Essays On Marxism

My Opinion About About Marxism
My opinion about about Marxism
I will start by saying I admire both the great Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels whom through their
ideas and inspiration gave birth to Marxism.
Marx was a creative,idealist and a determinist scholar who was willing to change his mind when
he's confronted with new ideas. I also believe that there were two Marx in the sense that the young
Marx was more of revolutionist while the matured Marx was more of economist.
I wouldn't want to discuss in details about Marx's ideas but I believe that he was one of the greatest
political scientist in the seventh century whose theories about society, economics and politics created
the term Marxism. Marx basically believed that human societies progress through class...show more
content...
It's also been proven from history that all countries which had a central planing committee and fully
practiced communism couldn't survive. Soviet Union is one example
Why because Adam Smith made it clear with his famous phrase 'the invisible hand of the market'
and also from the principles of economics we learned that trade can make every one better off.
Even though china describe itself as socialist in Marxist sense I don't think so because the Chinese
kind of socialist support the creation of social market dominated by the public sector which is
contrary to the principles of Marxist.
It clear that if Deng Xiao Ping hadn't step in with his reform policies china would have fallen like
any other form of socialist state.
The bottom line is Marx offered his ideas and thought about how the society needs to be and since
this has to do with a society, we need to study them carefully before we put them in to practice.
China has done a great job by mixing it up with a bit of democrats and bit of socialism, that's what I
call best of both world. I would rather prefer to use social democrat to describe china rather than
communist.
Now the world can watch and learn from
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Introduction:
Since the emerge of the societies and social life, political theorists tried to develop frameworks
and ideas in order to explain main causes of incidents that occur in international relations. Two
German thinkers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory mainly based on a materialist
view of history and society in early 1900s, which is commonly referred as Marxism. Since its'
introduction to the political science Marxism have become one of the core schools of thoughts in
international relations.
However, Marxism in practice has evolved and shown differentiations from the initial thoughts and
ideas argued by Marx and Engel. Especially Bolshevik leaders such as Lenin and Stalin have
interpreted Marx's ideas...show more content...
Reign of Socialist dictatorship 3. Evolution of the socialist ideas within the society and the creation
of communist state 4. Establishment of the classless society[6].
To summarise the points and the arguments above, Marxism believes that Capitalism has an
inevitable end, because the system has internal problems, which cannot be repaired under
Capitalism. Under Capitalist regimes, the number of members of the working class will increase,
and the living conditions will worsen in the future. Hence, the system will inevitably propel itself to
collapse and the collapse of the Capitalism will create new paths for humanity to reach more
advance stages.
Marxism in Practice
Since Karl Marx's death in 1883, various groups around the world, especially in Europe have tried
to adopt Marxist ideology as the basis of their political and working structure. The first large–scale
attempt to create a state based on Marxist ideology was generated during the Bolshevik– Menshevik
Revolutionary movement in Russia. After the 1917 October Revolution Lenin, who was inspired by
Marx's ideas, attempted to form a governing system based on the principles of Marxist ideology.
However, the idea of Communism and many other principles of the Marxist theory were still too
new and not applicable for the rest of the world, which was generally governed by monarchies.
On the other hand, the end of the Second World War brought a new suitable environment for the
Marxist

Neo Marxist Perspective On Mass Media
Mass Media forms such as television, radio, and the press are predominantly owned by the
bourgeoisie, increasing the likelihood that the media is filled with capitalist ideologies encoded in
the texts to be decoded and consumed by the masses. The extract 'Media as Manipulation? Marxism
and Ideology' from 'Media, Culture and Society: An Introduction' by P. Hodkinson (2011) explores
several Marxist and Neo–Marxist perspectives on mass media. It also discusses the ways in which
the media influences life in a capitalist society. This summary will provide a critical review of the
extract and the various perspectives it presents.
The extract begins by introducing the founder of Marxism– Karl Marx and establishing the
fundamental ideologies of Marxism. Marxism is a critical perspective that generally focuses on the
oppressive and exploitative nature of capitalist society. The fundamental argument of Marxism is
that the proletariat is exploited by the bourgeoisie to sustain a state of capitalism. 'The capitalist
system perpetuates the power of the bourgeoisie, who control the means of production and ensure
the subversion of the proletariat, whose labour is hired in order to produce objects that generate
wealth.' (Hodkinson, 2011; 106) Marx claims this interdependent class relationship is maintained
through a false consciousness achieved using societal aspects including the media to distract from
the harsh reality of capitalism– this is known as the mode of production. Karl Marx

