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DEVIANCE
WHAT IS DEVIANCE?
 it is defined as the behavior that violates significant social
norms and is disapproved by majority of people.
 The sociology of deviance is concerned primarily with
violation of behaviors that are considered unacceptable or
offensive by the majority because society subjects all of us to
social control ( an attempt to regulate people’s thoughts
and behaviors).
 Deviance also varies from one situation to another. A
behavior only becomes deviant when it is socially defined as
such and definitions vary according to time, place and group.
ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGISTS:
 DEVIANCE is relative, meaning it is based
on the social definitions of some group.
Behaviors can be considered deviant only
within the context of the norms and values of
particular culture. Thus, one act may be
unacceptable to one group, but the same act
has a considerable degree of acceptance in
another group.
 PRIMARY DEVIANCE
- refers to a person’s behavior which violates or
does not conform to a prescribed norm of conduct but is tolerated
or concealed by others.
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY DEVIANCE:
• Vandalism
• Littering
• Loitering in restricted areas
• Cheating during examination
• Refusal to truthfully declare one’s annual income for tax
purposes
TYPES OF DEVIANCE
SECONDARY DEVIANCE
-refers to the behavior of a lifetime conformist,
the behavior of a person who killed in self-
defense or the behavior of a branded criminal.
Such behavior stigmatizes a person from the
rest of the society.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY DEVIANCE:
 Behaviors of the ex-convicts
 Prostitutes who are isolated from ordinary people
and who find difficulty in returning to society
INDIVIDUAL DEVIANCE
-refers to a violation against a group’s
norm or subculture.
EXAMPLE:
• a person who belongs to a religious or conservative
family or group who carries an illicit relation with
another individual. Such a relationship is considered
TABOO.
GROUP DEVIANCE
-refers to the act of members of a group to
conform to the group’s norms but which disagree
with the norms of the larger society.
EXAMPLE GROUP DEVIANCE:
• Street gangs or cults that engage in human sacrifice
REASONS FOR DEVIANCE
 BIOLOGISTS say that deviance is caused by factors
coming from within the individual. They say that
deviant behavior is a result of aberrant genetic traits,
as in the case of homosexual criminals and mentally-
ill individual.
 SOCIOLOGISTS say that factors outside the
individual cause deviance. They pressume that an
individual’s environment may cause him to show
deviant characteristics.
 PSYCHOLOGISTS explain that the deviant behavior
of people is caused by abnormalities in their
personalities or what we call personality disorders.
THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
1) Biological Theories of Deviance
-focus on the genetic endowments of human
beings or their anatomical or physiological
compositions.
a) Cesare Lombroso- who became interested in the
scientific study of crime, believed that the physical
characteristics of a criminal should be thoroughly analyzed.
He was convinced that the major determinants of crimes
committed by individuals were biological.
b) Ernest Hooton- an American anthropologist ,also made a
research on the biological factors of deviance in 1930.He
claimed that criminals are organically inferior to “normal
people”.
c) William Sheldon- also attempted to link body
type to behavior by classifying people into three
categories: the endomorphs, mesomorphs and
ectomorphs.
 Endomorphs- refers to people who are
soft, round and usually fat.
 Mesomorphs- are people who are muscular ,
stocky and athletic.
 Ectomorphs- are people who are skinny and
fragile.
-According to Sheldon, a disproportionate
percentage of criminals were found to be
mesomorphs, but the reason for this remained
unclear.
2) Psychological Theories of Deviance
- focus on personality, motives,
aggression, frustrations or ego
strength.
a) According to Zulueta(2002)- These are
often rooted in the minds of people rather
than in their bodies and focus on factors
such as personality structure, learning ,
goals , interests ,motivation , will power,
frustration ,anxiety , guilt , and other
psychological conditions and responses.
b) According to Freudian
-he attributed psychological deviance to
defects of the super ego or conscience.
Weakened egos are likely to be unable to
control impulses , defer gratification or
adhere to planned ,rational courses of
action. Motivation , intelligence , stress ,
unconscious needs and personality traits
are found contributory to deviance.
3) Sociological Theories of Deviance
- focus on the sociocultural ,
organizational , environmental
and group factors.
