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Structures and functions of human digestive system
• The food contains necessary
nutrients needed by the
body for its growth, repair or
replacement of damaged
tissues, and other physical
activities.
Major food
groups
Common sources building blocks
carbohydrat
es
Rice, bread,
noodles, corn,
wheat
Simple sugar
(glucose,fructose,
galactose
proteins Meat, chicken,
egg, tofu, soya,
milk
Amino acids
Fats/ lipids Butter,
margarine, lard
Fatty acids and
glycerol
Physical/mechanical digestion
includes processes like chewing or
mastication, cutting, and tearing of
food to make food particles smaller
in size, which makes digestion
easier.
Chemical digestion involves
enzymes which chemically break
down the food into simpler form.
Structures and functions of human digestive system
• The main part of the digestive
system is the alimentary canal/
digestive tract which include
the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine,
and anus.
• The alimentary canal is about 30
ft long from mouth to anus.
• There are accessory organs
glands which include the salivary
glands, the pancreas, liver, and
the gallbladder.
• These accessory parts secrete
digestive enzymes or juices
necessary for chemical digestion.
• Digestion process begins in the
mouth. It is the site of ingesting
food. Foods enters the body
through the mouth, with teeth,
tongue, and salivary glands. The
sharp-edged teeth help to tear,
rip, and cut the food while the
flat- surfaced pre- molars grind
and chew the food into smaller
sizes thus increase surface area.
• There are 3 pairs of salivary glands in the
mouth: parotid, the sublingual, and the
submandibular salivary glands
• Saliva consist of
1. Water, which moisten and soften the
food
2. Mucus, which binds the food particles
into a slippery bolus that can pass easily
to the esophagus
3. Salivary amylase, which is an enzyme
that specifically digest food rich in starch,
a complex carbohydrate
• After swallowing bolus passes from
the pharynx down to the
esophagus, which is a tube leading
to the stomach.
• Peristaltic muscular contraction in
the pharynx propels the bolus into
esophagus.
• The esophagus is also coated with
slippery mucus, making bolus pass
easily along the tube.
• From esophagus, food moves into
the stomach.
• Stomach is a J-shaped muscular
organ which stores food, it has a
capacity of about one to two liters
in adults.
• It is made up of three layers of
muscular which are very important
in creating grinding motion.
• Both mechanical and chemical
digestion occurs in the stomach.
• The churning or contraction of the
stomach is mechanical, and gastric
juice secretions is chemical
digestion.
• The epithelial lining of the stomach
secretes fundamental substances
which aid in the digestion process.
1. Mucous cell, which secrete
alkaline mucus that protects the
lining of the stomach against
acid
2. Parietal cells, which secrete
hydrochloric acid that destroys
ingested bacteria or
microorganisms
• 3. Chief cells, which secrete
protein- digesting enzymes pepsin
and rennin
• 4. G-cells. Which secrete hormone
gastrin, a protein that controls
acid secretion.
• These substances are called gastric
juices, a combination of
hydrochloric acid, mucus,
hormones, and enzymes.
• The small intestine is the longest
part of the alimentary canal which is
about 23 ft long. It is divided into 3
sections.
1. Duodenum, receives all secretions
from the liver via the common bile
duct and pancreas via the
pancreatic duct.
2. jejunum is the middle part and
3. ileum, the longest, most coiled and
very near the large intestine.
• The food chyme is push along by
the peristalsis and the food will
undergo complete digestion in
the small intestine. In the small
intestine, intestinal glands
secretes enzymes for complete
digestion of carbohydrates.
• The mixture of enzymes in the
intestine is called intestinal
juice.
• It is also site of absorption, where
nutrients are absorbed into the
blood vessels of the circulatory
system.
• The lining of the small intestine
have finger like projection called
villi which contain blood vessels
that absorbs nutrients.
• After absorption of nutrients, it
becomes mostly undigested food
and water. It passes through the
large intestine.
• The large intestines is divided into
3 regions, namely: Caecum, Colon
and Rectum
1. Caecum, which is a blind-ended
pouch connected to the
appendix
2. Colon, which is the longest in
the organ, and is divided into:
ascending, transverse and
descending colon
3. Rectum, which is a short
segment that stores feces.
• Salivary gland pour their secretions
called salivary amylase to the
mouth.
• Liver, the largest gland in the body
located to the right of the mouth.
• Liver plays important role in the
assimilation of absorbed food
• Assimilation is a process where
food nutrients become part of the
body tissues.
1. Redistribution of glucose to all cells for cellular
respiration through the hepatic vein
2. Storage of excess glucose forming glycogen
3. Working together with the islets of Langerhans
in the pancreas to regulate glucose level
4. Redistribution of amino acid through the
hepatic vein
5. Conversion of fats to forms that can be easily
oxidized by other tissues or be stored in adipose
tissue if they are in excess.
• Digestive enzymes are proteins
that serve as biological catalyst,
which speed up the chemical
reactions.
