SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 20
房室传导阻滞
心电图学习与处理
房室传导阻滞的定义
房室传导阻滞是指窦房结发出的冲动,
从心房传到心室的过程中发生阻滞。常见
病因为器质性 心脏病 ,各种 心肌炎 ,洋
地黄、奎尼丁等药物影响;也可见健康运
动员和重体力劳动者以及压迫眼球和颈动
脉窦、胸腔和颈部肿瘤刺激迷走神经等。
房室传导阻滞的分类
① 按阻滞部位常分为房室束分支以上与房室
束分支以下阻滞两类,其病因、临床表现、发病
规律和治疗各不相同。
②按病程分为急性和慢性房室传导阻滞;慢
性还可分为间断发作与持续发作型。
③按病因分为先天性与后天性房室传导阻滞;
或按阻滞程度分为不全性与完全性房室传导阻滞。
房室传导阻滞的分类
④从临床角度看,按阻滞部位和阻滞程度分类
不但有利于估计阻滞的病因、病变范围和发展规
律,还能指导治疗,因而比较切合临床实际。
房室传导比就是房室传导阻滞传导的比值。
房室传导阻滞是指冲动在房室传导过程中受到阻
滞。分为不完全性和完全性两类。前者包括一度
和二度房室传导阻滞,后者又称三度房室传导阻
滞,阻滞部位可在心房、房室结,希氏束及双束
支。
疾病病因
注意引起房室传导阻滞的病因,有无
器质性心脏病,是否长期或大量服用抗心
律失常药物,有无心脏手术、炎症、电解
质和酸碱失衡等原因,有无迷走神经张力
过强、颈动脉窦综合征等。
疾病病因
①以各种原因的心肌炎症最常见,如风湿性、病毒
性心肌炎和其它感染。
②迷走神经兴奋,常表现为短暂性房室传导阻滞。
③药物:如洋地黄和其他抗心律失常药物,多数停
药后,房室传导阻滞消失。
④各种器质性心脏病如冠心病、风湿性心脏病及心
肌病。
⑤高血钾、尿毒症等。
⑥特发性的传导系统纤维化、退行性变等。
⑦外伤,心脏外科手术时误伤或波及房室传导组织
可引起房室传导阻滞。
症状体征
病史注意有无头晕、眩晕、晕厥等症状和症状
的轻重。体检注意心搏脱漏、心率缓慢程度及其
变化等。
一度房室传导阻滞患者常无症状。听诊时心尖
部第一心音减弱,此是由于P-R间期延长,心室
收缩开始时房室瓣叶接近关闭所致。
二度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞病人可有心搏暂停感觉。
二度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞病人常疲乏、头昏、昏厥、
抽搐和心功能不全,常在较短时间内发展为完全
性房室传导阻滞。听诊时心律整齐与否,取决于
房室传导比例的改变。
症状体征
完全性房室传导阻滞的症状取决于是
否建立了心室自主节律及心室率和心肌的
基本情况。如心室自主节律未及时建立则
出现心室停搏。自主节律点较高如恰位于
希氏束下方,心室率较快达40-60次/分,
病人可能无症状。双束支病变者心室自主
节律点甚低,心室率慢在40次/分以下,
可出现心功能不全和脑缺血综合征或猝死。
心室率缓慢常引起收缩压升高和脉压增宽。
诊断检查
心电图检查,可确定诊断,并应区分为
不完全性(Ⅰ度和Ⅱ度)或完全性(Ⅲ度)房室
传导阻滞。
Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞
①P-R间期>0.20秒;
②每个P波后,均有QRS波群。
Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞
部分心房激动不能传至心室,一些P波
后没有QRS波群,房室传导比例可能是2:1;
3:2;4:3……。第二度房室传导阻滞可分为
两型。Ⅰ型又称文氏现象,或称莫氏Ⅰ型,
Ⅱ型又称莫氏Ⅱ型。
Ⅱ度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞
①P-R间期逐渐延长,直至P波受阻与心室脱
漏;
②R-R间期逐渐缩短,直至P波受阻;
③包含受阻P波的R-R间期比两个P-P间期
之和为短。
Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞
①P-R间期固定,可正常或延长;
②QRS波群有间期性脱漏,阻滞程度可经常
变化,可为1:1;2:1;3:1;3:2;4:3等。下
传的QRS波群多呈束支传导阻滞图型。
第Ⅰ度和第Ⅱ度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞,
阻滞部位多在房室结,其QRS波群不增宽;
第Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞,其阻滞部位多
在希氏束以下,此时QRS波群常增宽。
Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(完全性)
