SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 41
Baixar para ler offline
D.M.E - B.B
1
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME 6503 : DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
UNIT -4 : DESIGN OF ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
By
Mr. B.Balavairavan
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering
Kamaraj College of Engg and Tech
Virudhunagar
Spring
Spring is an elastic body whose function is
to distort when loaded and to recover its
original shape when the load is removed.
Mechanical springs are
used in machines and other
applications mainly
• to exert force,
• to provide flexibility
• to store or absorb energy.
2D.M.E - B.B
Application of springs
1. To apply forces as in brakes, clutches and
spring loaded valves.
2. To store energy as in watches, toys.
3. To measure forces as in spring balance and
engine indicators.
4. To cushion, absorb or control energy due to
either shock or vibration as in car.
3D.M.E - B.B
The most common types of springs are as follows
1. Helical Spring
2. Leaf Spring
3. Disc Spring or Belleville Spring
Types of spring
4D.M.E - B.B
Types of spring – Helical spring
The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the
form of helix and are primarily intended for tensile or
compressive loads. The cross section of the wire from which
the spring made may be circular, square or rectangular. The
two forms of helical springs are compression spring and
helical tension springs.
Helical springs - Classification
a) Open coiled or Compression helical spring
b) Closed coiled or Tension helical spring
c) Torsion spring
d) Spiral spring
e) Concentric spring
5D.M.E - B.B
Types of spring – Helical spring
6D.M.E - B.B
(a) Open coiled or Compression helical spring
The springs which are sustain compressive force along the
axis are called compression helical or open coil springs. These
springs have helix angle more than 100
(b) Closed coiled or Tension helical spring
The springs which are sustain tensile force along the axis
are called tension helical or closed coil springs. These springs
have helix angle less than 100.
(c) Torsion Spring
It is also a form of helical spring, but it rotates about an
axis to create load. It releases the load in an arc around the
axis. Mainly used for torque transmission. The ends of the
spring are attached to other application objects, so that if the
object rotates around the center of the spring, it tends to push
the spring to retrieve its normal position.
D.M.E - B.B 7
Types of spring – Helical spring
Types of spring – Helical spring
(d) Spiral Spring
It is made of a band of steel wrapped around itself a
number of times to create a geometric shape. Its inner end is
attached to an arbor and outer end is attached to a retaining
drum. It has a few rotations and also contains a thicker band of
steel. It releases power when it unwinds.
D.M.E - B.B 8
Types of spring – Concentric spring
• Concentric helical springs are used to obtain a greater spring
force in a given space and to ensure the operation of a
mechanism in the event that one spring will break.
• To obtain the above conditions, either a two- spring nest or a
three-spring nest may be used.
• Fig. Shows the two concentric springs have the same free
length and arc compressed equally. Such springs are used for
automobile clutches and railway clutches.
D.M.E - B.B 9
Terminologies used in Helical spring
D.M.E - B.B 10
Terminologies used in Helical spring
• Coil Diameter (D)
The mean diameter of the helix.
D = (D outer + Dinner)/2.
• Wire Diameter (d)
The diameter of the wire that is wound into a helix.
• Spring Index (C)
The ratio of mean coil diameter to wire diameter.
C = D/d
• Spring Stiffness or Spring rate (q)
The ratio of load required per unit deflection.
q = P/y
D.M.E - B.B 11
Terminologies used in Helical spring
• Active Coils (Na or n)
The number of coils which actually deform when the
spring is loaded.
• Inactive Coils
The coils which do not take part in deflection of the
spring are known as inactive coils.
• Total Coils (Nt)
The number of coils or turns in the spring.
D.M.E - B.B 12
Terminologies used in Helical spring
• Solid Length (La)
When the compression spring is compressed until the
coils come in contact with each other the spring is said to be
solid. The solid length of a spring is the product of total
number of coils and the diameter of the wire.
• Free Length (Lf)
It is the length of the spring in the free or unloaded
condition. It is equal to the solid length plus the maximum
deflection or compression of the spring and the clearance
between the adjacent coils.
D.M.E - B.B 13
End conditions of Helical spring
Generally, the following four end conditions are used.
1. Plain end
2. Plain and Ground
3. Squared end
4. Squared and Ground end
D.M.E - B.B 14
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN
HELICAL SPRING
• Pitch (p)
The pitch of the coil is defined as the axial distance
between any two adjacent coil in uncompressed state.
• Helix angle or Coil angle or pitch angle (α)
The angle between the coils and the base of the spring.
The pitch angle is calculated from the equation
D.M.E - B.B 15
Terminologies used in Helical spring
• Wahl’s Stress Concentration factor
A factor to correct stress in helical springs effects of
curvatures and direct shear.
D.M.E - B.B 16
Surge in Springs
• When one end of a helical spring is resting on a rigid support
and the other end is loaded suddenly, then all the coils of the
spring will not suddenly deflect equally, because some time is
required for the propagation of stress along the spring wire.
• If the applied load is of fluctuating type as in the case of valve
spring in internal combustion engines and if the time interval
between the load applications is equal to the time required for
the wave to travel from one end to the other end, then
resonance will occur.
