Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Ross 5-7-15
1. Perinatal Origins of
Childhood and Adult Obesity
Michael G. Ross, M.D., M.P.H.
Mina Desai, Ph.D.
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
2. Metabolic Syndrome
• Traits:
• Obesity
• Hypertension
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Dyslipidemia
• Mortality: Leading cause of death in the United States
• Obesity: U.S. adults 65% overweight, 31% obese,
Childhood obesity 20%
• Hypertension: 29% of U.S. population
• Diabetes: 27% of U.S. population
3. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
CDC, 1985
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%
4. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
CDC, 1995
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)
<10% 10%–14% 15%–19%
5. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
CDC, 2005
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)
<10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
7. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
CDC, 2013
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% 30%-34% ≥35%
8. Prevalence of Obesity* Among U.S.
Children and Adolescents (2 –19 Years)
05101520
Percent
1971-1974 1976-1980 1988-1994 2003-2006
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
*Sex-and age-specific BMI > 95th percentile based on the CDC growth charts
■ 2-5 years ■ 6-11 years ■ 12-19 years
3 fold
9. Etiology of Obesity
Food Availability
High Fat Diets
Reduced Energy
Expenditure
Propensity for
Obesity
Developmental
Programming
10. Developmental Programming
Altered cell number
and differentiation
Modified gene expression
altered function
Fetal Nutrition, Stress
? Environmental Toxins
11. Programming vs. Mutations
Genetic mutations: Long epochs,
irreversible
Programmed phenotypes: Respond to
acute environmental stresses
12. Environmental Stresses on Survival
Drought and Famine
•Famine: nutrient reduction
Famine/drought during pregnancy
results in low birth weight infants
“Thrifty Phenotype”
Increased food intake, gorging
Efficient metabolism
Reduced energy expenditure
Survival Advantage in an
environment of reduced nutrient
availability
13. “Thrifty” vs. “Inadvertent Thrifty”
Phenotype
• Intrauterine Growth Restricted Newborns
– Improved Fecundity:
• Maternal medical illness
– Etiologies:
• Substance abuse, cigarette smoking
– Twins and higher order:
• Natural and In Vitro Fertilization
• Enhanced Neonatal Survival: viability 400 g
15. Barker Hypothesis
Developmental Programming
Small for Gestational Age (SGA) and/or
Low Birth Weight (LBW) human newborns
• Paradoxical increased risk of
hypertension, obesity, and diabetes as
adult
20. The relationship between deciles of birth weight and systolic blood
pressure (SBP) among Swedish males at 18 years old
Nilsson: J Hypertens, Volume 15(12).December 1997.1627–1631
Fig. 1
Birth Weight and Blood Pressure
21. Ponderal Index and Coronary Heart Disease
395 deaths in 6856 men in Helsinki
Ponderal
index at birth
(kg/m3)
Body mass index at 12 years (kg/m2)
Hazard
ratio
>18 -18 -17 -16
-29
>29
-27
-25
4
3
2
1
0
5
Eriksson JG et al BMJ 2001
22. Birth Weight and Type 2 Diabetes
1179 Pima Indians aged 201179 Pima Indians aged 20--39 years39 years
McCance DR et al BMJ 1994;308:942-5
0
10
20
30
<2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 4.0
Birthweight (kg)
Ageadjustedprevalence(68%CI)
23. Hovi P et al. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2053-2063
Glucose, Insulin Concentrations and the Insulin-Resistance Index
Adults with Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) versus Adults Born at Term
Birth Weight and Insulin Resistance
24. Models of Fetal Programming
• Maternal Obesity
• Low Birth Weight
• Environmental Toxins: Bisphenol A
• Phenotype
• Mechanisms of Appetite and Adipose
Programming
25. Prevalence of Maternal Obesity
◌ ≥ 200 lb
● ≥ 250 lb
□ ≥ 300 lb
■ > 29 kg/m3
In USA women at first prenatal visit
2 fold
26. Model of Maternal Obesity
High Fat Diet
OFFSPRING
• Litter size: Culled to 4 males and 4 females at birth
• Nursing: All pups nursed by same dams until p21
• Weaning: At p21 to ad Libitum food and water
27. Body Weight of Male Offspring
1 Day 3 Weeks 6 Months
Mean ± SE; * p < 0.01
Control HF
BodyWeight(g)
0
2
4
6
8
Control HF
BodyWeight(g)
0
20
40
60
80
*
Control HF
BodyWeight(g)
0
300
400
500
600 *
Accelerated Growth During Nursing
Control Mat-OB Control Mat-OB Control Mat-OB
28. Percentage Body Fat: Male Offspring
3 Weeks 6 Months
Mean ± SE; * p < 0.001
Control HF
BodyFat(%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
*
Control HF
BodyFat(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 *
Early Onset Obesity
Control Mat-OB Control Mat-OB
