Intro to Data Science Concepts

Bill Howe, PhD
Introduction to Data Science

This morning
• Context for “Data Science”
• Databases and Relational Algebra
• NoSQL
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg
(public domain)

“The intuition behind this ought to be very simple: Mr. Obama
is maintaining leads in the polls in Ohio and other states that
are sufficient for him to win 270 electoral votes.”
Nate Silver, Oct. 26, 2012
“…the argument we’re making is exceedingly simple. Here it
is: Obama’s ahead in Ohio.”
Nate Silver, Nov. 2, 2012
“The bar set by the competition was invitingly low. Someone could
look like a genius simply by doing some fairly basic research into
what really has predictive power in a political campaign.”
Nate Silver, Nov. 10, 2012
DailyBeast
fivethirtyeight.com
fivethirtyeight.comsource: randy stewart
Nate Silver

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“…the biggest win came from good old SQL on a Vertica data
warehouse and from providing access to data to dozens of
analytics staffers who could follow their own curiosity and
distill and analyze data as they needed.”
Dan Woods
Jan 13 2013, CITO Research
“The decision was made to have Hadoop do the aggregate generations
and anything not real-time, but then have Vertica to answer sort of
‘speed-of-thought’ queries about all the data.”
Josh Hendler, CTO of H & K Strategies
Related: Obama campaign’s data-driven ground game
"In the 21st century, the candidate with [the] best data,
merged with the best messages dictated by that data, wins.”
Andrew Rasiej, Personal Democracy Forum

Hurricane Sandy
http://rpubs.com/JoFrhwld/sandy Josef Fruehwald

http://rpubs.com/JoFrhwld/sandy
Hurricane Sandy
Josef Fruehwald

Acerbi A, Lampos V, Garnett P, Bentley RA (2013) The Expression of
Emotions in 20th Century Books. PLoS ONE 8(3): e59030.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059030
1) Convert all the digitized books in the 20th century into n-grams
(Thanks, Google!)
(http://books.google.com/ngrams/)
2) Label each 1-gram (word) with a mood score.
(Thanks, WordNet!)
3) Count the occurences of each mood word
A 1-gram: “yesterday”
A 5-gram: “analysis is often described as”

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…
2. Michel J-P, Shen YK, Aiden AP, Veres A, Gray MK, et al. (2011)
Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books.
Science 331: 176–182. doi: 10.1126/science.1199644. Find this article
online
3. Lieberman E, Michel J-P, Jackson J, Tang T, Nowak MA (2007)
Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language. Nature 449: 713–
716. doi: 10.1038/nature06137. Find this article online
4. Pagel M, Atkinson QD, Meade A (2007) Frequency of word-use
predicts rates of lexical evolution throughout Indo-European history.
Nature 449: 717–720. doi: 10.1038/nature06176. Find this article online
…
6. DeWall CN, Pond RS Jr, Campbell WK, Twenge JM (2011) Tuning in to
Psychological Change: Linguistic Markers of Psychological Traits and
Emotions Over Time in Popular U.S. Song Lyrics. Psychology of
Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts 5: 200–207. doi: 10.1037/a0023195. Find
this article online
…

What is Data Science?
• Fortune
– “Hot New Gig in Tech”
• Hal Varian, Google’s Chief Economist, NYT, 2009:
– “The next sexy job”
– “The ability to take data—to be able to understand it, to
process it, to extract value from it, to visualize it, to
communicate it—that’s going to be a hugely important skill.”
• Mike Driscoll, CEO of metamarkets:
– “Data science, as it's practiced, is a blend of Red-Bull-fueled
hacking and espresso-inspired statistics.”
– “Data science is the civil engineering of data. Its acolytes
possess a practical knowledge of tools & materials, coupled
with a theoretical understanding of what's possible.”
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Drew Conway’s Data Science Venn Diagram
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What do data scientists do?
“They need to find nuggets of truth in data and then explain it to the
business leaders”
Data scientists “tend to be “hard scientists”, particularly physicists, rather
than computer science majors. Physicists have a strong mathematical
background, computing skills, and come from a discipline in which survival
depends on getting the most from the data. They have to think about the
big picture, the big problem.”
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-- DJ Patil, Chief Scientist at LinkedIn
-- Rchard Snee, EMC

