Content
Title Page Number
Content 2
Objective 3
Introduction to site and assignment 4-5
Introduction to Beam and Column 6-7
Column 8-9
Beam 10
Additional Info 11-13
Conclusion 14

OBJECTIVE
-Understand the basics of the construction process.
-Witness the usage of construction equipment on site including
mechanical plants.
-Explore and identify various types of building materials and
technology on site.
- Explain the construction of buildings and the scientific principles
that underpin the design and construction.

Introduction of the Site and Assignment
This assignment is an integrated assignment which consist 10% for every 3 module which is Building
Materials, Construction Technology 1 and Measurement 1.The purpose of the site visit is let student
explore and identify various type of building materials and technology in construction site and allow
student have better understanding on the theory about construction process that taught in class. For
this report, we are required to study on beams and column. We have to explain how a beam and a
column is constructed such as formwork and what are the materials involved in constructing a beam
and column.
The site visit is organised at 28th
November 2017 and the lecturer who guided us during site visit is
Ms.Habizah , our Building Materials lecturer. We depart from Taylor’s Lakeside Campus and enter
the site around 9am.Before entering the site, every one of us helping each other wear the safety
helmet. During the site visit, we were guided by the safety supervisor,Mr Fitri and lecturer, they
explained the process and materials use in the construction process patiently with a clear vision to
us. The site is located at bandar Bukit Raja, Off Jalan Mukim Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor.
Group photo during site visit
The project titlte is 1 blok podium 5 tingkat tempat letak kereta, sebuah surau dan sebuah dewan
serbaguna, kawasang lapang, rumah sampah dan pondok pengawal di bandar Bukit
Raja, Off Jalan Mukim Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor. The developer of this project is Sime Darby USJ
Development SDN. BHD. and the owner of the property is Sime Darby Property Klang SDN. BHD. The
architect and quantity surveyor firm is Kamalismail Associates(Klang) Sdn.Bhd and Yusoff Associates.

INFORMATION OF THE CONSTUCTION PROJECT
Project Title:
1 blok podium 5 tingkat tempat letak kereta, sebuah surau dan sebuah dewan
serbaguna, kawasang lapang, rumah sampah dan pondok pengawal di bandar Bukit
Raja, Off Jalan Mukim Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor
Location :
Bandar Bukit Raja, Off Jalan Mukim Kapar,
Daerah Klang, Selangor.
Developer:
Sime Darby USJ Development SDN. BHD.
Owner:
Sime Darby Property Klang SDN. BHD.
Architect:
Kamal Ismail Associates Klang SDN. BHD.
Electrical & Mechanical Engineer:
Ace Allied Consulting Engineer SDN. BHD.
Civil & Structural Engineer:
Perunding Rekacekap SDN. BHD.
Quantity Surveyor:
Yusoff Associates
Design & Building Contractor:
Nadi Cergas SDN. BHD

COLUMN
Column: In architecture and structural engineering is a
vertical structural element that transmits the load including
its self-weight and the structure element above it such as
ceiling, roof slab and beam , to the foundation.
RCC Columns (Reinforced Concrete Columns)
A reinforced concrete column can be defined as a structural
member with a steel frame (reinforcement bars) composed
of concrete that is been designed to carry compressive loads.
Columns are mostly constructed by concrete, apart from
that materials such as wood, steel and etc.
Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement there is 2 type of
column:
Tied columns Spiral columns
Column
And the type of column constructing in the site is tied column.
The process of constructing column: Process of constructing column
Step 1
Place reinforcement bar on the ground
Step 2
Set up formwork
Step 3
Pour concrete into the formwork

BEAM
Beam is horizontal structural member which transfer loads including its self-weight horizontally
along their length to the supports such as column and walls where the loads are usually resolved
into vertical forces .It is rectangular cross section and carry floor slab or the roof slab. Beams used
for resisting vertical loads and shear forces.
The beam we had seen in the site is ground beam and attached beam.
Ground Beam Attached Beam
Ground beam is a reinforced concrete beam for
supporting wall, joists and structural element
which located or near ground level.
Ground beam link the piles together and provide
a platform for further superstructure construction
and it constructed after column stump.
Process of constructing ground beam: Process of constructing attached beam:
Step 1 Step 1
Place the reinforcement bar Set up formwork soffit and side of the beam
Step 2 Step 2
Set up formwork with slab Place reinforcement bar
Step 3 Step 3
Pour concrete Complete another side of the beam formwork
with struts for support
Step 4
Pour concrete
Attached beam is a horizontal
supporting member which attached
with slab or roof.
Attached beam also support and
transmit the loads above it and their
own weight to the structure below
itself such as column.