• Enzymes are specifics, their action is
described by the “lock and key”
hypothesis which means that each
enzymes has an active site with a
specific shape which will fit only at a
specific substrate.
• The inner surface of the small
intestine is covered by microscopic
finger-like projections called villi
(villus-singular).
• The villi of the small intestine are
responsible for distributing the
nutrients that has been processed
through the digestive system into
the circulatory and lymphatic
systems for delivery to all cells of our
body.
Egestion/ Excretion
Assimilation
Absorption
Digestion
Ingestion
• Human body needs nutrients to be
healthy.
6 nutrients classes of essential
nutrients are:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids/fats
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
6. Water
• Carbohydrates- the main source of
energy
• Proteins- is for growth, repair and
replacement of cells and tissue
• Fats- provide much energy than
carbohydrates but they are needed
only in small amount
• Vitamins and Minerals contain no
energy but they help maintain a
healthy body specifically for growth
and repair.
• Water- carries nutrients and wastes
throughout the body in the
bloodstream.
Structures and functions of human digestive system
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD), caused by acids
that leak up into the esophagus
2. Peptic ulcer, characterized by
painful sores in the lining of the
stomach or the first segment of
the small intestines, the
duodenum.
3. Gastritis- an inflammation of the
stomach lining
4. Colitis, an inflammation of the
inner lining of the colon
5. Diarrhea, the condition that is
classified as the appearance of
loose, watery stool
6. Constipation, the condition in
which a person has fewer than three
bowel movement a week or with
bowel movement with hard stool
that is painful to eliminate.
7. Appendicitis, the inflammation
of the appendix, and usually needs
surgical treatment.
8. Obesity, the condition in which
the body mass index (BMI) of a
person is 30 kg/m³ or higher,
characterized by high accumulation
of body fats that might have
negative effect on his health.
9. Colon cancer/colorectal cancer,
a cancer from the uncontrolled cell
growth in the colon or rectum; a
malignant tumor originating from the
inner lining of the colon
10. Cirrhosis of the liver, an
abnormal liver condition in which
there is irreversible scarring of the
liver.
• Gastroenterology- the branch of
medicine which deals with the
study of the digestive system and
associated disease.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
-The magnetic resonance imaging is
a medical test that causes magnetic
field and pulses of radio wave energy
to make pictures of internal body
organs.
Structures and functions of human digestive system
• Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure
used to examine or study the digestive
tract.
• An instrument called endoscope, a
flexible tube with a light and camera
attached to it is being used.
• Upper endoscopy- the endoscope
passed through the mouth, throat,
esophagus, stomach and upper part of
the small intestine.
• Colonoscopy- the endoscope passes
into the large intestine (colon) through
the rectum or anus.
• Laparoscopy is a surgery that
uses thin, lighted tube through a
cut/ incision in the abdomen or
belly to examine the abdominal
organs or pelvic organs

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Structures and functions of human digestive system

  • 2. • The food contains necessary nutrients needed by the body for its growth, repair or replacement of damaged tissues, and other physical activities.
  • 3. Major food groups Common sources building blocks carbohydrat es Rice, bread, noodles, corn, wheat Simple sugar (glucose,fructose, galactose proteins Meat, chicken, egg, tofu, soya, milk Amino acids Fats/ lipids Butter, margarine, lard Fatty acids and glycerol
  • 4. Physical/mechanical digestion includes processes like chewing or mastication, cutting, and tearing of food to make food particles smaller in size, which makes digestion easier. Chemical digestion involves enzymes which chemically break down the food into simpler form.
  • 6. • The main part of the digestive system is the alimentary canal/ digestive tract which include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. • The alimentary canal is about 30 ft long from mouth to anus.
  • 7. • There are accessory organs glands which include the salivary glands, the pancreas, liver, and the gallbladder. • These accessory parts secrete digestive enzymes or juices necessary for chemical digestion.
  • 8. • Digestion process begins in the mouth. It is the site of ingesting food. Foods enters the body through the mouth, with teeth, tongue, and salivary glands. The sharp-edged teeth help to tear, rip, and cut the food while the flat- surfaced pre- molars grind and chew the food into smaller sizes thus increase surface area.
  • 9. • There are 3 pairs of salivary glands in the mouth: parotid, the sublingual, and the submandibular salivary glands • Saliva consist of 1. Water, which moisten and soften the food 2. Mucus, which binds the food particles into a slippery bolus that can pass easily to the esophagus 3. Salivary amylase, which is an enzyme that specifically digest food rich in starch, a complex carbohydrate
  • 10. • After swallowing bolus passes from the pharynx down to the esophagus, which is a tube leading to the stomach. • Peristaltic muscular contraction in the pharynx propels the bolus into esophagus. • The esophagus is also coated with slippery mucus, making bolus pass easily along the tube.
  • 11. • From esophagus, food moves into the stomach. • Stomach is a J-shaped muscular organ which stores food, it has a capacity of about one to two liters in adults. • It is made up of three layers of muscular which are very important in creating grinding motion.