Mike Driscoll’s three sexy skills of data geeks
• Statistics
– traditional analysis
• Data Munging
– parsing, scraping, and formatting data
• Visualization
– graphs, tools, etc.
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“Data Science refers to an emerging area of work
concerned with the collection, preparation, analysis,
visualization, management and preservation of large
collections of information.”
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Jeffrey Stanton
Syracuse University School of Information Studies
An Introduction to Data Science

Data Science is about Data Products
• “Data-driven apps”
– Spellchecker
– Machine Translator
• Interactive visualizations
– Google flu application
– Global Burden of Disease
• Online Databases
– Enterprise data warehouse
– Sloan Digital Sky Survey
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(Mike Loukides)
Data science is about building data
products, not just answering questions
Data products empower others to use
the data.
May help communicate your results
(e.g., Nate Silver’s maps)
May empower others to do their own
analysis
(e.g., Global Burden of Disease)

A Typical Data Science Workflow
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1) Preparing to run a model
2) Running the model
3) Interpreting the results
Gathering, cleaning, integrating, restructuring,
transforming, loading, filtering, deleting, combining,
merging, verifying, extracting, shaping, massaging
“80% of the work”
-- Aaron Kimball
“The other 80% of the work”

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What are the abstractions of
data science?
“Data Jujitsu”
“Data Wrangling”
“Data Munging”
Translation: “We have no idea what
this is all about”

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1850s: matrices and linear algebra (today: engineers and scientists)
1950s: arrays and custom algorithms (today: C/Fortran performance junkies)
1950s: s-expressions and pure functions (today: language purists)
1960s: objects and methods (today: software engineers)
1970s: files and scripts (today: system administrators)
1970s: relations and relational algebra (today: large-scale data engineers)
1980s: data frames and functions (today: statisticians)
2000s: key-value pairs + one of the above (today: NoSQL hipsters)
But what are the abstractions of
data science?

DATABASES AND
RELATIONAL ALGEBRA
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Pre-Relational: if your data changed, your application broke.
Early RDBMS were buggy and slow (and often reviled), but required only 5% of
the application code.
“Activities of users at terminals and most application programs
should remain unaffected when the internal representation of data
is changed and even when some aspects of the external
representation are changed.”
Key Ideas: Programs that manipulate tabular data exhibit an
algebraic structure allowing reasoning and manipulation
independently of physical data representation
Relational Database History
-- Codd 1979

Key Idea: “Physical Data Independence”
physical data independence
files and
pointers
relations
SELECT seq
FROM ncbi_sequences
WHERE seq = ‘GATTACGATATTA’;
f = fopen(‘table_file’);
fseek(10030440);
while (True) {
fread(&buf, 1, 8192, f);
if (buf == GATTACGATATTA) {
. . .

Key Idea: An Algebra of Tables
select
project
join join
Other operators: aggregate, union, difference, cross product

Equivalent logical expressions
25
σp=knows(R) o=s (σp=holdsAccount(R) o=s σp=accountHomepage(R))
(σp=knows(R) o=s σp=holdsAccount(R)) o=s σp=accountHomepage(R)
σp1=knows & p2=holdsAccount & p3=accountHomepage (R x R x R)
right associative
left associative
distributive

Why do we care? Algebraic Optimization
N = ((z*2)+((z*3)+0))/1
Algebraic Laws:
1. (+) identity: x+0 = x
2. (/) identity: x/1 = x
3. (*) distributes: (n*x+n*y) = n*(x+y)
4. (*) commutes: x*y = y*x
Apply rules 1, 3, 4, 2:
N = (2+3)*z
two operations instead of five, no division operator
Same idea works with the Relational Algebra!