• This results in very large deflections of the coils and
correspondingly very high stresses. Under these conditions, it
is just possible that the spring may fail. This phenomenon is
called surge. D.M.E - B.B 17
Surge in Springs
The surge in springs may be eliminated by using the following
methods :
1. By using friction dampers on the centre coils so that the wave
propagation dies out.
2. By using springs of high natural frequency.
3. By using springs having pitch of the coils near the ends
different than at the centre to have different natural
frequencies.
D.M.E - B.B 18
Buckling of springs
The helical compression spring behaves
like a column and buckles at a comparative
small load when the length of the spring is
more than 4 times the mean coil diameter.
Surge in springs
The material is subjected to higher stresses,
which may cause early fatigue failure. This
effect is called as spring surge.
D.M.E - B.B 19
Springs in series
• When two or more springs are arranged in
series and subjected to load P as shown in
figure.
• Their equivalent stiffness is given by
D.M.E - B.B 20
Springs in parallel
• When two or more springs are arranged in
parallel and subjected to load P as shown in
figure.
• Their equivalent stiffness is given by
q = q1 + q2
D.M.E - B.B 21
The laminated or leaf spring consists of a number of flat
plates of varying lengths held together by means of clamps and
bolts. These are mostly used in automobiles.
D.M.E - B.B 22
TYPES OF SPRING – Leaf Spring
Nipping in leaf spring
Stress in the full length leaves is 50% greater than the
stress in the graduated leaves. When the load is gradually
applied to the spring, the full length leaf is relieved of the
initial stress and then stressed in opposite direction. Such a pre
stressing obtained by a difference of radii of curvature is
known as nipping.
D.M.E - B.B 23
Materials for Leaf Springs
The material used for leaf springs is usually a plain carbon
steel having 0.90 to 1.0% carbon. The leaves are heat treated
after the forming process. The heat treatment of spring steel
produces greater strength and therefore greater load capacity,
greater range of deflection and better fatigue properties.
According to Indian standards, the recommended materials are
• 1. For automobiles : 50 Cr 1, 50 Cr 1 V 23, and 55 Si 2 Mn 90
all used in hardened and tempered state.
• 2. For rail road springs : C 55 (water-hardened), C 75 (oil-
hardened), 40 Si 2 Mn 90 (waterhardened) and 55 Si 2 Mn 90
(oil-hardened).
D.M.E - B.B 24
TYPES OF SPRING – Belleville
Spring
• Belleville springs or Disc springs are used where space
limitations require high capacity units i.e. Applications
requiring high spring stiffness and compact spring units. This
is obtained at the expense of thickly non-uniform stress
distribution across the section. High Stresses are used in the
design of Belleville springs. Each spring consists of several
annular discs that arc dished to a conical shape as in fig (a).
There are staked up one on top of another as in fig. (b) In order
to increase the deflection.
• The unit may be held in alignment by a central bolt or a tube.
The springs placed in series as shown in fig. (c) and the
deflection is proportional to the number of discs.
D.M.E - B.B 25
TYPES OF SPRING – Belleville
Spring
D.M.E - B.B 26
Flywheel
D.M.E - B.B 27
Flywheel
A flywheel used in machines serves as a
reservoir, which stores energy during the
period when the supply of energy is more than
the requirement, and releases it during the
period when the requirement of energy is more
than the supply.
D.M.E - B.B 28
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed
The difference between the maximum and
minimum speeds during a cycle is called the
maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the
maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is
called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
D.M.E - B.B 29
Turning moment diagram
The turning moment diagram (also known
as crank effort diagram) is the graphical
representation of the turning moment or crank-
effort for various positions of the crank. It is
plotted on cartesian co-ordinates, in which the
turning moment is taken as the ordinate and
crank angle as abscissa.
30D.M.E - B.B
Turning moment diagram – Single
cylinder engine
31D.M.E - B.B
Turning moment diagram – Multi
cylinder engine
32D.M.E - B.B
Turning moment diagram – IC engine
33D.M.E - B.B
Fluctuation of Energy
The variations of energy above and below the
mean resisting torque line are called fluctuations of
energy.
The difference between the maximum and the
minimum energies is known as maximum fluctuation
of energy.
Maximum fluctuation of energy, E =
Maximum energy – Minimum energy
34D.M.E - B.B
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy
It may be defined as the ratio of the
maximum fluctuation of energy to the work
done per cycle.
CE= Maximum fluctuation of energy /
Work done per cycle
35D.M.E - B.B
Work done per cycle
The work done per cycle (in N-m or joules)
may be obtained by using the following two
relations :
36D.M.E - B.B
Work done per cycle
37D.M.E - B.B
Energy Stored in a Flywheel
Energy stored, E = mk2ω2CS = mv2CS
m = Mass of the flywheel in kg,
k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in metres
ω = angular speed in rad/s2
Cs = Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed
v = Mean linear velocity
D.M.E - B.B 38
Dimensions of the Flywheel Rim
Tensile stress or hoop stress,σ = ρR2ω2 = ρv2
ρ = Density of rim material in kg/m3,
N = Speed of the flywheel in r.p.m.,
ω = Angular velocity of the flywheel in rad/s,
v = Linear velocity at the mean radius in m/s
= ω R = DN/60
D.M.E - B.B 39
Mass of the rim, m = Volume × density = ρ DA
If the cross-section of the rim is a
rectangular, then
A = b × t
where b = Width of the rim, and
t = Thickness of the rim.
D.M.E - B.B 40
Dimensions of the Flywheel Rim
D.M.E - B.B 41