Marxism : The Theory Of Marxism
Keith Nunez
May 5, 2014
ENG 390
Final Marxism
The theory of Marxism was founded on the ideas created by Karl Marx, he stated that materialism
has become part of our nature and that it has created grounds on how we live in our reality.
Marxist criticism argues that literature shows a reflection on reality, specifically how the power of
social institutions have affected not only the economic world but the mind and ideals of society.
Through literature we can see the mental difference in characters based on their social standing.
The difference in class is referred to as socioeconomic; Marxists believe that the socioeconomic
divide is much stronger than that of race, gender, religion and intelligence. We see through the
difference in class levels that the poorer characters tend to have issues that revolve around the word
that they live in; while more wealthy characters tend to have more selfish problems. Marxist
addresses the classes as follows: The Bourgeoisie, those who have and are fortunate; the proletariat,
the have nots/ laborers. We will see through the stories of the characters from our literary works how
the issues of the two classes differ, and how they affect the groups internally. I believe that this
theory is important to literature because much of what Marxism creates a foundation on is how the
literature that we study is a direct reflection of our reality, and through the study of this theory we
can better understand this "reality" that we have found ourselves

How convincing was the Marxist critique of the capitalist state?
This next unit of theory is entitled "Ideology and Discourse." The theorists we're
examining––Althusser, Bakhtin, and Foucault––are discussing how ideology works, and how
ideologies construct subjects. All of these theorists are coming from a Marxist perspective, using
ideas and terms developed in Marxist theory, though only Althusser actually claims to be a Marxist.
So to start off, I want to talk a bit about some basic ideas of Marxist theory.
Marxism is a set of theories, or a system of thought and analysis, developed by Karl Marx in the
nineteenth century in response to the Western industrial revolution and the rise of industrial
capitalism as the predominant...show more content...
Marx's view of the idea of "dialectic" comes from Hegel, who thought that no ideas,
social formations, or practices were ever eternal or fixed, but were always in motion or flux
(something like Derrida's "play"). Hegel said that this motion or flux or change happens
in a certain pattern, which he called a "dialectic." Hegel says, change occurs as the result
of a struggle between two opposed forces, which then get resolved into a third entity. Hegel's model
of change looks like this: you start with a proposition or a position, which he calls a
"thesis;" the thesis then stands in opposition to another position, which he calls the
"antithesis" (and thus far it does work like our old friend the binary opposition). But
then the struggle between thesis and antithesis is resolved into a third position, or set of ideas or
practices, which Hegel calls the "synthesis." Then, of course, the synthesis eventually
becomes a thesis, with an antithesis, and the whole process starts over. But that, says Hegel, is how
change happens––by the continual struggle between thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
In addition to being a kind of philosophy, Marxism is also a way to understand history. In this
sense, Marxism belongs to a kind of historicism called HISTORICAL MATERIALISM, which
shows that history, or social change, occurs

Marxism And Communism
In the western world, people view communism as a conquered historical ideology, but communism
continues to influence the world today. China, the fourth largest country on the earth, displays the
label of communism today. Communism is a 'classless' ideology in which all property is owned by
a large community and each person receives according to their needs and abilities. Communism is a
set of ideas including several different variations and schemes on the philosophy. However, the
most accepted and relevant initial theory was first created by Karl Marx (5th May 1818 to 14th
March 1883), who is also known as the father of communism. The main theory of communism,
created by Karl Marx, is the theory that was and is utilized by many countries....show more content...
This is due to the fact that communists believe that there should be no division in social class and
hierarchy. A negative impact of communism on a country's society is that it does not recognise
individual talent. During the mid nineteenth century after communism has took over china, many
individuals were arguing that their field of their talent (such as art, music, agricultural skills etc.)
was not being seen and recognised by anyone in society. This is believed to be a trigger for the 1959
Tibetan uprising protests (which occurred just ten years after china was under communist rule) in
China against a communist party rule. Therefore, communism has had a major impact on a country's
society as a whole.
Another way Communism has impacted the society is by altering culture. An example is the Soviet
Union at the beginning of the cold war. During the cold war, Joseph Stalin (18th December 1878 to
5th March 1953) attempt to enforce communist culture within the society was by altering people's
perspective of beliefs. Joseph Stalin and other communist leaders believed that the decisive factor
in the world to win a war was power, and that power was ultimately the power to dominate and
coerce by superior pressure rather than the power to persuade or to engage cooperatively. They
defined international society by its distribution of power, and they saw the opportunity for the Soviet
Union as more to contend for domination than to