TWO SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES:
1) Symbolic Interactionism Perspectives
-individuals interpret their social life
through symbols learned from the groups to
which they belong.
a)Differential Association Theory- indicates that
people learn to deviate or to conform
society’s norms mostly by people with
whom they associate.
b)Labeling Theory- states that once people are
labeled as deviants, they are thrust into deviant roles
and are reacted to by others as deviants.
2)Functionalist Perspectives
-state that if society is to function
smoothly, its various parts such as culture trait
and cultural practice must work together in
harmony.
a) Anomie Theory
-a structural-functional theory which
focuses on value conflicts between
culturally-prescribed goals and socially-
approved ways of achieving them. It
analyzes what happens when individuals
in a society desire cultural goals.
 Robert Merton further explained that deviance occurs
when there is non-congruence between expected goals
and the means used to achieve such goals.
FIVE WAYS OF ADAPTATION
(ROBERT MERTON 1957)
1) Conformity – to both goals and means is
considered non deviant
2) Innovation- includes the acceptance of social goals
and the rejection of prescribed means of
achieving them.
3) Ritualism- refers to rituals rigidly following the rules
without regard for the ends, ways or effects of their
behavior.
4) Retreatism- is more drastic behavior manifested by
alcoholics , drug addicts, psychotics , vagabonds and the
like.
5) Rebellion-shown by the people who seek change for the
whole social order.
b). Control Theory
-states that all of us are prone to
deviance by temptation, hostility,
resentment and pressure from
peers.
c) Cultural Transmission Theory
- this theory sees deviant behavior
as learned through the process of differential
association, meaning an individual becomes
deviant if association or socializations with
individuals who have deviant behavior are
frequent.
Drug Abuse and
Addiction as
Examples of Deviant
Behavior
 Drug abuse and addiction - which has
aroused a sense of awareness among
many. This is considered as a social
problem .
 Drug addiction - is a state of physical
or psychological need of an individual for
a drug which stems from its continuous
use. When the use of drugs, lawful or
unlawful, resultsrest's in a person's
physical, mental, emotional or social
impairment, drug abuse occurs.
The Most Commonly
Abused Drugs
1.Sedatives
Sedatives produce calming effects
on the nervous system and may reduce
anxiety and excitement in a person. An
overdose of sedatives may depress the
brain's respiratory control and may lead
to cessation of breathing and eventual
death.
Ex : barbiturates, tranquilizers, and
alcohol
2. Stimulants
Stimulants are also called pep
pills which increase a person's
alertness and physical disposition.
Furthermore, the use of stimulants
creates a state of euphoria and hides
fatigue in an individual. Excessive use
of stimulants may lead a person to
insomia, exhaustion anddeep
depression.
Ex : amphetamines, cocaine, and
3. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are also called
psychedelics and affect sensation,
thinking, self-awareness and emotion.
These drugs may lead to changes in
a person's perception of time and
space, create delusion or trigger false
beliefs in him.
Ex : Lyseric Acid Diethylamide
(LSD), mescaline and marijuana
4. Narcotics
Narcotics relieve pain, make one
drowsy and relax and induce sleep.
Continuous use if narcotics leads a
person to physiological and
psychological dependence.
According to the Narcotics
Command (1990), about 300,000 high
school students (10℅ of high school
students in the country) use drugs, with
Metro Manila having the highest
percentage (13.5℅).
Among college students,
about 19℅ have used
drugs at one time or
another. Drug abuse is
also rampant among
proffesionals and out-of-
school youths.
Social Control
 The term social control refers to the
" techniques and strategies" for
regulating human behavior in any
society (Schaeffer & Lamm, 1997).
Techniques of social control varies in
both societal and group levels.
 Conformity means getting along with
one's peers- individuals with the same
status who have no right to direct a
person's behavior.
2 Types of Social Control
1. Formal Social Control
Formal social control is
implemented by agents of
authority like police officers,
military officers, managers,
physicians, school
administrators, employees and
the like.
2. Informal Social Control
Informal social control, as the
term implies, is casually used by
people (Schaeffer & Lamm, 1997).