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Dynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse Vibration
Dynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse VibrationDynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse Vibration
Dynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse VibrationDr.S.SURESH
 
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw Jack
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw JackUnit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw Jack
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw JackMahesh Shinde
 
Kinematic Inversions
Kinematic InversionsKinematic Inversions
Kinematic InversionsRohit Singla
 
Cotter and knuckle joint
Cotter and knuckle jointCotter and knuckle joint
Cotter and knuckle jointkdrajput19
 
PPT PRESENTATION ON COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPING
PPT PRESENTATION ON  COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPINGPPT PRESENTATION ON  COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPING
PPT PRESENTATION ON COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPINGsrinivas cnu
 
Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)
Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)
Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)kidanemariam tesera
 
7 Machine design fatigue load
7 Machine design fatigue load7 Machine design fatigue load
7 Machine design fatigue loadDr.R. SELVAM
 
Module 1 introduction to kinematics of machinery
Module 1 introduction to kinematics of machineryModule 1 introduction to kinematics of machinery
Module 1 introduction to kinematics of machinerytaruian
 
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drives
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDesign of Flat belt, V belt and chain drives
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDr. L K Bhagi
 
Velocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanism
Velocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanismVelocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanism
Velocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanismDr.R. SELVAM
 
Cams with specified contour
Cams with specified contourCams with specified contour
Cams with specified contourHimanshi Gupta
 
Coupling clutches and brakes
Coupling clutches and brakesCoupling clutches and brakes
Coupling clutches and brakesHaard Shah
 
Unit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptx
Unit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptxUnit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptx
Unit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptxCharunnath S V
 
12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptx
12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptx12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptx
12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptxPraveen Kumar
 
DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-
DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-
DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-Chandra Kumar S
 

Mais procurados (20)

Dynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse Vibration
Dynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse VibrationDynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse Vibration
Dynamics of Machine - Unit III-Transverse Vibration
 
KOM-UNIT-1-BASICS OF MECHANISMS
KOM-UNIT-1-BASICS OF MECHANISMSKOM-UNIT-1-BASICS OF MECHANISMS
KOM-UNIT-1-BASICS OF MECHANISMS
 
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw Jack
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw JackUnit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw Jack
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw Jack
 
Kinematic Inversions
Kinematic InversionsKinematic Inversions
Kinematic Inversions
 
Cotter and knuckle joint
Cotter and knuckle jointCotter and knuckle joint
Cotter and knuckle joint
 
1.4 law of gearing
1.4 law of gearing1.4 law of gearing
1.4 law of gearing
 
PPT PRESENTATION ON COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPING
PPT PRESENTATION ON  COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPINGPPT PRESENTATION ON  COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPING
PPT PRESENTATION ON COULOMB DAMPING AND VISCOUS DAMPING
 
Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)
Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)
Chapter 3. velocity analysis (IC,GRAPHICAL AND RELATIVE VELOCITY METHOD)
 
7 Machine design fatigue load
7 Machine design fatigue load7 Machine design fatigue load
7 Machine design fatigue load
 
Module 1 introduction to kinematics of machinery
Module 1 introduction to kinematics of machineryModule 1 introduction to kinematics of machinery
Module 1 introduction to kinematics of machinery
 