The essay will analyse and critique the Marxist view of the distribution of power within society and
the political system. It will then summarise how we commonly define a liberal democracy and what
are its recognisable features within a pluralist context such as in Britain. Finally, it will ask how
Marxists might view the above as affecting participation in such a political system. Overall this essay
will outline the uneven distribution of power Marxism sees in a capitalist, liberal democratic society;
the class conflict this is based on, and the negative, repressive effect this has on political
participation.
Marxism views human society as resting on an economic base and a superstructure. The natural
basis for Marxist critique of society...show more content...
23). Here he confirms how politics, through the state, acts as a vehicle for the elevation of bourgeois
interests, cementing their power above that of the proletariat.
One implicit critique of the economic determinism of Marxism came from within the analysis itself.
Gramsci believed the role of civil society (schools, family, church) was as important as economics
and the modes of production. He thought that without greater acknowledgement of the role ideology,
consciousness and cultural hegemony played in society, the dominant capitalist ideology could not
be understood and thus its power challenged. However, as De Orellana says (De Orellana, 2015)
"though Gramsci was harshly critical of what he called the "vulgar historical materialism" and
economism of Marxism, as a Marxist he assumed the fundamental importance of the economy".
A liberal democracy can be defined by a democratic recognition of the rights and freedoms of the
individual, with the law limiting unbridled exercise of political power, by means of regular
elections, freedom of; speech, association, religion and rule of law etc. By common recognition,
pluralism is now considered to be part and parcel of liberal democratic societies. Coming from
within the structural functionalist paradigm of sociological theory proponents of this view hold that
political power in democratic societies is dispersed among several competing veto groups, with the
state a neutral arbitrator to ensure competition is fair and

Marxist Theory And Its Impact On Society
Introduction to sociology
Marxism believes that that society is based upon 'conflicts of interest'. They believe that the most
important conflict is between the Bourgeoisies and the Proletariats. The bourgeoisies are the
capitalist class that own most of society's means and productions. Whereas the proletariats are the
working class people. Social class is used to explain how and why societies change. Class conflict is
where change occurs through the opposition of the social classes as what they see to be collective
interests in society. However,Marxism believes that the capitalism can only thrive on the
mistreatment of the working class. The bourgeoisies are what Marxists believe dominate society as
they are the ones that make the profit. Marxism believes that capitalism is not only an economic
system but also a political system.
Marxist theory finds it difficult to explain the presence of certain phenomena (for example Kerry
Katona has lots of money but is from a working class background).
It overlooks the idea that other factors may help to shape society.
Functionalist understand society in a different way. They believe that each aspect of society is
interdependent and contributes to society's stability and functioning as a whole. For example:
children are sent to school on tax payer's money that the working parents will pay. This then opens
up for the child to get a good education and get a good job. They believe that instead of society
being split into classes that

Marxism And World War I
Within this paper, there will be three topics discussed. First, I will list and explain some of the
primary historical connections between World War I and World War II. Then I will discuss the
ways, if any, that I see Marxism fitting with the ideologies of Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma
Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela. And lastly, I will list and thoroughly describe what I see as the two
main issues facing the world in the first decades of the twenty–first century.
World War Iand World War II are perhaps two of the most significant and negatively impacting
instances within our history. With millions of casualties, many rivalries and the pure brutality that
continues to haunt us to present day. How these wars were started and played out are quite...show
more content...
The first one that came to mind instantly is Social Media. Social Media is at the forefront of our
society and while it provides immeasurable resources, it can and has also backfired. A great
example of this is the heightened sense of awareness for every move, every decision, every
gesture and the critique of such. Often, leading into misinterpretation, which can result in an
'angry mob' of keyboard warriors that more often than not result in bullying, judging, name
calling or bashing. Social Media has created a virtual world for those to stand up and have a voice
but also a virtual world where it is more socially acceptable to act violently or without hesitation
for protection from the screen in front of them. While Social Media heightens awareness on
important topics and the users are more 'in the loop', it also causes mass satire that many people
believe. Social Media has its good and bad points and those bad points most definitely create an
issue from world problems, to our government, and right on down to cyber bullying and gateways
for unethical and illegal behavior. There is a sense of control with social media that is addictive and
empowering and freeing but so much power with so many resources, anything can