So what? RA is now ubiquitous
• Galaxy – “bioinformatics workflows”
• Pandas and Blaze: High Performance Arrays in Python
merge(left, right, on=‘key’)
• dplyr in R
filter(x), select(x), arrange(x), groupby(x),
inner_join(x, y), left_join(x, y)
• Hadoop and contemporaries all evolved to support RA-like interfaces:
Pig, HIVE, Cascalog, Flume, Spark/Shark, Dremel
“…Operate on Genomics Intervals -> Join”

“NOSQL” SYSTEMS
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Year
System/
Paper
Scale to
1000s
Primary
Index
Secondary
Indexes Transactions
Joins/
Analytics
Integrity
Constraints Views
Language/
Algebra
Data
model my label
1971 RDBMS O ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ tables sql-like
2003 memcached ✔ ✔ O O O O O O key-val nosql
2004 MapReduce ✔ O O O ✔ O O O key-val batch
2005 CouchDB ✔ ✔ ✔ record MR O ✔ O document nosql
2006 BigTable/Hbase ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record nosql
2007 MongoDB ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record O O O O document nosql
2007 Dynamo ✔ ✔ O O O O O O ext. record nosql
2008 Pig ✔ O O O ✔ / O ✔ tables sql-like
2008 HIVE ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables sql-like
2008 Cassandra ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record O ✔ ✔ O key-val nosql
2009 Voldemort ✔ ✔ O EC, record O O O O key-val nosql
2009 Riak ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record MR O key-val nosql
2010 Dremel ✔ O O O / ✔ O ✔ tables sql-like
2011 Megastore ✔ ✔ ✔ entity groups O / O / tables nosql
2011 Tenzing ✔ O O O O ✔ ✔ ✔ tables sql-like
2011 Spark/Shark ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables sql-like
2012 Spanner ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ? ✔ ✔ ✔ tables sql-like
2013 Impala ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables sql-like
NoSQL and related systems, by feature

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Year
System/
Paper
Scale to
1000s
Primary
Index
Secondary
Joins/
Analytics
Integrity
Constraints Views
Language/
Algebra
Data
model my label
2006 BigTable (Hbase) ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record nosql
2012 Accumulo ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record nosql
Scale was the primary motivation!

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Rick Cattel’s clustering from
“Scalable SQL and NoSQL Data Stores”
SIGMOD Record, 2010
extensible record stores
document stores
key-value stores
Year
System/
Paper
Scale to
1000s
Primary
Index
Secondary
Joins/
Analytics
Integrity
Constraints Views
Language/
Algebra
Data
model my label
2006 BigTable (Hbase) ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record nosql
2007 Dynamo ✔ ✔ O O O O O O key-val nosql

6/17/2015 Bill Howe, UW 32
Year
System/
Paper
Scale to
1000s
Primary
Index
Secondary
Joins/
Analytics
Integrity
Constraints Views
Language/
Algebra
Data
model my label
2006
BigTable
(Hbase) ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record nosql
2011 Tenzing ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ tables sql-like
MapReduce-based Systems

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2004
Hadoop
2005
MapReduce
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
MapReduce-based Systems
non-Google open
source implementation
direct influence /
shared features
compatible
implementation of
Pig
HIVE
Tenzing
Impala

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Year
System/
Paper
Scale to
1000s
Primary
Index
Secondary
Joins/
Analytics
Integrity
Constraints Views
Language/
Algebra
Data
model my label
2006
BigTable
(Hbase) ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record nosql
2011 Tenzing ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ tables sql-like

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BigTable
Cassandra
2004
2005
memcached
2006
2007
2008
2009
Spanner
Megastore
2010
2011
2012
NoSQL Systems
direct influence /
shared features
compatible
implementation of
Dynamo
Voldemort Riak
Accumulo
2003
CouchDB
MongoDB

