Effects of Drugs on Living Systems
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Effects of Drugs on Living Systems
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- 4. In simple words, “Study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems” Drug: a chemical substance of known structure, which, when administered to a living 4 organism, produces a biological effect.
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- 7. In Simple words, “Study of how drugs act on living body” – General principles – Molecular aspects – Cellular aspects 7
- 8. • The Binding Postulate • Paul Ehrlich: “Corpora non agunt nisi fixata” i.e. 'A drug will not work unless it is bound’ Cellular Binding Sites (Drug Targets) Carrier Ion Receptors Enzymes molecules Miscellenous channels (transporters) 8
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- 10. • The cellular assembly which recognizes one or more chemical mediators Chain of Physiological Binding Activation reactions action Affinity Efficacy 10
- 11. Affinity Affinity Affinity Less Efficacy Efficacy Partial Agonist Antagonist agonist 11
- 12. Antagonism Competitive Non-competitive Reversible Irreversible 12
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- 16. Liberation Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Bioavailability 16
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- 18. Lipid:water Gastrointestinal pH partition Partition motility Physicochemical Gastrointestinal Particle size interaction with pH gut contents First Pass effect Prodrug 18
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- 20. Lipid:Water partition Plasma Volume of Blood Brain Protein distribution barrier (BBB) binding Placental barrier 20
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- 24. Glomerular filtration Active tubular secretion Passive diffusion across tubular epithelium. 24
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- 28. EC50 IC50 • Represents the concentration of an • Represents the concentration of an agonist compound where 50% of its antagonist compound where 50% maximal agonistic effect is observed of its maximal antagonistic effect is observed 28
- 29. Therapeutic ED50 LD50 Index • Represents the • Represents the dose • Represents the ratio minimum required required to kill half of LD50 to ED50 i.e. dose to show desired the members of a activity of drug in half tested population LD50 the members of a after a specific Therapeutic tested population duration of time Index after a specific ED50 duration of time • Safety parameter 29
- 30. In vitro Animal Clinical studies trials trials 30
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- 33. • Pharmacology : It’s all about drugs • Highly interdisciplinary applied science • Different subdivisions – In overall, core of drug discovery • One of the most important divisions of pharmaceutical sciences 33
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