COLUMN
To constructing column the first step of the process is place up
reinforcement bar upon pile cap. Majority of the reinforcing
bar(rebar) is made by steel especially for concrete reinforcement.
Rebar helps column to increase the ability of support and endure
the compression from the structure element above the column such
as suspended slab.
The structure of reinforcement of the column we can found in the
site includes rebar, link and hook.
A link/tie is a closed loop of reinforcement bar that is used to hold
the main reinforcement bars together in an RCC structure. In a
column, the links provide the lateral support to the main bars
against buckling. Columns have vertical steel in them, which
typically uses bigger diameter rebar. Hence, links use to keep the
vertical reinforced steel straight and correctly spaced apart from
each other before the concrete is poured.
Types of stirrup
There is different type of link/tie or stirrup and the link we found in site is four and
six legged stirrup.
Shapes of the link
And the shape of the link we found in site is closed-loop stirrup/link (90 degree hook).
Hook is also used to hold the main reinforcement bars together in an RCC structure.
Before set up the formwork for column, construction worker will tie some spacing blocks on the
surface of the reinforcement bar. The function of the spacing bar is used to estimate the thickness of
the concrete cover.
Four legged stirrups
Reinforcing bar Hook Link/Tie
Spacing block
Six legged stirrups
In addition, links is commonly used for columns
and stirrups in contrast is commonly used as
shear reinforcement for beams.
Spacing Block

COLUMN
The formwork material use for column in the site we visit is timber. Timber is most common material
use as formwork.
Timber formwork is materials and traditional formwork and it is easy to cut in different sizes on site.
Hence, one of the advantages of timber formwork is high flexibility. Handling is another advantages
of using timber formwork, people new to building formwork typically choose timber because it
requires neither special tools nor a high level of construction experience. Timber formwork is light
weight compare to the steel or aluminium formwork so it will be easier to fix or remove.
To fix the formwork, construction worker will use an equipment called tie rod to fixed it strongly
before pouring the concrete into the formwork. After around 12 hours, the construction worker will
remove the tie rod and formwork after the concrete inside the timber formwork is harden.The
safety supervisor told us the duration of harden the concrete is depend on the grade of the concrete
which contractor choose and they use around 9 hours to finish harden the concrete.
Tie rod fixing the timber formwork
Tie rod
Worker removing the formwork. Column after the concrete harden

BEAM
The first step of the process of constructing a beam is set up the soffit formwork of the beam or
place the steel reinforcement bar.It depends on the situation of the construction. Some of the
process of constructing beam is place the steel reinforcement and set up the slab formwork and
pour concrete into the formwork together. Besides, some of the process is set up the soffit and one
side of the formwork for the beam.Then, place the steel reinforcement bar.After that, complete the
formwork the with another side of formwork and sometime with struts(for extra support).The final
step is pour concrete into the formwork.The process of constructing beam is depends on the beam is
attached beam or isolated beam.
There is 4 types of beam which is fixed beam, simply support beam,cantilever beam, continuously
supported beam.
The beam we had found in site is ground beam.
There is no formwork since the construction worker
will pour the concrete together with slab.
Besides, the lecturer and supervisor told us the main
reinforcement bar used for beam is 20mm thick.
Types of Beam
1.Simply Supported Beam
If the ends of a beam are made to rest freely on supports beam,
it is called a simple (freely) supported beam
2.Fixed Beam
If a beam is fixed at both ends it is free called fixed beam, it’s also
called built-in beam. This type of beam is easily found in isolated beam
3.Cantilever Beam
If a beam is fixed at one end while the other end is free, it is called
cantilever beam.
4.Continuously Supported Beam
More than two supports are provided to beam.This beam usually
used for long structure such as bridge.
Ground beam
Reinforcement bar on the car park slab
Moreover, usually most of the building using simply
beam supported beam and fixed beam to support
and transfer the loads of the building.