29. Plasma Triglycerides: Male Offspring
1 Day 3 Weeks
Mean ± SE; * p < 0.01
Control HF
Triglyceride(mg/dl)
0
40
80
120
160
*
Triglyceride(mg/dl)
0
40
80
120
160
*
Control HF
Hypertriglyceridemia
Control Mat-OB Control Mat-OB
30. Systolic Blood Pressure
6 Week Obese Males
Control HF
BloodPressure(mmHg)
0
120
130
140
150
160
*
* P < 0.05 vs. Control
Early Onset Hypertension
Control Mat-OB
31. Glucose, Insulin and GTT
3 Month Obese Males
Time (mins)
BloodGlucose(mg/dl)
0
80
120
160
200
Control
HF
*
*
*
* *
*
0 15 30 60 120 180
Control HF
Glucose(mg/dl)
0
60
80
100
120
140
160
*
Control HF
Insulin(ng/ml)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6 *
Insulin Resistance
Control Mat-OB
Control Mat-OB
Mat-OB
32. Low Birth Weight Trends in USA
15
12
9
6
3
1981 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
+28%
+12%
-1%
All races
White
Hispanic
Black
Change from
1989
+16%
33. Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
Maternal Food Restriction (FR)
OFFSPRING
• Litter size: Culled to 4 males and 4 females at birth
• Nursing: All pups cross-fostered to ad libitum fed Control dams
until p21
• Weaning: At p21 to ad Libitum food and water
34. Body Weight of Male Offspring
1 Day 3 Weeks 9 Months
Mean ± SE; * p < 0.01 Desai et al, Am J Physiol, 2005
Control FR
BodyWeight(g)
0
2
4
6
8
*
Control FR/AdLib
BodyWeight(g)
0
20
30
40
50
60
*
Control FR/AdLib
BodyWeight(g)
0
500
600
700
800
*
Rapid Catch-up Growth
Control IUGR Control IUGR Control IUGR
35. % Body Fat of Male Offspring
3 Weeks 9 Months
Mean ± SE; * p < 0.001 Desai et al, Am J Physiol, 2005
Control FR/AdLib
%BodyFat
0
4
8
12
16
Control FR/AdLib
%BodyFat
0
5
10
15
20
25
*
Adult Obesity
Control IUGR Control IUGR
36. Systolic Blood Pressure
3 Month Obese Adult Males
Control IUGR
BloodPressure
(mmHg)
120
130
140
150
160
*
* P < 0.05 vs. Control
Hypertension
37. Lipid Profile
9 Month IUGR Obese Adult Males
Mean ± SE; * p < 0.001 Desai et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007
Hypertriglyceridemia
Control FR/AdLib
Triglyceride(mg/dl)
0
40
60
80
100
120
*
Control FR/AdLibCholesterol(mg/dl)
0
60
80
100
Triglyceride Cholesterol
Control IUGR Control IUGR
38. Glucose, Insulin and GTT
9 Month IUGR Adult Males
Time (mins)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210Glucose(mg/dl)
0
80
120
160
200
240
*
* *
*
*
*
Control
FR/AdLib
Desai et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007
Insulin Resistance
Control FR/AdLib
Glucose(mg/dl)
0
80
90
100
110
120
*
Control FR/AdLib
Insulin(ng/ml)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
*
Control IUGR
Control IUGR
IUGR
39. Maternal Undernutrition and Overnutrition:
Offspring Programming of Metabolic Syndrome
Obesity
Adiposity
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Fatty Liver
Diabetes
41. Postnatal High Fat Diet
Body Composition: Controls and IUGR
* vs Control; # vs High Fat Diet
Control FR/AdLib
BodyWeight(g)
0
500
600
700
800
900
*
*
#
Control FR/AdLib
%BodyFat 0
10
15
20
25
30
35
*
*
#
#
Normal diet High fat diet
Control IUGRControl IUGR
44. Model of Maternal Bisphenol A (BPA)
OFFSPRING
• Litter size: Culled to 4 males and 4 females at birth
• Nursing: All pups nursed by same dams until p21
• Weaning: At p21 to ad libitum food and BPA-free water
45. Maternal BPA: Birth Weight at 1 Day
SYSBP_MSYSBP_M
Control BPA
BodyWight(g)
0
2
4
6
8
Control BPA
MALES FEMALES
Normal Birth Weight
46. Offspring Body Composition at 3 Weeks
0
5
10
15
MALES FEMALES
FatMass(g)
0
20
40
60
80
100
MALES FEMALES
TotalMass(g)
* * * *
Control BPA
47. Offspring Body Composition at 6 months
0
20
40
60
80
100
MALES FEMALES
FatMass(g)
0
200
400
600
MALES FEMALES
TotalMass(g)
0
5
10
15
20
MALES FEMALES
Fat(%)
*
*
Increased Body Fat
in Males
*
Control BPA
53. ARC Nucleus Development
• ARC cells arise from Neural Stem Cells in periventricular region
• Appetite (NPY) and Satiety (POMC) neurons populate the ARC
during fetal life and this continues to develop during postnatal life
Appetite Regions Neural Stem Cells
3V
A
R
C
54. In Vivo Neural Stem Cell Migration
1 Day Newborn Hypothalamus
3V = Third Ventricle
Control IUGR
MigrationRate(BrdUCells)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
*
3V
Nestin = marker of NSC
BrdU = proliferation
* P < 0.01
Control
IUGR
65. Primary Cell Culture
• Adipose tissue from 1 day old offspring
• Preadipocytes
• Adipocyte
Control IUGR
66. Preadipocytes from 1 Day Newborn
Proliferation
CONTROL
IUGR
ProliferationIndex
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
c
c
c
c
Insulin (g/ml)
0 5 20 40
Control IUGR
67. Adipocytes from 1 Day Newborn
Lipid Storage
CONTROL
IUGR
Oil Red Stain; x10
O-R-OAbsorbance
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
*
*
*
* *
*
c
c
c
c
Insulin (g/ml)
0 5 20 40
Control IUGR