FES Luncheon Presentation

1. LEAD WASTE CLEANUP FROM ARTISENAL GOLD MINING ACTIVITIES Sunke Village, Anka Location, Zamfara State, Federal Republic of Nigeria, West Africa First Coast Joint Engineers Luncheon FES ASCE SAME EWB May 17, 2011 1

2. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA 2

3. HISTORIC GOLD LODE LOCATIONS 3

4. Artisanal GOLD EXTRACTION PROCESS EXCAVATE GOLD ORE AT MINES / VEINS BREAKING ROCK – Using tools to break large pieces of rock into gravel-sized pebbles GRINDING ROCK – Using grinding machines to break pebble-sized rocks into fine powder WASHING ROCK – Using water to wash dust or rocks in a pan to collect gold flakes DRYING ROCK – Leaving powder-like rocks out to dry SEPERATING – Using mercury in a large bowl to amalgamate gold flakes MELTING – Using heat to vaporize mercury that sticks to gold after the separating process 4

5. Ore Grinding Methods HydroCarbons (Diesel) CarboHydrates (Muscle) 5

6. TOXICOLOGY OF LEAD 6

7. CDC Preliminary Survey June, 2010 Surveyed 119 family living compounds 2/3 reported processing ore within compound Families reported 118 of 463 children < age 5 (26%) died in previous 12 months (82% of deaths within previous 6 months) Soil sampled 45 ppm to >100,000 ppm lead (US EPA limit < 400 ppm) 85% of compounds had some readings > 400 ppm 205 living < age 5 children were blood sampled 100% > 10 ppm blood lead level 97 % > 45 ppm blood lead level values ranged 33.3 to 445 ppm blood lead level 7

9. THE ROAD TO SUNKE(or Abare, Duza, TungarDaji) 9

10. SUNKE 10

11. REMEDIATION PROTOCOLS US EPA Standards (remediate if) ≥ 400 ppm Soil Lead Max in Child’s Play Area ≥ 1,200 ppm Soil Lead Avg in Occupied Areas ZAMFARA Standards for Living Compounds & Common Areas < 400 ppm: No Action ≥ 400 ppm: Clean Soil Cap (3 in ~ 8 cm of laterite) ≥ 1,000 ppm: Excavate to < 400 ppm, Clean Soil Cap 11

12. REMEDIATION PROCEDURES Meet with Chief to Hire Local Workers, Landfill Location and Co-ordinate Work Develop Landfill Outside Village Meet With Families (Mothers) for Compound Entry and Co-operation Test and Map Remediation Areas Excavate and Bag Contaminated Soils Transport and Dispose Bags in Landfill(s) Clean Soil Cap Areas per Protocols Post-Remediation Health Training of Families Close Landfill(s) 12

13. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Meet with Chief to Hire Local Workers, Locate Landfill and Co-ordinate Work 13

14. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Develop Landfill Outside Village 14

15. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Meet With Families (Mothers) for Compound Entry and Co-operation 15

16. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Test and Map Remediation Areas X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 16

17. Areal View and Planning Plot, Sunke 17

18. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Excavate and Bag Contaminated Soils 18

19. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Transport and Dispose Bags in Landfill(s) 19

20. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Clean Soil Cap Areas per Protocols 20

21. REMEDIATION PROCEDURE Post-Remediation Health Training of Families Advocacy Group from Nigerian Ministry of Health Wash All Compound Fixtures and Clothes Bathe The Children Raise a Ruckus if processing returns to compound Close Landfill(s) 1 Meter of Cover (bags below normal crop roots) Monuments and Placards 21

22. HEALTH & SAFETY End-of-Day Decontamination Washing Facilities for Contaminated Soil Handlers (Excavation and Disposal Crews) Purple Pants and T-shirts collected and laundered daily (nightly) Dust Masks Distributed, Collected, Disposed Daily Daily Meal White Rice Red Sauce Two pieces of meat or ½ cup of beans 22

23. HEALTH & SAFETY 23

24. THE TEAM 24

25. LOCAL STAFF 25

26. ANKA GUSAU 26

27. THE FUN STUFF 27

28. THE FUN STUFF 28

29. LEAD DISPERSION COSTS Ore Contains: Au (gold) = 123 – 6,320 ppb Pb (lead) = 7,550 – 22,500 ppm Waste contains: Pb (lead) @ 1,000 ppm (guess) ~ 13,400 tons Cleanup Budget $2,300,000 Typical Gold Earnings $170,000 Cost Ratio 13.59 29

30. AFTER THOUGHTS The Lure of Gold is Irresistible Subsistence Farmers; Gold is the Cash Crop Processing will return to the villages after cleanup Hydrocarbons (credit) vs Carbohydrates (free) Alternative Actions / More Economical Solutions Clean Soil Cap Everywhere (in lieu of excavation) Move The Village Do Nothing 30

31. OPPORTUNITIES Int’l Funding Sources First Coast Engineers 31

32. STRATA DEVELOPED WORLD 1 BILLION $ 30,000 > GDP (PPP) Per Capita (Shepherding Abundance) North & South Maritime States USA Canada Western Europe Japan South Korea UAE Israel Australia New Zealand DEVELOPING WORLD 5 BILLION $ 30,000 > GDP (PPP) Per Capita > $ 2,200 (Social Services, Urbanization) BRICS& Asian Tigers & OPEC Brazil Russia (& Former Soviets) India China South Africa SE Asia Middle East Chile Argentina UNDERDEVELOPED WORLD 1 BILLION $ 2,200 > GDP (PPP) Per Capita (Disease, Famine, Survival) Failed States & Sub-Saharan Africa Cuba Venezuela Bangladesh Afghanistan North Korea Burma Sudan Somalia DRC Ref: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html 32

33. Strata Economy Comparisons 33

34. WWW.FOREIGNASSISTANCE.GOV 34

35. WHERE IT GOES $ 37 billion $ 4.5 billion $ 1.1 billion 35

36. INTERNATIONAL FUNDING SOURCES 36

37. DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTORS 37

38. ROLES 38

39. www.devex.com 39

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42. YOUR TOOLS INVENTORY LANGUAGES ENGLISH ( FIDIC) SPANISH, FRENCH, ARABIC, PORTUGESE RUSSIAN, MANDARIN CREDENTIALS ADVANCED DEGREES STEM Medical, Public Health Political, Legal INDUSTRY CERTS (i.e., USGBC/LEEDS; ISO9001) METRIC SYSTEM (Hard METRIC vs Soft METRIC) PROFESSIONAL LICENSURE (USA/INT’L) COMMUNICATIONS SOCIAL NETWORKS ( LinkedIn, Devex) SKYPE INT’L CONFERENCES 42

43. COMMON SENSE – “STREET SMARTS” 43

44. REFERENCES Blacksmith Institute www.blacksmithinstitute.com Bill Huffman – LinkedIn http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=59283542 EWB-USA www.ewbusa.org CDC www.cdc.gov DEVEX www.devex.com USAID www.foreignassistance.gov CIA World Factbook www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook Center for http://blogs.cgdev.org/mca-monitor /2011/03/u-s- Global Development foreign-assistance-and-corruption-It%E2%80%99s-all -relative.php CNN Report (June 2010) www.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2010/06/14/ purfoy.nigeria.lead.cleanup.cnn CNN Report (Nov 2010) http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2010/11/30/ purefoy.nigeria.gold.lead.poison.cnn 44

45. QUESTIONS 45