ADDITIONAL INFO
Table Formwork
This formwork is a large preassembled formwork which suitable for
suspended slab since it is a type of slab formwork. This type of
formwork is widely used in huge project because the advantage of
this formwork is allows for fast construction for large floor layouts, it
offer mobility and quick installations within repetitive structures.
Workers can constructed large area of slab in one time.
The structure of table formwork include timber beam, jake base and
channel beam.
Timber beam and channel beam is the beam used to support the
formwork and the plywood/timber .Jake base as a base of the
formwork.
Timber Channel Jake Plywood
beam beam base
Timber beam
Shear Formwork
The contractor of this project choose steel as the material for the formwork for RC(reinforce concrete)
wall. Shear wall formwork were assembled from our modular metal form panels such as steel.
The advantage of the formwork is its overall low cost and high off-form surface quality as well as saving
of construction time achieved with shear wall design in general.
Mesh Fabric reinforcement
Fabric reinforcement is a reinforcement typically used in
ground supported concrete floors. It is typically supplied
and come in sheets. Hence, the construction time will
be shorter during placing the rebar for slab.
Shear formwork
Mesh Fabric Reinforcement

ADDITIONAL INFO
Temporary Accommodation for
Workers/Materials Storage
Every construction site has a dry storeroom
or accommodation for workers which free
from draughts that can bring in moist air.
The materials can use to build this
temporary building can be cement, plaster
and lime.
Religion Belief
From the site visit, we can found out the developer and
contractor has their own religion belief. Hence, there are
some or a statue of God to protect or blessing the
construction site’s safety.
Concrete Mixer
a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand
or gravel, and water to form concrete. The concrete used to constructed
column and beam also made/mixed by concrete mixer.

ADDITIONAL INFO
Tower Crane
Tower cranes are a modern form of balance
crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed
to the ground on a concrete slab ,sometimes
attached to the sides of structure, tower cranes
often give the best combination of height and
lifting capacity and are used in the construction
of tall buildings.
In the construction site, workers use tower crane
and mobile crane to carry the shear formwork to
higher level of the building. This construction
machinery save the construction time effectively.
Tower Crane carrying the shear
formwork
Mobile Crane
The function of mobile crane is similar to tower crane.
It used to carry some heavy structure to higher floor.The
different of tower crane and mobile crane is tower crane
is fixed at the same place and mobile crane is movable.
Workers who work in the site use mobile crane to carry
heavy structures such as shear formwork which used to
build RC wall.

CONCLUSION
From this site visit, I have better understanding about the construction process and tehcnology
especially the process of constructing a column and beam. I managed to understand the basic
process and practical aspect of construction technique on site. This is because I had gain a lot of
knowledge when I had this site visit including some safety precaution rules in construction site
since I realized working in construction site is not safety and easy as I think even though the
technology nowsaday improved a lot. Having a site visit in the consttruction site is really an eye
opening experience for me,I had seen a lot of major structure of the building and heavy
machineries working closely in front of me.This is a different experience compare with seen a
construction site passed by rapidly in a vehicle.
Besides,I feel happy that I can gain information and communicate with the personnels who work
in construction industry since they have a lot of knowledge about construction.
After finishing the site visit,I realized the importance of it because site visit is like having a vision
tutorial and it is easier to understand and learn the construction knowledge compare with study
from notes. It is a great experience for us to face the real life construction environment which will
give lots of help to us in our future studies.
Lastly, I would like to thank you our lecturers giving us this opportunity to have a site visit which
benefits a lot to me.I hope we will have more opportunities going to site in the future because site
visit is very beneficial to me to understand and gain more practical knowledge rather than
theories learnd from notes.

Site visit report 2017

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Site visit report 2017