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Context Awareness in Mobile Computing
1. Context Awareness in Mobile Computing
The Revolutionary Impact of Pervasive Mobile Computing
Bob Hardian
hardian@cs.ui.ac.id
Fakultas Ilmu Komputer, Universitas Indonesia
SRITI 2011
Seminar Riset Tenologi Informasi
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2. Pervasive – Ubiquitous – Mobile Computing
Level of embeddedness
High
Pervasive Ubiquitous
Computing Computing
Low High
Level of mobility
Traditional
Business Mobile
Computing Computing
Low
[1]
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3. Mobile Computing: the Next Decade
Scenario 1: Lost Child
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4. Mobile Computing: the Next Decade
Scenario 2: Disaster Relief
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5. Mobile Computing: the Next Decade
Scenario 3: Cognitive Assistance
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6. Mobile Computing: the Next Decade
Scenario 4: Medical Consultation
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7. Reflecting on these Scenarios [3]
Embody a number of themes
Rich sensors
Crowd sourcing
Near-real-time data consistency
Opportunism
Transient use of infrastructure
User interaction
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8. Reducing Distraction
User attention is a precious resource
The most successful mobile computing
systems of the next decade will be those that
are able to reduce or eliminate user
interactions
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9. User Interaction with Mobile Device
Mobile application autonomy can reduce user
interaction.
Mobile application should place greater dependence
on contextual information
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10. Context Definitions
Context defined variously as:
An application/user’s environment or situation
A combination of computing, user and physical features
Definition from Dey & Abowd [2]:
“Context is any information that can be used to characterise
the situation of an entity. An entity is a person, place or
object that is considered relevant to the interaction
between a user and an application, including the user and
the application themselves.”
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11. Context Awareness
Context of computation may change
Context of computation may be (partially) captured by context
information
Context information can be used to
provide seamless computing
provide relevant services to users
Needed: Information about requirements and
current status of computations and their
environments
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12. Context Information - Example
user location, devices, applications
user preferences and QoS requirements
application QoS requirements and status
device and network capabilities and their current status
relationships between context information
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13. Context Awareness & Mobile Apps
Context-aware applications tend to be enhanced
mobile applications for the following reasons:
User context changes frequently subject to the user’s
mobility behavior
The need for context-aware behavior is greater in a mobile
environment (user location, network resources, and device
capabilities)
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15. Proximity selection
Proximity selection is primarily based on the user location
context
Such context can be:
resources and devices in the vicinity of the user
places of interests closest to the user current position
computational objects with which the mobile user is
currently interacting
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16. Context Modeling
Modeling context is a technique focuses on
how to find and relate contextual information
that better captures the observation of certain
worlds of interest
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17. Context Modeling - Example
has device
Person Device
Conceptual model (CML) (name) (id)
located at
Location
(name)
Maps to
HasDevice(Person, Device)
Logical model (relational model)
LocatedAt(Person, Location)
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18. Disruption Level
has disruption level (name)
has allow status Allow Status
(nr)
Profile
(code) has divert status
Divert Status
(name)
has profile
has location type
Location Type
(Name) has divert type
has nearest base station
Device Base Station
(id) (nr)
has network strength
Network
Strength Number Type
(nr) (name)
has device
has phone number has number type
Person Phone Number
(name) (nr)
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19. Context-Aware Application
A Context-aware application should have a set of characteristics related
to context modeling, handling, adaptation:
Context acquisition Context adaptation
Context aggregation Context reasoning
Context consistency Context quality indicators
Context discovery Context integration
Context query
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21. User Control of
Context-Aware Mobile Apps
Context-aware mobile application may not always behave in
the way users expected, due to
Imperfect context information
Incorrect user preferences
Incorrect adaptation rules
Users may feel loss of control over their application.
The system must provide mechanisms to strike a suitable
balance of control
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22. Balance of User Control
A continuum of user control versus application autonomy
A B C
Application autonomy
User control
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23. Providing Suitable Balance of Control
Make users aware of reasons for application adaptation
User may be able to correct undesirable actions
Users may have varying levels of expertise
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24. Exposing the System’s view
Exposing system’s view of the context and its corresponding
actions provides a sufficient understanding to correct
inappropriate action (increases user control)
An appropriate modelling of context and preference is needed
for revealing the information to the users
Context-aware System
Context
Information Interactions
Adaptation Users
Logic
User
Preferences
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25. Example Approach
Exposed
Context and application
preference state
change Information Filter information
&
Explanation Generator
Programming Toolkit
Information
Context & request
Preference (scrutinize)
USER
Context Manager Traces
Database Database
Semantic Manager
User
Context Graph
Preference Descriptions
User Model
User
Preference
Database
User feedback
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26. User
Outside World
context
User interaction changes
Context-Aware Application
Context
Context Web
Windows Interface Client
preferences context context
and profile changes changes
information
Context and
Preference Proxy
inquiry revealed context information
(scrutinizing) information and preference context and
evaluation scores preference changes
Context and
Semantic Manager
Preference Manager
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27. Summary
User attention is a precious resource in mobile
environment
Mobile application should reduce user interaction
Mobile application should place greater dependence
on context
Need balance of user control due to imperfect context
information
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28. References
[1] K. Lyytinen, Y. Yoo, Issues and Challenges in Ubiquitous Computing,
CACM, Vol.4, No.12, 2002
[2] A. K. Dey and G. D. Abowd, Towards a better understanding of context
and context-awareness. In CHI 2000 Workshop on the What, Who,
Where,vWhen and How of Context-Awareness. The Hague, April 2000.
[3] M. Satyanarayanan, Mobile computing: the next decade, in MCS '10
Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing &
Services: Social Networks and Beyond, 2010
[4] Christos B. Anagnostopoulos , Athanasios Tsounis , Stathes
Hadjiefthymiades, Context Awareness in Mobile Computing
Environments, Wireless Personal Communications: An International
Journal, v.42 n.3, p.445-464, August 2007
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