6/17/2015 Bill Howe, UW 36
A lot of these systems give up joins!
Year source
System/
Paper
Scale to
1000s
Primary
Index
Secondary
Joins/
Analytics
Integrity
Constraints Views
Language/
Algebra
Data
model my label
1971 many RDBMS O ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ tables SQL-like
2003 other memcached ✔ ✔ O O O O O O key-val lookup
2004 Google MapReduce ✔ O O O ✔ O O O key-val MR
2005 couchbase CouchDB ✔ ✔ ✔ record MR O ✔ O document filter/MR
2006 Google BigTable (Hbase) ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record filter/MR
2007 10gen MongoDB ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record O O O O document filter
2007 Amazon Dynamo ✔ ✔ O O O O O O key-val lookup
2007 Amazon SimpleDB ✔ ✔ ✔ O O O O O ext. record filter
2008 Yahoo Pig ✔ O O O ✔ / O ✔ tables RA-like
2008 Facebook HIVE ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like
2008 Facebook Cassandra ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record O ✔ ✔ O key-val filter
2009 other Voldemort ✔ ✔ O EC, record O O O O key-val lookup
2009 basho Riak ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record MR O key-val filter
2010 Google Dremel ✔ O O O / ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like
2011 Google Megastore ✔ ✔ ✔ entity groups O / O / tables filter
2011 Google Tenzing ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ tables SQL-like
2011 Berkeley Spark/Shark ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like
2012 Google Spanner ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ? ✔ ✔ ✔ tables SQL-like
2012 Accumulo Accumulo ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record filter
2013 Cloudera Impala ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like

Joins
• Ex: Show all comments by “Sue” on any blog post by “Jim”
• Method 1:
– Lookup all blog posts by Jim
– For each post, lookup all comments and filter for “Sue”
• Method 2:
– Lookup all comments by Sue
– For each comment, lookup all posts and filter for “Jim”
• Method 3:
– Filter comments by Sue, filter posts by Jim,
– Sort all comments by blog id, sort all blogs by blog id
– Pull one from each list to find matches
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6/17/2015 Bill Howe, UW 38
Year
System/
Paper
Scale to
1000s
Primary
Index
Secondary
Joins/
Analytics
Integrity
Constraints Views
Language/
Algebra
Data
model my label
1971 RDBMS O ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ tables SQL-like
2003 memcached ✔ ✔ O O O O O O key-val lookup
2004 MapReduce ✔ O O O ✔ O O O key-val MR
2005 CouchDB ✔ ✔ ✔ record MR O ✔ O document filter/MR
2006 BigTable (Hbase) ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record filter/MR
2007 MongoDB ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record O O O O document filter
2007 Dynamo ✔ ✔ O O O O O O key-val lookup
2008 Pig ✔ O O O ✔ / O ✔ tables RA-like
2008 HIVE ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like
2008 Cassandra ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record O ✔ ✔ O key-val filter
2009 Voldemort ✔ ✔ O EC, record O O O O key-val lookup
2009 Riak ✔ ✔ ✔ EC, record MR O key-val filter
2010 Dremel ✔ O O O / ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like
2011 Megastore ✔ ✔ ✔ entity groups O / O / tables filter
2011 Tenzing ✔ O O O O ✔ ✔ ✔ tables SQL-like
2011 Spark/Shark ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like
2012 Spanner ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ? ✔ ✔ ✔ tables SQL-like
2012 Accumulo ✔ ✔ ✔ record compat. w/MR / O O ext. record filter
2013 Impala ✔ O O O ✔ ✔ O ✔ tables SQL-like

• Two value propositions
– Performance: “I started with MySQL, but
had a hard time scaling it out in a
distributed environment”
– Flexibility: “My data doesn’t conform to a
rigid schema”
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NoSQL Criticism
Stonebraker CACM (blog 2)

NoSQL Criticism: flexibility argument
• Who are the customers of NoSQL?
– Lots of startups
• Very few enterprises. Why? most
applications are traditional OLTP on
structured data; a few other applications
around the “edges”, but considered less
important
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Stonebraker CACM (blog 2)

Some Takeaways
• Data wrangling is the hard part of data
science, not statistics
• Relational algebra is the right
abstraction for reasoning about data
wrangling
• Even “NoSQL” systems that explicitly
rejected relational concepts eventually
brought them back
6/17/2015 Bill Howe, UW 41

Intro to Data Science Concepts

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