Marxism Research Paper
According to Marxism, there is a struggle or conflict between individual rights and social rights. In
many regards, Marxism places more emphasis on societal rights than it does on individual rights. In
fact, some critics even state that Marxism ignores the rights of the individual altogether. As can be
observed when Marxism is implemented under the umbrella of communism. However, Marxism
takes into account the inequality and unfairness that exists in society. The inevitable truth is that
contrasting groups in society will always conflict with one another and will be unable to agree on
the way in which resources should be distributed. Furthermore, there is also a difference between
genders, specifically in terms of the equity of how the roles...show more content...
Minimalists place a distinct focus on eliminating the unnecessary and unessential and only keeping
what is needed. With less focus on unnecessary things and items, people can concentrate more on
individual rights rather than the rights of man or society as a whole. Getting rid of items that make
life overwhelming and excessive allows minimalists to focus on finding satisfaction, fulfillment, and
happiness in life. In other words, individual rights are not denied or ignored in the same way they are
under Marxism. Marxism places too much focus on society and acknowledging the different forces
that contribute to power and influence. As a result, stress arises in the form of class struggles,
specifically between the workers, which are known as the proletariat, and the owners, which are the
bourgeoisie. The society is ultimately an organized phenomenon, and the upper class will
continuously maximize their position to exploit workers. On the other hand, minimalists concentrate
on individual rights. They constantly reassess priorities in life so that one can adequately take the
time to search for what truly brings value to life. For instance, whereas the Marxists concentrate on
profit and what generates cost in a heavily capitalized nation, minimalists attempt to further
individual rights by investing time, not in society, but in

Essay on The Pros and Cons of Marxism
The ideology of Marxism, established by German philosopher Karl Marx, is a collectively known
set of assumptions of a political ideology, which focuses especially on analysis of materialist
interpretation of historical development, or on class struggle within the society. The primarily
approach of Marxism, nonetheless, was the critique of capitalism. The strength of his inquiry lies
in belief of inevitable shift from capitalism and he aims to advocate the new form of ideology and
economy, the socialism. The title of this essay is provocative as in todayВґs world, there exist many
proponents who claim, the core of Marx conception of ideology is still relevant in the 21st
globalised world. However, Marxism is relevant to the extent to which...show more content...
Manifesto deals with "Bourgeois and Proletarians", where he is asserting that bourgeois is
constantly trying to maximize its profit by exploiting proletarians and their manual labour. Marx
and Engels claim "The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggle". At
this point it is almost certain, why IR influenced Marx as much as he came up with idea of
socialism and yet, of communism. Secondarily, the (FR) in France from 1789 to 1799 was another
radical and political event in the worldwide history. Marx and Engels based their analysis of the
FR, as a series of class struggle. Both concluded, that in society of material inequality it is
impossible to reach an actual freedom, considering the slogans of IR "Liberty, Equality and
Fraternality", if the society is divided into exploiters and exploited, meaning Bourgeoisie and
Proletariat. This observation was vital to MarxВґs concept.
The next section draws attention on the central feature of Marxist approach, the historical
materialism. The "Materialist Conception of history" was to the Critique of Political Economy; the
fundamental argument here, is that economics is the motor for the history as a whole; in other
words, Marxists argue that the procedure of historical changes is in analyse,

