Article on history, evolution, types, production and uses of various industrial inks, dyes, pigments, colors and there usage in various other applications

1. Chemistry of Inks,
Dyes and Pigments
Article written and posted
By
www.worldofchemicals.com

2. 




Color provides a significant glimpse to our world. Every day
materials we tend to use different kinds of materials like textiles, paints, plastics, paper, and foodstuffs. Colors make
them most appealing. In summer there is a wild burst of
colorful flowers and new leaves of various shades of green
on trees.
However, in contrast autumn makes the beautiful
impression with green leaves turn to brilliant shades of
yellow, orange, and red. Color derives from the spectrum
of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities
of the light receptors.
Dye is nothing but colored substance that has an affinity to
the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is
applied in an aqueous solution, and needs a mordant to
boost the fastness of the dye on the textile fiber.
Introduction

3. 




Pigment may be a material that modifies the color of
mirrored or transmitted light as the result of
wavelength-selective absorption. Pigments are used
for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food
and other materials.
Both dyes and pigments appear to be colored as a
result of absorption of some wavelengths of light
more than others.
Ink may be a liquid or paste form contains pigments
or dyes. Inks are used to color a surface to produce
an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or
writing with a pen, brush, or quill.
Introduction Cont …

4. 
A dye is a colored substance that has an
affinity to the substrate to which it is being
applied. It is an ionizing and aromatic organic
compound, with Chromophores as a major
component.

Their structures have Aryl rings that have
delocalized electron systems. These
structures are said to be responsible for the
absorption of electromagnetic radiation that
has varying wavelengths, based upon the
energy of the electron clouds.
Dyes

5. 










715 BC Wool dyeing established as craft in Rome
55 BC Romans found painted people "picti"
2ND and 3RD Centuries AD Roman graves found with madder and
indigo dyed textiles
1200's Rucellia, of Florence, rediscovered the ancient art of
making purple dye from lichens
1321 Brazilwood was first mentioned as a dye
1507 France, Holland and Germany begin the cultivation of dye
plants as an industry
1630 Drebbel produced a new brilliant red dye from sources like
cochineal and tin
1774 Scheele discovered chlorine destroyed vegetable colors
1774 Prussian Blue and Sulfuric acid are started available in
commercial market
1775 Bancroft introduced the use of quercitron bark as a natural
dye
1834 Runge, a German chemist developed aniline dyes
History of Dyes

6. 










1856 William Henry Perkin discovered the first synthetic
dye "Mauve"
1858-59 Verguin discovered Magenta (fuchsin) dye
1861 Lauth discovered basic dye called Methyl violet
1862 Martius and Lightfoot developed Bismarck Brown
1863 Lightfoot developed Aniline Black
1868 Graebe and Liebermann produced alizarin dye
1872 Lauth and Baubigny developed Methyl Green
1873 Groissant and Bretonniere produced Cachou de Laval
sulphur dye
1876 Methyl Blue discovered by Caro
1877 Dobner & Fisher discovered Malachite Green
discovered
1878 Biebrich Scarlet invented red acid dye
History of Dyes Cont …

7. 













1878
1880
1884
1885
1885
1901
RS
1901
1905
1908
1921
1924
1951
1956
1957
von Baeyer synthesized synthetic indigo
Thomas and Holliday synthesized azo dye
Bottiger discovered Congo Red [cotton dye]
Duisberg produced Benzopurpurine direct dye
von Gallois and Ullrich discovered Para Red dye
Rene Bohn invented and patented Indanthrene Blue
Bohn Flanthrene vat dye
Freidlander discovered Thio-indigo Red
Cassella developed Hydron Blue
Bader developed soluble vat colors
Baeyer and Sunder companies produced Indigosol 0
Geigy introduced Irgalan dyes
Eastman Kodak introduced Verel
CIBA introduces Cibacrons reactive dyes
History of Dyes Cont …

8. 













Dyeing is the method of adding color to textile products like
fibers, yarns, fabrics, leather, plastics, paint, printing and many
others. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing
dyes and particular chemical material.
Dyeing process of textiles
In textile dyeing process widely used chemicals like
Acetic acid
Formic acid
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium chlorite
Sodium chloride
Sodium silicate
Dyeing process

9. 





Dyes are classified based on following
factors
Chemical composition
Nature of nuclear structure
Various industrial uses
Sources of origin
Miscellaneous factors
Classification of dyes

10. 













Acridine dyes
Anthraquinone dyes
Arylmethane dyes
Azo dyes
Cyanine dyes
Diazonium dyes
Nitro dyes
Nitroso dyes
Phthalocyanine dyes
Azin dyes
Eurhodin dyes
Safranin dyes
Xanthene dyes
Indophenol dyes
Dyes which are classified based on
chemical composition are

11. 