①P波与QRS波群相互无关;
②心房速率比心室速率快,心房心律可能为
窦性或起源于异位;
③心室心律由交界区或心室自主起搏点维持。
治疗方案
1.积极治疗可以去除的病因。
2.维持一定水平的心室率,保持较理想的
心排出量。
3.上述治疗无法防止阿-斯综合征发作时,
应考虑安装临时或永久性人工心脏起搏器。
4. 停止应用导致房室传导阻滞的药物,第
一度与第二度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞预后好,
无需特殊处理。
治疗方案
5.阿托品有加速房室传导纠正文氏现象的作用,
但也可加速心房率。使二度房室传导阻滞加重,
故对第二度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞不利。 Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房
室传导阻滞如QRS波群增宽畸形,临床症状明显,
尤其是发生心原性昏厥者,宜安置人工心脏起搏
器。
6.完全性房室传导阻滞,心室率在40次/分以上,
无症状者,可不必治疗。如症状明显或发生过心
原性昏厥,可静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素(1-4ug/分)
并准备安置人工心脏起搏器。
药物治疗
(1)拟交感神经药物:常用异丙肾上腺素每4小时舌下
含5~10mg,或麻黄碱口服,0.03g,3~4次/d。预防或
治疗房室传导阻滞引起的阿-斯综合征发作,宜用0.5mg
%异丙肾上腺素溶液连续静脉滴注,控制滴速使心室率维
持在60~70次/min;过量不仅可明显增快房率而使房室
阻滞加重,而且还能导致严重室性异位心律。
(2)阿托品:每4小时口服0.3mg,适用于房室束分
支以上的阻滞,尤其是迷走神经张力过高所致的阻滞,必
要时肌肉或静脉注射,每4~6小时0.5~1.0mg。
(3)碱性药物:碳酸氢钠或乳酸钠有改善心肌细胞应
激性、促进传导系统心肌细胞对拟交感神经药物反应的作
用,
人工心脏起搏治疗
心室率缓慢并影响血流动力状态的Ⅱ~Ⅲ度房
室传导阻滞,尤其是阻滞部位在房室束分支以下,
并发生在急性心肌炎、急性心肌梗塞或心脏手术
损伤时,均有用临时起搏治疗的指征。安装永久
起搏前,或高度至Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者施行麻
醉或外科手术时,临时起搏可保证麻醉或手术诱
发心室停搏时患者的安全,并可预防心室颤动的
发生。
保持高度或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞伴有心、脑供血
不足症状、活动量受限或有过阿-斯综合征发作者,
均可考虑采用永久起搏治疗。
并发症
本病常作为其它疾病的并发症出现,如急性下壁心肌梗
死、甲状腺功能亢进、预激综合征等都可以引起本病。本
病所起的并发症并不多见,但一旦发生则非常危险,如高
度的房室传导阻滞可以并发室颤,患者发生室颤前心电图
常有频发室性早搏,室性心动过速,另外患者大多有乏力、
心悸、胸闷、恐慌、烦躁不安的症状。故对这类病人临床
上应先做好抢救的准备。室颤的抢救应分秒必争,室颤常
有先兆,室性心动过速是其前奏,发现后立即给予抗心律失
常药物治疗,避免严重并发症发生。
房室传导阻滞,由心脏房-室之间的传导障碍引起。根据
病情不同分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度。发现传导阻滞后应积极查找
病因。如患Ⅱ度Ⅱ型或Ⅲ度AVB药物治疗无效时,可安装
永久性人工心脏起搏器,术后可以维持正常生活及工作。

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Destaque

2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
 
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTExpeed Software
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36
 

Destaque (20)

2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
 
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
 
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 

房室传导阻滞心电图学习与处理.ppt