Marxist Theories And The Marxist Theory
Before examining the article and its link to the Marxist Theory, it is important to give a brief
description of the main tenets and principles of Marxism. Specifically, the Marxist paradigm
assumes that economic competition is the principle cause of conflict. Unlike other paradigms,
Marxism's method of societal analysis focuses on economic and material aspects. Focusing on class
relations and societal conflicts, the theory was first proposed by Karl Marx. Upon witnessing the
industrial revolution and the creation of an urban working class, Marx observed and experienced a
growing gap between the rich and the poor. In his Das Kapital and Communist Manifesto, Marx
predicted the growing impoverishment of the emergent working class and a ultimate major class
struggle in the systemic economic change. This emerging socioeconomic class will clash heavily
with the upper–class, or bourgeoisie – a class of factory owners exploiting the workers by
maintaining the gap between the price paid to workers (a subsistent wage) and the price obtained in
the marketplace for the produced good. In such state of Capitalism, centralized means of production
and wealth is gathered in the hands of a few (mostly factories owners) who merely seek to protect
and expand their wealth. Ultimately, the inequality in the distribution of wealth, according to Marx,
will lead to a revolution whereby overthrowing the bourgeoisie, as well as the capitalist system in its
entirety.
Undoubtedly, James Cameron's

Essay on Karl Marx And Marxism
Karl Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx set the wheels of modern Communism and Socialism in motion with his writings in the
late nineteenth century. In collaboration with his friend, Heinrich Engels, he produced the The
Communist Manifesto, written in
1848. Many failed countries' political and socio–economic structures have been based on Marx's
theories, for example the USSR, East Germany etc. Many people believe that Marxism is not
applicable to today's society, as Karl Marx put forward his ideas not anticipating the type of society
we have today. The welfare state system has effectively nullified Marx's arguments, and made them
irrelevant. Karl Marx, born on May 5, 1818, died on...show more content...
The idea is further explained in the following sentences. The people who do the work in a
capitalistic society own none of the means of production,
(ie. machines, raw produce etc.) that they use in their work. These are owned by the capitalists, to
whom the workers must sell their 'labour power', or ability to do work, in return for a wage. The
capitalists, owning the factories, automatically have ownership rights to everything produced by it,
and can do with it what the will. Because of this, the worker is alienated from the product of their
labours, having no control over what is made, or what becomes of it.
Karl Marx was very concerned with the class system in Prussia. He was an avid campaigner against
a system where one group of people flourish at the expense of another class, in this case the working.
He believed that all things should be equal, and that sharing should abound, with no–one person
owning everything, all belonging to the state. Marx believed that once most workers recognized
their interests and became 'class conscious', the overthrow of capitalism would proceed as quickly
and democratically as the nature of the capitalist opposition allowed. The socialist society that would
emerge out of the revolution would develop the full productive potential inherited from capitalism
through democratic planning on

Marxism : Marxism, Feminism And Functionalism
Work is in all cultures and is the roots of the economy. Work comes in many different forms but
the simple definition is the completion of duties that involves both mental and physical effort.
These duties have outcomes such as the production of goods and products or meeting needs of the
people they work for such as clients or service users. An occupation is work that is paid for. As
well as getting paid for work there is also work that is unpaid this includes housework, being a stay
at home mum or volunteer work.
In relation to work we can look at three theories :– Marxism, Feminism and Functionalism. Each
considered the analysis of modern day work to be extremely important when looking at sociology
and socialism.
Marxism derived from the sociologist Karl Marx's theories about sociology, politics and economics.
Marx looked at the capitalist society that was around him at the time and saw great exploitation.
The workers in the factories were selling their labour for a measly wage yet the factory owners
were keeping all the surplus value, the money left over once the costs of the materials and labour
were met. He saw this as very unfair and thought that the surplus value rightfully belonged to the
labourers. In this capitalist society the labourers were also feeling exploited which caused tensions
in the workplace which was known as a class struggle. The notion of 'social class' is central to
Marx's theory and the class struggle was between the ownership class that was