Some examples of informal social
control are ridicule, wagging a finger
and raising the eyebrow..
Primary groups, particularly
families, typically employ techniques
of informal social control.

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Ss2 report (deviance)

  • 2. WHAT IS DEVIANCE?  it is defined as the behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved by majority of people.  The sociology of deviance is concerned primarily with violation of behaviors that are considered unacceptable or offensive by the majority because society subjects all of us to social control ( an attempt to regulate people’s thoughts and behaviors).  Deviance also varies from one situation to another. A behavior only becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such and definitions vary according to time, place and group.
  • 3. ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGISTS:  DEVIANCE is relative, meaning it is based on the social definitions of some group. Behaviors can be considered deviant only within the context of the norms and values of particular culture. Thus, one act may be unacceptable to one group, but the same act has a considerable degree of acceptance in another group.
  • 4.  PRIMARY DEVIANCE - refers to a person’s behavior which violates or does not conform to a prescribed norm of conduct but is tolerated or concealed by others. EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY DEVIANCE: • Vandalism • Littering • Loitering in restricted areas • Cheating during examination • Refusal to truthfully declare one’s annual income for tax purposes TYPES OF DEVIANCE
  • 5. SECONDARY DEVIANCE -refers to the behavior of a lifetime conformist, the behavior of a person who killed in self- defense or the behavior of a branded criminal. Such behavior stigmatizes a person from the rest of the society. EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY DEVIANCE:  Behaviors of the ex-convicts  Prostitutes who are isolated from ordinary people and who find difficulty in returning to society
  • 6. INDIVIDUAL DEVIANCE -refers to a violation against a group’s norm or subculture. EXAMPLE: • a person who belongs to a religious or conservative family or group who carries an illicit relation with another individual. Such a relationship is considered TABOO. GROUP DEVIANCE -refers to the act of members of a group to conform to the group’s norms but which disagree with the norms of the larger society. EXAMPLE GROUP DEVIANCE: • Street gangs or cults that engage in human sacrifice
  • 7. REASONS FOR DEVIANCE  BIOLOGISTS say that deviance is caused by factors coming from within the individual. They say that deviant behavior is a result of aberrant genetic traits, as in the case of homosexual criminals and mentally- ill individual.  SOCIOLOGISTS say that factors outside the individual cause deviance. They pressume that an individual’s environment may cause him to show deviant characteristics.  PSYCHOLOGISTS explain that the deviant behavior of people is caused by abnormalities in their personalities or what we call personality disorders.
  • 8. THEORIES OF DEVIANCE 1) Biological Theories of Deviance -focus on the genetic endowments of human beings or their anatomical or physiological compositions. a) Cesare Lombroso- who became interested in the scientific study of crime, believed that the physical characteristics of a criminal should be thoroughly analyzed. He was convinced that the major determinants of crimes committed by individuals were biological. b) Ernest Hooton- an American anthropologist ,also made a research on the biological factors of deviance in 1930.He claimed that criminals are organically inferior to “normal people”.
  • 9. c) William Sheldon- also attempted to link body type to behavior by classifying people into three categories: the endomorphs, mesomorphs and ectomorphs.  Endomorphs- refers to people who are soft, round and usually fat.  Mesomorphs- are people who are muscular , stocky and athletic.  Ectomorphs- are people who are skinny and fragile. -According to Sheldon, a disproportionate percentage of criminals were found to be mesomorphs, but the reason for this remained unclear.
  • 10. 2) Psychological Theories of Deviance - focus on personality, motives, aggression, frustrations or ego strength. a) According to Zulueta(2002)- These are often rooted in the minds of people rather than in their bodies and focus on factors such as personality structure, learning , goals , interests ,motivation , will power, frustration ,anxiety , guilt , and other psychological conditions and responses.
  • 11. b) According to Freudian -he attributed psychological deviance to defects of the super ego or conscience. Weakened egos are likely to be unable to control impulses , defer gratification or adhere to planned ,rational courses of action. Motivation , intelligence , stress , unconscious needs and personality traits are found contributory to deviance.
