Magento 2 is a modernized version of the eCommerce platform Magento that was released in 2015. It has a modern technical stack including Composer, Symfony, and LESS. Key goals of Magento 2 included improved performance, easier upgrades and installations, streamlined customizations and external integrations, and a focus on high code quality and testing. The document outlines Magento 2's timeline and release schedule, benefits for developers, and goals and technical improvements over the original Magento platform.