Marxism Essay
Marxism Marxist criticism is inherently existentialist. One cannot know anything without having
been exposed to it as some sort of life experience. There is no knowledge a priori, as some of the
ancient philosophers would have us believe. Rather, knowledge is accumulated a posteriori, through
actual experience. Therefore, there is almost nothing that is inherent and absolute in our knowledge.
It can never be purely objective, as knowledge is absorbed through the grid of our own perceptions,
and that grid is in turn formed through our youthful socialization within our particular culture. For
this reason, Marxist analysis does not allow gut–feeling or individual bias to play too great a role in
the debate. It is more important...show more content...
What possible reason could there be for this except to instill greater respect for police officers' lives
and fear into their would–be assassins? One may argue that police officers are exposed to more
dangerous situations than the average citizen, but no more so than your average criminal. It is
because people perceive cops as "good," as agents that preserve the social order, that their lives
are accorded more respect. Of course, preserving the "social order" preserves the status quo of
power, keeping those at the top in power and those at the bottom in deprivation. The police are
thus representatives of the authorities at the top of the social hierarchy, and this is where they
derive their power and respect. On the other hand, criminals are locked up in cages and exposed
to an environment purposefully made horrendous. Under the "good and bad" retributive theories,
it is better to create a "hell on earth" for these "bad guys" as some sort of payback for the suffering
they have caused others. "An eye for an eye" hearkens back to the Laws of Hammurabi, but there
does not seem to be a readily available modern explanation for why society propagates suffering with
retributive theories of punishment. There are also utilitarian theories of punishment: we are keeping
the felons off the street for the greater safety of the non–felons. However, utilitarian theories do not
account for the large percentage of the

Essay on The Dynamics of Marxism
The Dynamics of Marxism
Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand
with the passing of time for human society. Karl Marx's views on Industrialization and the
bourgeoisie had a major impact on how we view our industrial alignment today. Marx and Engel's
The Communist Manifesto gives broad views on the subject of the middle class and how they fit
into a society that was ruled by feudalism and aristocracy. Capitalism becomes a major topic in a
socialist–based society that underwent many changes as industrialization progressed. A government
must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times aristocracy has refused to
allow society to adapt...show more content...
Regarding Marx's attitude toward religion, he thought that it was simply in the man's conscious
to worship a god. To Marx, the only reason a man would worship a god would be because society
tells them that they are supposed to. The same could be said about some people who live in our
society today. Our world tells us that we are supposed to worship a god, even though there are
still people who choose not to. Though Marx celebrated Christian views at a younger age, he
belief in a god diminished as he got older and started his work as a radical philosopher. Marx sums
it all up in a famous quote, stating that religion is "an opium for the people." With
Karl Marx observed the socio–economic changes that were occurring in Britain. England was a
dominant world power and also had the largest industrialized economy during the 1800's. This was
the main vocal point of Dickens' "Hard Times." The development of the factory created a large
demand for workers. As industrialization evolved by using industry as the economic backbone for
population, a large number of factory workers were hired to operate the machinery in these
thought–to–be "hard" conditions. These workers, who were deemed peasants, were now considered
to be the working class. They entered the cities with hopes of living better lives and hoped to be able
to support their families. Though

Essay on The Nature of Marxism
All economic theories share common roots, they attempt to address the basic question of how an
economy can, and should, be maintained. One of the most influential economic philosophies is
Marxism. The fact that economic theories can share common roots is especially evident in
Marxism; It even shares a basic premise of laissez–faire with capitalism, a philosophy it directly
contradicts (Sowell 12). In studying Marxism, two basic necessities must be addressed; the nature of
Marxism and its basis, and the political and economic implications of Marxism.
Curiously, Marxism was only partially originated by Karl Marx. A great deal of the philosophy
behind and rationalization for Marxism– perhaps even the larger part of that thought– was...show
more content...
Thus, Marx asserted that his views would remove in name only something that had already, at heart,
been removed; he would simply treat that removal in an assisted and official way, promoting
fairness in doing so (24).
In investigating further the basis of Marx's philosophy, one must note the shared belief of Hegel's
and Marx's Dialectics. Dialectics is a philosophy at the heart of Marxism; it holds that all things
exist not as what they are, but that every thing is in a transitory stage. An acorn is not simply an
acorn; it is a future oak tree. A caterpillar exists as a future butterfly. By this philosophy, which can
be understood and accepted rather simply (without an offhand disregard for the uniqueness and
importance of each individual present stage of an object); it is Marx's later social implication of this
philosophy which would meet resistance (Marx, Capital 103). As it were, Marx's Dialectics, at their
heart, were simply a method whereby he claimed to understand more the essence of something,
rather than its appearance. An appearance alone– the acorn, the caterpillar– fundamentally ignored
the essence of something; the future oak tree, the future butterfly. Appearances were not necessarily
deceiving or untrue, they simply did not– and could not– represent the whole of something's
existence. A caterpillar is indeed a caterpillar, but since one knows that a