  • 12. • Both mechanical and chemical digestion occurs in the stomach. • The churning or contraction of the stomach is mechanical, and gastric juice secretions is chemical digestion. • The epithelial lining of the stomach secretes fundamental substances which aid in the digestion process.
  • 13. 1. Mucous cell, which secrete alkaline mucus that protects the lining of the stomach against acid 2. Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid that destroys ingested bacteria or microorganisms
  • 14. • 3. Chief cells, which secrete protein- digesting enzymes pepsin and rennin • 4. G-cells. Which secrete hormone gastrin, a protein that controls acid secretion. • These substances are called gastric juices, a combination of hydrochloric acid, mucus, hormones, and enzymes.
  • 15. • The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal which is about 23 ft long. It is divided into 3 sections. 1. Duodenum, receives all secretions from the liver via the common bile duct and pancreas via the pancreatic duct. 2. jejunum is the middle part and 3. ileum, the longest, most coiled and very near the large intestine.
  • 16. • The food chyme is push along by the peristalsis and the food will undergo complete digestion in the small intestine. In the small intestine, intestinal glands secretes enzymes for complete digestion of carbohydrates. • The mixture of enzymes in the intestine is called intestinal juice.
  • 17. • It is also site of absorption, where nutrients are absorbed into the blood vessels of the circulatory system. • The lining of the small intestine have finger like projection called villi which contain blood vessels that absorbs nutrients.
  • 18. • After absorption of nutrients, it becomes mostly undigested food and water. It passes through the large intestine. • The large intestines is divided into 3 regions, namely: Caecum, Colon and Rectum
  • 19. 1. Caecum, which is a blind-ended pouch connected to the appendix 2. Colon, which is the longest in the organ, and is divided into: ascending, transverse and descending colon 3. Rectum, which is a short segment that stores feces.
  • 20. • Salivary gland pour their secretions called salivary amylase to the mouth. • Liver, the largest gland in the body located to the right of the mouth. • Liver plays important role in the assimilation of absorbed food • Assimilation is a process where food nutrients become part of the body tissues.
  • 21. 1. Redistribution of glucose to all cells for cellular respiration through the hepatic vein 2. Storage of excess glucose forming glycogen 3. Working together with the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to regulate glucose level 4. Redistribution of amino acid through the hepatic vein 5. Conversion of fats to forms that can be easily oxidized by other tissues or be stored in adipose tissue if they are in excess.
  • 22. • Digestive enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalyst, which speed up the chemical reactions. • Enzymes are specifics, their action is described by the “lock and key” hypothesis which means that each enzymes has an active site with a specific shape which will fit only at a specific substrate.
  • 23. • The inner surface of the small intestine is covered by microscopic finger-like projections called villi (villus-singular). • The villi of the small intestine are responsible for distributing the nutrients that has been processed through the digestive system into the circulatory and lymphatic systems for delivery to all cells of our body.
  • 25. • Human body needs nutrients to be healthy. 6 nutrients classes of essential nutrients are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids/fats 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
  • 26. • Carbohydrates- the main source of energy • Proteins- is for growth, repair and replacement of cells and tissue • Fats- provide much energy than carbohydrates but they are needed only in small amount • Vitamins and Minerals contain no energy but they help maintain a healthy body specifically for growth and repair. • Water- carries nutrients and wastes throughout the body in the bloodstream.
  • 28. 1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), caused by acids that leak up into the esophagus 2. Peptic ulcer, characterized by painful sores in the lining of the stomach or the first segment of the small intestines, the duodenum. 3. Gastritis- an inflammation of the stomach lining
  • 29. 4. Colitis, an inflammation of the inner lining of the colon 5. Diarrhea, the condition that is classified as the appearance of loose, watery stool 6. Constipation, the condition in which a person has fewer than three bowel movement a week or with bowel movement with hard stool that is painful to eliminate. 7. Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, and usually needs surgical treatment.
  • 30. 8. Obesity, the condition in which the body mass index (BMI) of a person is 30 kg/m³ or higher, characterized by high accumulation of body fats that might have negative effect on his health. 9. Colon cancer/colorectal cancer, a cancer from the uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum; a malignant tumor originating from the inner lining of the colon 10. Cirrhosis of the liver, an abnormal liver condition in which there is irreversible scarring of the liver.
  • 31. • Gastroenterology- the branch of medicine which deals with the study of the digestive system and associated disease. • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -The magnetic resonance imaging is a medical test that causes magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of internal body organs.
  • 33. • Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine or study the digestive tract. • An instrument called endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it is being used. • Upper endoscopy- the endoscope passed through the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach and upper part of the small intestine. • Colonoscopy- the endoscope passes into the large intestine (colon) through the rectum or anus.
  • 34. • Laparoscopy is a surgery that uses thin, lighted tube through a cut/ incision in the abdomen or belly to examine the abdominal organs or pelvic organs