Oxazin dyes
Oxazone dyes
Thiazin dyes
Thiazole dyes
Fluorene dyes
Rhodamine dyes
Pyronin dyes

classified based on chemical
composition are Cont ..

12. 









Acid dyes - water-soluble anionic dyes applied from acidic
dye baths to nylon, silk, wool, modified acrylics
Azoic dyes – contains azo group
Basic dyes – water-soluble cationic dyes
Direct dyes - water-soluble anionic dyes applied to dyeing
of cotton, regenerated cellulose, paper and leather
Disperse dyes - water-insoluble nonionic dyes
Reactive dyes – used in materials like cotton, rayon, nylons
Solvent dyes – water-insoluble, soluble in alcohols,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, or liquid ammonia
Sulfur dyes - water-insoluble, low cost, good fastness dyes
Vat dyes - insoluble complex polycyclic molecules
Mordant dyes – used to improve the fastness of the dye
against water
Dyes which are classified based on
industrial uses are

13. 

Natural dyes
Synthetic dyes










Fluorescent Dyes
Oxidation Dyes
Fuel Dyes
Leather Dyes
Optical Brighteners
Leuco Dyes
Sublimation Dyes
Smoke Dyes
Inkjet Dyes
Solvent Dyes
Dyes which are classified based on
Sources of origin, miscellaneous
factors are

14. 
Pigments appear the colors they are because
they selectively reflect and absorb certain
wavelengths of visible light.

The appearance of pigments is intimately
connected to the color of the source light.
Pigments are water-and oil-insoluble natural
and synthetic products that impart color to
materials.
Pigments

15. 
Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be
between 350,000 and 400,000 years.






In 1200 BCE Phonecians produced Tyrian Purple
In 1453 CE Greeks and Romans also used pigments
In 1453 CE Greeks and Romans also used pigments
In 16the centaury Spain people used pigments
In 17th centaury Dutch master Johannes Vermeer
used pigments for paintings
 In 18th century Chrome Yellow, Cobalt Blue were
came to usage
 In 19th centaury Cadmium Red came into existence
 In 20th centaury Hoechst company introduced the
Hansa yellow pigment
History of Pigments

16. Biological pigments – used in biological process like
Camouflage, Mimicry, Aposematism and Sexual
selection.
 Examples: chlorophyll; canthaxanthin; anthocyanin;
rhodopsin; myoglobin
 Organic pigments – Pigment Red 170; Indian Yellow;
indigo; Alizarin; Alizarin Crimson
 Inorganic pigments - carbon black; Cadmium Yellow;
Cadmium Orange; Cadmium Red; Prussian Blue;
Venetian red; Chrome Yellow; Naples Yellow; titanium
white


Classification of Pigments

17. 







Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents,
pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants,
particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials.
Solvents or carriers enable inks to be applied in the liquid
state.
History of inks
The history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 23rd
century BC
The India ink used in ancient India since at least the 4th
century BC
1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created
In the 15th century, a new type of ink had to be developed
in Europe

Inks

18. 



Pad printing inks
Screen printing inks
Pad printing inks have formulations comparable to screen printing
inks. Pad printing inks are formulated for rapid solvent
evaporation.
 Screen printing inks are designed to resist rapid evaporation so
that they don't dry in the screen.









Inks can be distinguished according to the way curing takes place
Air-curing inks
Heat-curing inks
Two-component inks
UV-curing inks
Oxygen-curing inks
Sublimation inks
Types of Printing inks

19. 




Air-curing inks - is designed not to be heat set
and cure at normal air temperature after
printing.
Heat-curing inks require elevated temperatures
for curing. The use of these ink systems is
limited by the high curing temperature that the
plastic must be able to withstand.
Two-component inks have the big advantage that
no volatile components evaporate during curing.
Pot-life after mixing is however limited.

Applications of Inks

20. 




UV-curing inks are widely used for screen-printing. The curing
process is fast and environmental problems are smaller than for
solvent-based systems. Small changes in ambient conditions have
little influence, which makes the printing process very stable.
UV-curing inks are widely used for screen-printing. The curing
process is fast and environmental problems are smaller than for
solvent-based systems. Small changes in ambient conditions have
little influence, which makes the printing process very stable.
Sublimation inks are heated to a temperature of about 200ºC
(392ºF) during the application process, so that dyes in the ink
sublime and are absorbed by the polymer surface while they are
in the gas state. Sublimation inks are in the solid state at
ambient temperature, like a wax, and become fluid when raised
to 80ºC (176ºF) in the ink reservoir
Applications of Inks