Presentation about the trial of the WHO's Sanitation Safety Plan pilot conducted at Devanahalli town

1. Sanitation Safety Plan Trial :
Devanahalli Town,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board
(KUWSDB)
Devanahalli Town Municipal Council
St Johns Medical College
Biome Environmental Trust

2. Structure of this presentation
Section Content
Section 1 Context
Section 2 Solid & Liquid Wastes in
Devanahalli – As-is situation
Section 3 Key Risks & Improvements
Open house Questions /
answers

3. DEVANAHALLI : CONTEXT

4. Devanahalli Town : Location
Devanahalli Town
In Bangalore Rural
District Bangalore Urban District

5. Devanahalli : Geographical Context
• Devanahalli – Close to The Kempegowda
International Airport of Bangalore
• Population approx 30000 people
• Rainfall : 700-750mm annually
• Groundwater driven, high water scarcity,
Low groundwater table (800 – 1200 ft)
• No Piped sewage, No STPs. Sewage flow
into Leach-pits and Storm water drains.
Sullage into Storm water drains.
• Planned to be the centre of a “second”
Bangalore. Town boundaries may be
redrawn in the coming years. Rapidly
growing, rapidly urbanising
Devanahalli
Bangalore International
Airport
To Bangalore
North

6. Devanahalli : Institutional Context
State Ministry
of Urban
Development
Directorate of
Municipal
Administration
TMC
(Elected Reps +
Municipal Corp)
KUWSDB
(213 Towns)
)
Water and
Waste Water
Learning Centre
Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)
GKVK
(Univ of Agricultural
Sciences)
St John’s Medical
College
Dept Community
Health
Biome
Environmental Trust

7. SSP Team
Designation Institution Role
Executive Engineer, Selection
Grade
Karnataka Urban Water supply
and Drainage Board, Water
and Waste Water Learning
Centre
Provide leadership and link
with SSP Steering committee,
and enable all activities on the
field. Take bottom line
responsibility of all SSP work.
Environment Engineer Devanahalli, Town Municipal
Council
Key team of “soldiers” from
the Devanahalli Town
municipal council responsible
for on ground data collection,
SSP formulation,
Improvement & monitoring
planning and follow up on
implementation on the same.
Senior Health Inspector Devanahalli, Town Municipal
Council
Junior Health Inspector Devanahalli, Town Municipal
Council
Professor and Faculty,
Department of Community
Health
St Johns Medical College Medical and health related
technical inputs and training
to TMC team as necessary.
Anchoring institution of pilot
trial on the Health risk
assessment side.
Executive Director Biome Environmental Trust /
Biome Environmental
Solutions
Facilitating organisation,
technical and other facilitating
guidance as necessary

8. SSP Team
Designation Institution Role
Executive Engineer, Selection
Grade
Karnataka Urban Water supply
and Drainage Board, Water
and Waste Water Learning
Centre
Provide leadership and link
with SSP Steering committee,
and enable all activities on the
field. Take bottom line
responsibility of all SSP work.
Environment Engineer Devanahalli, Town
Municipal Council
Key team of “soldiers” from
the Devanahalli Town
municipal council
responsible for on ground
data collection, SSP
formulation, Improvement
& monitoring planning and
follow up on implementation
on the same.
Senior Health Inspector Devanahalli, Town
Municipal Council
Junior Health Inspector Devanahalli, Town
Municipal Council
Professor and Faculty,
Department of Community
Health
St Johns Medical College Medical and health related
technical inputs and training
to TMC team as necessary.
Anchoring institution of pilot
trial on the Health risk
assessment side.
Executive Director Biome Environmental Trust /
Biome Environmental
Solutions
Facilitating organisation,
technical and other facilitating
guidance as necessary
Health Risk Assessment / Health Impact Assessment :
Driven by St Johns Medical College & Miss Lena Breteinmoser, MSc

9. Institutional context : Hurdles for the trial
• Time constraints : TMC team constantly competing with
everyday work, councillors expectations etc. Overcome by
extra work voluntarily done by TMC Team.
• Lack of Incentives : This work seen as “over and above”
normal work. No specific incentives for the same. Overcome
by participation in this conference!
• Capacity: TMC team in itself did not have the capacity to
effectively document – especially using IT tools. Overcome by
partnership with St Johns Medical College, MSc Student
Lena Breitenmoser and facilitation help by Biome
Environmental Solutions