Marxism (Sociology)
AQA AS/A SOCIOLOGY ESSAY: CRITICALLY EXAMINE MARXIST PERSPECTIVES ON
TODAY'S SOCIETY Classical Marxism is a conflict structural theory which argues that, rather than
society being based on value consensus as functionalists would contend, there is a conflict of
interest between different groups (social classes) because of the unequal distribution of power and
wealth. Marxists are also interested in the way in which social change can occur, particularly in
sudden and revolutionary ways. However, there are differences between Marxists especially over
the way which social change can come about. For example, humanistic Marxists like Gramsci give a
greater role to the conscious decisions and actions of human beings than do structural Marxists
...show more content...
For example, it shapes the nature of religion, law, education, the state and so on. According to Marx,
capitalism sows the seeds of its own destruction. For example, by polarising the classes, bringing the
proletariat together in ever–increasing numbers, and driving down their wages, capitalism creates
the conditions under which the working class can develop a consciousness (or awareness) of its
own economic and political interests in opposition to those of its exploiters. As a result, the
proletariat moves from merely being a class–in–itself (whose members share the same economic
position) to becoming a class–foritself, whose members are class conscious – aware of the need to
overthrow capitalism. The means of production would then be put in the hands of the state and run
in the interests of everyone, not just of the bourgeoisie. A new type of society– socialism
developing into communism – would be created, which would be without exploitation, without
classes and without class conflict. Marx's work has been subjected to a number of criticisms.
First, Marx's predictions have not come true. Far from society becoming polarised and the working
class becoming poorer, almost everyone in western societies enjoys a far higher standard of living
than ever before. The collapse of so–called 'communist' regimes like the former Soviet Union, and
growing private ownership and capitalist growth in China, cast some doubt on the viability of the
practical implementation

This essay will discuss Karl Marx (1818–1883) and his theory Marxism. This essay will discuss the
history of Marxism, how it was created and the positive and negative outcomes of Marxism. It will
highlight key factures and issues regarding Marxism and how it was intended to be used when
created. The term Marxism can be defined as Central to Marxist theory is an explanation of social
change in terms of economic factors, according to which the means of production provide the
economic base which influences or determines the political and ideological superstructure (Oxford
Dictionaries, 2014). Marxism was a contributing factor with regards to sociology despite Marx work
being unscientific, this essay will show how this theory may have worked in...show more content...
Marx stated capitalism was a form of alienation and due to the unequal relationships with regards
capitalists and workers they could not reach their full potential (IPA, 1992:12). Alienation was
regarded as meaningless and had turned workers from workers that had a job and task to do into
working machines. This means workers are unable to achieve fulfilment, meaning and satisfaction
in their jobs due to alienation. Marx believed there was four ways in which capitalism could and
successfully alienated the working class. Firstly the workers were given and told the ways in which
product was produced. The workers would be alienated the product, and also any other co–workers.
Then lastly alienation from human potential (Macionis & Plummer

Marxism : Marxism And Marxism
Marxism Final Essay – Marx vs. Marxism
Nearly a century and a half has passed since Karl Marx's death, but his work lives on in stride.
Several contemporary 20th and 21st century Marxist scholars have adopted his eerily relevant
critiques of capitalism into their own work, but in doing so, have revived unheeded interpretations
of Marx's theory and have uniquely diverged from his original texts in ways that reflect their
individual historical, theoretical and political motives. This has resulted in a restoration of Marx's
account of ecology and capitalism, as well as novel gendered and geographical advancements of
Marx's theories. Contemporary scholars such as Marxist–feminist Sylvia Federici, John Bellamy
Foster, and Marxist–geographer David Harvey have all contributed to Marx's preexisting work but
have also departed in ways that make them pertinent to their specific academic fields of interest.
For this discussion, segments of three literary pieces from each of the mentioned scholars will be
used to analyze what the authors contributed to or developed that was already existing in Marx's
work; what each author adds to the field of Marxism that had not already been established in Marx's
work or was entirely absent from it; and what reasons motivated these authors to transform Marxism
in the way that they did. Overall, it will become evident that both the inclusion and advancement of
Marx's work and Marxism has kept apace with the contemporary times. To address the first

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