search better? In this next section, we’ll talk about three distinct ‘ﬂavors’ of social search, and what their advantages and drawbacks are.

20. Three Modalities of Social Search collective collaborative social search social search friend-filtered social search These three modalities of social search are generally called: Collective Social Search; Friend-Filtered Social Search; and Collaborative Social Search. Ref: http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/3_ﬂavors_of_social_search_what_to_expect.php

21. collective social search PHOTO BY http://whowantstobe.co.uk/bench/faq-en.php "Collective social search" is similar in concept to the wisdom of crowds, in that search is augmented by trends shared on a network (a la Twitter Trends) or results ranked against the real-time buzz of a group. Pooled, aggregated data from the collective may point us to new avenues that expand our discovery process.

22. tre nd 1 topic 2 them e3 Use case: Exploratory search; new domains Problem: The crowd is anonymous ICONS BY ICONAHOLIC.COM & ICONARCHIVE.COM This generally looks like pulling trends, current topics, or themes from the activities of many individuals and using this to inform the search experience (results, UI, etc.) When is this useful?: This is most useful when exploring a new search space — through an exploratory or open-ended search problem. It could also help for studying new domains where you may not know the vocabulary of that domain, or you don’t know how to drill down to an answer on your own. (How do I learn more about this discoloration in my ﬁngernail?) What is the drawback? The problem with information sourced from a crowd is that the crowd is anonymous to you. These aren’t people you know, which means you may not trust their information, it may be irrelevant to your current search, or it may be real-time trends which are only useful if you have real-time search needs. (What are the Red Sox up to?)

23. There are some implementations of collective social search in mainstream products today. Yahoo suggest provides suggested query strings based on millions of people’s search behaviors. Trends on Twitter shows popular keywords being tweeted right now (tapping the real-time aspects of collective social search). And OneRiot takes this one step further to highlight popular URLs and topics (not just keywords), but looking at activity across multiple social sharing websites.

26. friend-filtered social search PHOTO BY CLAUDIA LIM Friend-ﬁltered social search is approximately what Google is doing with its social search experiment: providing social data that your peers, friends of friends, and wider "social circle" have shared. This data could appear alongside traditional search results (as with Google) or be exclusive results from within your peer network (as with TuneIn.com). Ref: http://www.google.com/support/websearch/bin/answer.py?answer=165228

27. d nd tren frie friend post frien d lin k Use case: Information from trusted people Problem: Personal networks are narrow ICONS BY ICONAHOLIC.COM & ICONARCHIVE.COM Friend-filtered implementations could look like filtering trends from only your personal peer network; or it could be sharing information and links that your friends have specifically shared. When is this useful?: This is most useful when the searcher has a specific search goal in mind (i.e. searcher is drilling down), or when the searcher is actively looking for recommendations or tips for something like travel, restaurants, bars, etc. What is the drawback? The problem with friend-filtered social search is that personal networks tend to be narrow, meaning that your network may know nothing about your current search query (depending on the query and nature of the network). Personal networks can’t be relied upon for general-purpose searching.

28. The prominent example of this at the moment is Google’s social search experiment. Here, imagine that Molly is doing a general search for ‘enterprise social search’ and related topics. If she clicks on Google’s Social Search option, she’ll see links and blog posts that colleagues in her network have shared. This is great since it provides three links to posts she hasn’t yet seen; and at the same time, it only provides her with three links. Note: there are other services like TuneIn.com, statussearch.net, and FriendFeed (now Facebook search) who return search results based only on data shared by your personal network.

29. collaborative social search PHOTO BY BREWBROOKS "Collaborative search" is when two or more users work together to ﬁnd the answer to a problem. This could look like IM-based question-answering (a la Aardvark), Yahoo! Answers or LinkedIn Answers (which is relatively passive and asynchronous) or over-the-shoulder two-person search.

30. conversation Use case: Addressing the ‘vocabulary problem’ Problem: Fear of embarrassment (FOE) ICONS BY ICONAHOLIC.COM & ICONARCHIVE.COM This is commonly referred to a question-answering, as it’s obviously different from the other modalities of social search. Here, two users can engage in a conversation with each other to dissect a problem space and help provide search tips to each other. A major advantage of question-answering is that people speak to each other using natural language, which is incredibly useful for open-ended queries (e.g. "What is 'design thinking'?") or queries about unfamiliar domains (e.g. law, health, business, depending on your background). When is this useful?: Thus, the best use case for collaborative social search is for addressing the “vocabulary problem” — when the terminology of a particular domain is unknown to the searcher, making it hard to think up the right terms to search with. It’s also useful when searchers get stuck on a search after several attempts, since they can beneﬁt from talking to experts for help or bouncing ideas off of colleagues to put them back on the right path. What is the drawback? There are several drawbacks with this approach. First, it takes precious time away from your colleague to engage in a question-answering session with you. Second, people often feel that they’re burdening their colleagues by asking a question, instead of searching for it on their own (or incurring a obligation or debt). And third, there’s the fear of embarrassment factor (or FOE). People avoid asking a colleague for help when that lack of knowledge reﬂects badly on themselves. And yet, talking to a real human can greatly assist in information seeking — but it’s things like fear of embarrassment and incurring a social debt that a social interaction design approach wants to consider before designing a social search system.

31. Examples of this in the wild are, of course, face-to-face questioning, instant messaging, and posting a lazyweb tweet. There’s also Aardvark, which tries to connect questionners with knowledgeable people from their extended trust network to answer a question. It works remarkably well at ﬁnding target answerers, and reduces a lot of the social issues associated with in-person question- answering.