10. Objectives of Sanitation Safety Plan
• Identify Sanitation linked health risks for different
groups (Sanitary workers, Agricultural workers,
community & consumers)
• Identify sanitation improvements that can be
implemented directly by Town Municipal Council
• Enable appropriate partnerships with Health &
Agricultural resource persons

11. System Boundary
Boundary : Administrative
boundary of the Town Municipal
Council
Map shows :
1. Orange lines : open drain
system
2. Red spots : Solid waste
collection points
3. Yellow Circles : Open
defeacation areas
4. Blue lines and squares : Water
supply system
5. Green patches : Agricultural
land

12. Activities & Methods : Data Collection
1) Collation of formal data from TMC records
2) Accessing health records from Taluk Health office (not useful for
Devanahalli)
3) Field surveys and visits for sanitary surveillance & mapping
4) Focussed Group discussions with (with help of St Johns):
– Sanitary workers of Devanahalli TMC
– Farmers in Devanahalli using waste-water / Feacal sludge
– Market vendors
– Community & consumers within Devanahalli
5) Key informant interviews (with help of St Johns):
– Clinics and Hospitals
– Farmers
– Market vendors & youth groups in the market
– Community & consumers within Devanahalli

13. Activities : Health Risk Assessment
1) Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment suggested by WHO SSP Draft Manual
utilised
2) Anchored and driven by St Johns Medical College
3) Reviewed by Devanahalli TMC, KUWSDB and Biome Environmental
Trust
Yet to be incorporated :
1. Waste water lab tests : Difficulty accessing labs conforming to
government procedures to test indicator Bacterial (Ecoli) at various
stages in waste water cycle. Working on partnership with KSPCB
(Pollution control board) for the same
2. Log reduction targets intentionally not integrated at this stage due to
capacity issues of the TMC

14. SOLID & LIQUID WASTES IN
DEVANAHALLI : AS-IS SITUATION
As – Is situation description

15. Solid Waste Management : As-is situation
Waste Generation
Households
Commercial Shops
Meat Shops
Hotels
Hostels, Boarding &
Lodging
Markets
Educational Institutions
Temples , Churches,
Mosques
Construction debris
Street Waste
Hospitals
Waste Collection
Door to Door collection
Street Sweeping &
Drain cleaning
Dumper Bins
Bio-medical waste
done directly by Private
Agency from
Hospitals / clinics
(However not 100%)
Waste Transportation
Push Cart
Auto tippers
Tractors
Dumper placers
Waste Disposal
Currently
“Dumping Yard”
(Intention to move to
Integrated
Waste Management
Site )
Source of maximum health hazards
(more later)

16. Solid Waste Transportation
Dumper Bin Dumper Placer
Push Carts Auto Tippers Tractors

17. Solid Waste Landfill (“Dumping yard”) – to be
converted to Integrated Waste management site

18. Category (Waste
generators):
Number
of units
Estimated
waste per
category
unit
[kg*day]
Estimated
Total waste
per category
[kg*day]
Fractio
n solid
waste
type A
Fractio
n solid
waste
type B
Households 6397 0.35 2232.65 20% 80%
Commercial shops 1076 0.75 800.25 50% 50%
Meat shops 20 5 100 - 100%
Big hotels* 3 25 75 5% 95%
Small hotels** 34 10 340 5% 95%
Hostels 4 15 60 < 1% 99%
Boarding &
Lodging
3 10 30 10% 90%
Markets
daily:2
weekly:
1
daily: 100
weekly 150
221.4 < 1% 99%
Institutions^ 40 5 200 < 1% 99%
Choultries 7 200 1400 60% 40%
Temple/ Church/
Mosques
76 1 76 1% 99%
Floating population 2000 0.1 200 - -
Construction waste
unpredic
table
unpredictabl
e
Minimum
100
- -
Street Waste 56 km 20 1120 - -
Total 6955