  • 12. 3) Sociological Theories of Deviance - focus on the sociocultural , organizational , environmental and group factors. TWO SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: 1) Symbolic Interactionism Perspectives -individuals interpret their social life through symbols learned from the groups to which they belong. a)Differential Association Theory- indicates that people learn to deviate or to conform society’s norms mostly by people with whom they associate. b)Labeling Theory- states that once people are labeled as deviants, they are thrust into deviant roles and are reacted to by others as deviants.
  • 13. 2)Functionalist Perspectives -state that if society is to function smoothly, its various parts such as culture trait and cultural practice must work together in harmony. a) Anomie Theory -a structural-functional theory which focuses on value conflicts between culturally-prescribed goals and socially- approved ways of achieving them. It analyzes what happens when individuals in a society desire cultural goals.
  • 14.  Robert Merton further explained that deviance occurs when there is non-congruence between expected goals and the means used to achieve such goals. FIVE WAYS OF ADAPTATION (ROBERT MERTON 1957) 1) Conformity – to both goals and means is considered non deviant 2) Innovation- includes the acceptance of social goals and the rejection of prescribed means of achieving them. 3) Ritualism- refers to rituals rigidly following the rules without regard for the ends, ways or effects of their behavior. 4) Retreatism- is more drastic behavior manifested by alcoholics , drug addicts, psychotics , vagabonds and the like. 5) Rebellion-shown by the people who seek change for the whole social order.
  • 15. b). Control Theory -states that all of us are prone to deviance by temptation, hostility, resentment and pressure from peers. c) Cultural Transmission Theory - this theory sees deviant behavior as learned through the process of differential association, meaning an individual becomes deviant if association or socializations with individuals who have deviant behavior are frequent.
  • 16. Drug Abuse and Addiction as Examples of Deviant Behavior
  • 17.  Drug abuse and addiction - which has aroused a sense of awareness among many. This is considered as a social problem .  Drug addiction - is a state of physical or psychological need of an individual for a drug which stems from its continuous use. When the use of drugs, lawful or unlawful, resultsrest's in a person's physical, mental, emotional or social impairment, drug abuse occurs.
  • 18. The Most Commonly Abused Drugs 1.Sedatives Sedatives produce calming effects on the nervous system and may reduce anxiety and excitement in a person. An overdose of sedatives may depress the brain's respiratory control and may lead to cessation of breathing and eventual death. Ex : barbiturates, tranquilizers, and alcohol
  • 19. 2. Stimulants Stimulants are also called pep pills which increase a person's alertness and physical disposition. Furthermore, the use of stimulants creates a state of euphoria and hides fatigue in an individual. Excessive use of stimulants may lead a person to insomia, exhaustion anddeep depression. Ex : amphetamines, cocaine, and
  • 20. 3. Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are also called psychedelics and affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion. These drugs may lead to changes in a person's perception of time and space, create delusion or trigger false beliefs in him. Ex : Lyseric Acid Diethylamide (LSD), mescaline and marijuana
  • 21. 4. Narcotics Narcotics relieve pain, make one drowsy and relax and induce sleep. Continuous use if narcotics leads a person to physiological and psychological dependence. According to the Narcotics Command (1990), about 300,000 high school students (10℅ of high school students in the country) use drugs, with Metro Manila having the highest percentage (13.5℅).
  • 22. Among college students, about 19℅ have used drugs at one time or another. Drug abuse is also rampant among proffesionals and out-of- school youths.
  • 23. Social Control  The term social control refers to the " techniques and strategies" for regulating human behavior in any society (Schaeffer & Lamm, 1997). Techniques of social control varies in both societal and group levels.  Conformity means getting along with one's peers- individuals with the same status who have no right to direct a person's behavior.
  • 24. 2 Types of Social Control 1. Formal Social Control Formal social control is implemented by agents of authority like police officers, military officers, managers, physicians, school administrators, employees and the like.
  • 25. 2. Informal Social Control Informal social control, as the term implies, is casually used by people (Schaeffer & Lamm, 1997). Some examples of informal social control are ridicule, wagging a finger and raising the eyebrow.. Primary groups, particularly families, typically employ techniques of informal social control.