32. I. Social search strategies II. Modalities of social search III. Design considerations Given what we’ve talked about so far, what are the design considerations for social search systems?

33. Early Middle Late Search Phase Recall this diagram of the extended process of search. We’ve illustrated how social interactions come into play during many phases of search: both early, middle, and late.

34. Early Middle Late Search Phase Recall this diagram of the extended process of search. We’ve illustrated how social interactions come into play during many phases of search: both early, middle, and late.

35. collective social collabora- search tive social search friend- Early filtered Middle Late Search social Phase search If we plot the modalities of social search on top of this extended search process, we see that the strongest value add (for incorporating social resources in different phases) is approximately this. There’s a strong case for providing passive social support early in search. Users don’t want to interrupt their colleagues quite yet, and they want to try to search using the sophisticated tools available to them at the outset. Social support during the first few query attempts should be implicit, passive, and likely in the form of collective social search. Later in search, providing explicit social support is preferable. People may be refining their query at this point and/or get stuck with a particular query formulation. Asking colleagues for help (using natural language queries) can help with the final phases of a search. Friend-filtered social search is relevant throughout. This means showing trends from your network early or passively showing people from the network who are knowledgeable. It also means interspersing data and information shared by your network into the search results listings.

36. We’ll take you through a few mockups for what this might look like. (Keep in mind that these are wireframes, meant to convey a concept, not the ﬁnal visual implementation). Alright, imagine that our character Molly begins her search by tying in the query “Enterprise Social Search” ....

37. ...of course, she can see a set of recommended searches while she’s typing. These can come from her personal network (as opposed to from a wider network). And there is some indication of how many related search terms exist in the system. Here, you see it says: Search suggestions for Enterprise Social Search (8)

38. 1 2 3 Next, she sees a set of (1) search results, plus (2) related concepts and (3) related people in her network. These items in the side panel (2, 3) are meant to be present, but not imposing— merely passive social support in this early phase of search. Green/gray indicator lights (by the people) refer to the availability of these people. Molly can click on and interact with ‘Brynn Evans’ because she’s listed as green and currently available. We expect, however, that the side panel support provides guidance but does not detract from the presence of the main search result items.

39. 1 2 3 4 5 There are few points to make about what results get returned to Molly. (1) Keywords in bold indicate a match to the search terms she initially used (this is standard). (2a) Keywords in blue, however, indicate a related term from related searches in Molly’s network. These are social signals pointing out related concepts or terms that experts may be using to describe this domain. (2b) The idea with the number next to the social terms (8): is to indicate how frequently this term occurs in related searches — or something along those lines. (3) This is similar to the “Social Depth” concept shown below the result. We imagine that as peers/colleagues search for stuff, those search terms and the items found during the search get added to a “Stack” or “Collection” that Molly has access to while she’s searching. If Molly’s current search matches a items in a related Stack, the “Social Depth” indicator will be high. She now knows that there is a lot of related search material from her network if she continues down this line of querying. (4) Molly also has the ability to mark, share, and tag good results she comes across. This will add items to her Stack/Collection, which her colleagues can access at a future date. (5) Finally, Molly can consult with her network directly (from within the search interface).

40. This is what Molly sees if she clicks on one of her network contacts: an option to see their Lists (Stacks/Collections), to ask a question via instant messenger, or to subscribe to their content. Subscribing would prioritize their content over other contacts’ content when she performs searches in the future.

41. Molly chooses to ask a question directly to her contact.

42. This brings up an instant messaging interface directly in the search results page. Molly can now pose any question she wants to Brynn. They can negotiate shared meaning of Molly’s search problem, using natural language. And Molly can get direct tips/advice/ suggestions from this knowledgeable contact, Brynn.

43. When Brynn suggests a new keyword combination that sounds promising, Molly can click- and-drag the line from the IM box and add it to the search box.

44. A final idea we wanted to introduce was what happens when Molly persists in her search but loses steam or fails to find what she’s looking for. We can detect this behavior to some extent. “Thrashing” is what happens when you add or subtract one or two words from your search query, but you don’t deviate TOO much from the initial formulation. Once searchers get ‘anchored’ with one formulation — or one way to go about finding an answer — they often end up thrashing like this. If we detected this behavior, knowing that this is a later-search stage, we can now offer explicit social support to the searcher. This might be in the form of a pop-up saying “You seem to be having some trouble. Would you like to ask your network for help?” Asking your network could be like pinging one person individually (like the IM screens we saw on the previous slide) or posing a question to your entire social network (like a lazytweet). Minimally, a pop-up like this might help “break” Molly from her initial formulation, to realize that there are new ways of thinking about her problem. Brynn’s research has also shown that when searchers go through the process of asking a large public network for help, they spend considerable time thinking about how best to ask the question. And in the process reveal to themselves new ways to formulate their own query. We think it’d be great to offer this type of support to searchers within their search

45. collective social collabora- search tive social search friend- Early filtered Middle Late Search social Phase search In conclusion, this diagram illustrates a number of the concepts we’ve discussed today: People employ a variety of strategies when they engage in information seeking. Social interactions occur in many stages of search, and both implicit and explicit social search can help people search better. Our hope is to ﬁnd ways to design for these strategies and embed them in the proper context within enterprises.

46. Summary I. Social search strategies II. Modalities of social search III. Design prototypes End. Questions?

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