19. Liquid Waste & Fecal Sludge : As-is situation
Waste Generation
Households
Commercial Shops
Meat Shops
Hotels
Hostels, Boarding &
Lodging
Markets
Educational Institutions
Temples , Churches,
Mosques
Hospitals
Waste Collection
Kitchen Waste Water
Grey Water from
Bathrooms
Raw Waste water from
some Toilets
Rainwater run-off
Open defecation
sludge
Animal Excreta from
roads
Waste Transportation
Flow in Storm Water
Drains
Waste Use
Farmers using waste
water for irrigation
along with Fresh water
(intercepting flow from
Storm water drains) –
Informal Irrigation
Downstream flow
outside boundary
Waste Water from
toilets in Leach pits
Vaccuum Sucking
machines
Transporting to
Farms / farmers
Fecal Sludge Use in
Farms for
composting and
Fertilizer
application

20. Leach pits for toilets
Toilet & bathroom
Connections to storm water drains

21. Devanahalli : Storm water drains – Receptacle for solid waste & Liquid
waste
Drain Clogging
Sewage Stagnation Cleaning operations

22. Waste Water irrigation
Tapping waste water from
storm water drain
Farmers develop simple
Filtration and ponding of tapped
Waste water
(2-3 hrs to 24 hrs retention)
Farmers use furrow irrigation
Of waste water. Sometimes
Mixed with Fresh water

23. Fecal Sludge
Municipal Vaccum Truck – 1 Nos
Private Vaccum Truck – 2 Nos
Emptying A Leach Pit
Through a Vaccuum Truck
Disposal of Fecal sludge
In a farm for composting
Muncipal truck : 7-9 trips / month
Farmers identified by drivers & their
Networks
5 Farmers use Fecal sludge.
However 1 composting pit identified
In Devanahalli

24. Liquid Waste : Estimates
• Population : 30,000
• Water supply through borewells
– 63 borewells drilled, 38 are functional
– Private water tankers also supply water
– Municipal supply pegged at 50 lpcd (Litre per capita per day)
– Total waste water generated 1.2 MLD (Million Liters a day)
• Sanitation data:
– Sullage / greywater also connected to open drains
Toilets
with
septic
tanks
Toilets
with twin
leach pits
Toilets
with single
leach pits
Toilets
connected
to open
drains
Total
95 141 2014 109 2359

25. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT &
IMPROVEMENT PLAN

26. Hazardous events : Drain stagnation & Overflow + Drain Maintenance
Hazards : Bacteria, Viruses, Helminths, protozoans, vectors & physical injury
Risk rating : High Exposure group: Sanitary workers, Community
Drain Cleaning Operations Drain after Cleaning
Drain Clogging
(Biomedical wastes mixed)
Sewage Stagnation Cleaning operations

27. Hazardous events : Mixing of Drinking water with flowing waste water in drains
Hazards : Bacteria, Viruses, Helminths, protozoans
Risk rating : High Exposure group: Community
Water supply pipes in
Storm water drains where
Waste water flows exist
Water collection at consumption
Points inside drains where
Waste water flows exist

28. Missing link :
Informal Sectors role in
Resource recovery of solid
Waste
The SSP has been unable to
Capture and assess
Risks of processes by informal
sector
Hazardous events : Burning of Solidwaste in dumping yard
Hazards : Toxins released from burning
Risk rating : High Exposure group: Community

29. Exposure Groups
Exposure Group Sub group No of people Hazardous events/operations
Sanitary workers Street sweepers / Drain
cleaners
45 All forms of drain cleaning
Loaders 11 Loading of solid waste / sucking
from leach pits
Drivers 7 Loading and unloading, Vehicle
cleaning and maintenance
Community
(Within Boundary)
Total approx 30000
people
living near drains that over flow 150 - 200 HHs Heavy rainfall
consuming water from pipes in
drains (near sewage)
50 - 60% of
population
Water consumption from
potentially sewage mixed water
supply
near solid waste dumping yard 20-30 HHs Burning of solid waste
Near waste collection points 350-400 HHs Exposure to vectors and during
rainfall
Informal sector Workers ??????? Yet to be understood

30. Improvement Plan for these High risks
Communication, Outreach
and community
engagement
Drains and Water
Supply Infrastructure
Solid Waste Management
improvements
Training and Sensitisation
workshops of Sanitary workers
(and other relevant TMC Staff
and councillors)
Identify faulty drains
and improve drain slope
& cover drains
New landfill site to be available soon.
These workshops to be held
regularly (quarterly)
Isolation of water
supply pipes from storm
water drains with waste
water flows
Site to be developed as “Integrated
SWM site”. Prevent open burning of
SW by controlled access.
Workshop details being
designed with St Johns Medical
College
(DPR being prepared
with the help of
KUWSDB)
Source segregation critical in long run.
Start with enforcement of 100%
Biomedical waste segregation to start
with
KSPCB & St Johns to help for
Biomedical waste management
protocols

31. Tapping waste water from
storm water drain
Farmers develop simple
Filtration and ponding of tapped
Waste water
(2-3 hrs to 24 hrs retention)
Farmers use furrow irrigation
Of waste water. Sometimes
Mixed with Fresh water
Hazardous events : Waste water use in irrigation – contact with farmers & crops
Hazards : Bacteria, Viruses, Helminths, protozoans
Risk rating : LOW Exposure group: Farmers & Consumers

32. Waste water use in Irrigation : Crops
Cereals :
Ragi (Finger millet)
Vegetables :
Beans, Bottlegourd,
Pulses :
Pigeon Pea
Root Vegetables:
Carrot,
Beetroot,
Knool Kol
Green Leafy Vegetables:
Coriander
Mint
Spinach
Irrigation : Furrow irrigation. Rarely drip irrigated. Usually waste water irrigation
is alternated with fresh water irrigation. Sometimes Waste water is mixed with
Fresh water and applied.

33. Waste water use in Irrigation : Existing control
measures
Devanahalli centre for vegetable washing.
Farmers specifically set up infrastructure for this.
Vegetables always washed with fresh water.
Wash water may be used for irrigation.
1. Farmers have washing and bathing habits after farming & before eating
2. Consumers wash vegetables at home. This is a wide spread practice.
3. Vegetables like Beetroot and carrot are peeled.
4. In Indian culture they are usually cooked before consumed.
However Beetroots and carrot in salads in hotels may be raw.

34. Hazardous events : Fecal Sludge use for fertilizer – contact with farmers & crops
Hazards : Bacteria, Viruses, Helminths, protozoans
Risk rating : LOW Exposure group: Farmers & Consumers

35. A pit approx 20 ft * 15 ft * 3ft is dug.
1. The Fecal sludge emptied into this pit.
2. Then the fecal sludge is covered in soil.
3. Further Cow dung / sheep dung
is added
4. the whole thing is allowed to compost
for around 6 months.
5. Each grape vine gets around
3-4 baskets of compost twice a year.
6. Better yields reported but not quantified
Fecal Sludge : Existing control measures

36. Fecal Sludge use : Crops
Floriculture
Rose
Cereals
Ragi (Finger Millet), Jowar
Fruits
Grapes
Green Leafy Vegetables
Spinach
Coriander
1. Farmers have washing and bathing
habits after farming & before eating
2. Consumers wash vegetables at
home. This is a wide spread
practice.
3. Vegetables like Beetroot and carrot
are peeled.
4. In Indian culture they are usually
cooked before consumed.
5. However Beetroots and carrot in
salads in hotels may be raw.

37. Exposure Groups
Exposure
Group
Sub group No of
people
Hazardous
events/operations
Sanitary
workers
Honey sucker driver 1 Vehicle maintenance
Honey sucker cleaner 2 sucking from leach pits and
emptying, vehicle tank
cleaning
Farmers Farmers using waste
water for irrigation
20 Waste water irrigation
(Land: xxx acres)
Farmers using fecal
sludge
5 Fecal sludge composting &
application (Land: yyyy
acres)
Consumers Populace of Devanahalli
and outside
30000 in
Devanahalli
Consumption of food crops

38. Improvement Plan for these risks
Communication, Outreach
and community
engagement
Example of new
protocols
New infrastructure
Tie up with GKVK (Agri
university) and use their
research learnings to develop
protocols for
1. Waste water irrigation
2. Fecal sludge composting
and use
Try and identify if
pathogen die-off can be
increased in “ponding”
Eg:
Use of urea into the
pond as an additive
New landfill site to demonstrate fecal
sludge composting.
Fecal sludge /waste water
irrigation management
protocols outreach, demo and
dissemination to farmers
through workshops

39. Monitoring Plan

40. Thank You
TMC Devanahalli
Mr Nagaraj
Mamatha (EE), Sayeeda (HI) and Biji (HI)
St Johns Medical College, Dr Ramakrishna Goud and Team
Facilitated by Biome Enviornmental Trust

41. Solid Waste Management : As-is situation
Storm water drains

42. Liquid waste / Fecal Sludge Process Flow
Storm water drains
Resource recovery