1.2 bearing life
1.2 bearing life1.2 bearing life
1.2 bearing life
 
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drives
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDesign of Flat belt, V belt and chain drives
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drives
 
Velocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanism
Velocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanismVelocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanism
Velocity and Acceleration analysis in kinematics of mechanism
 
Instantaneous centre
Instantaneous centreInstantaneous centre
Instantaneous centre
 
Unit 3 Free vibration
Unit 3 Free vibrationUnit 3 Free vibration
Unit 3 Free vibration
 
Cams with specified contour
Cams with specified contourCams with specified contour
Cams with specified contour
 
Coupling clutches and brakes
Coupling clutches and brakesCoupling clutches and brakes
Coupling clutches and brakes
 
Unit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptx
Unit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptxUnit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptx
Unit 2 Shafts and Coupling.pptx
 
12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptx
12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptx12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptx
12. Design of Machine Elements -Belt drive.pptx
 
DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-
DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-
DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS-
 

Semelhante a Design of energy storing elements and engine components

UNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptx
UNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptxUNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptx
UNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptxCharunnath S V
 
Unit 4---springs-----
Unit 4---springs-----Unit 4---springs-----
Unit 4---springs-----dinesh babu
 
Unit 4---springs
Unit 4---springsUnit 4---springs
Unit 4---springsAravind Ra
 
02 Design of Springs.pptx
02 Design of Springs.pptx02 Design of Springs.pptx
02 Design of Springs.pptxZeeshanEjaz10
 
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptx
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxUNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptx
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
 
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTSDESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTSSIVASHANKAR N
 
springs-180806135331.pptx
springs-180806135331.pptxsprings-180806135331.pptx
springs-180806135331.pptxNilesh839639
 
DESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptx
DESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptxDESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptx
DESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptxgopinathcreddy
 
Spring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdf
Spring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdfSpring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdf
Spring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdfSandip Paudel
 
6 Mechanial springs Introduction
6  Mechanial springs Introduction6  Mechanial springs Introduction
6 Mechanial springs Introductionnarendra varma
 
Design of springs by tharun kumar.pptx
Design of springs by  tharun kumar.pptxDesign of springs by  tharun kumar.pptx
Design of springs by tharun kumar.pptxtharunmalapati4707
 
Helical torsion springs
Helical torsion springsHelical torsion springs
Helical torsion springsnarendra varma
 

Semelhante a Design of energy storing elements and engine components (20)

Revised ppt for Design of energy storing elements and engine componentsxx
Revised ppt for Design of energy storing elements and engine componentsxxRevised ppt for Design of energy storing elements and engine componentsxx
Revised ppt for Design of energy storing elements and engine componentsxx
 
UNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptx
UNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptxUNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptx
UNIT 4 Energy storing elements and Engine components.pptx
 
Unit 4---springs-----
Unit 4---springs-----Unit 4---springs-----
Unit 4---springs-----
 
Unit 4---springs
Unit 4---springsUnit 4---springs
Unit 4---springs
 
Springs
SpringsSprings
Springs
 
Spring
SpringSpring
Spring
 
02 Design of Springs.pptx
02 Design of Springs.pptx02 Design of Springs.pptx
02 Design of Springs.pptx
 
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptx
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxUNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptx
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptx
 
Unit 4-springs
Unit 4-springsUnit 4-springs
Unit 4-springs
 
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTSDESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
 
SPRINGS.pptx
SPRINGS.pptxSPRINGS.pptx
SPRINGS.pptx
 
springs-180806135331.pptx
springs-180806135331.pptxsprings-180806135331.pptx
springs-180806135331.pptx
 
DESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptx
DESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptxDESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptx
DESIGN OF SPRINGS-UNIT4.pptx
 
Spring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdf
Spring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdfSpring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdf
Spring Presentation-Sandip Paudel-ME-ii-Hydro-19.pdf
 
6 Mechanial springs Introduction
6  Mechanial springs Introduction6  Mechanial springs Introduction
6 Mechanial springs Introduction
 
Design of springs by tharun kumar.pptx
Design of springs by  tharun kumar.pptxDesign of springs by  tharun kumar.pptx
Design of springs by tharun kumar.pptx
 
Springs
SpringsSprings
Springs
 
Design of Helical Spring
Design of Helical SpringDesign of Helical Spring
Design of Helical Spring
 
Helical torsion springs
Helical torsion springsHelical torsion springs
Helical torsion springs
 
DC GENERATORS
DC GENERATORS DC GENERATORS
DC GENERATORS
 

Mais de kamaraj college of engineeing and technology (8)

Design of 14 speed gear box
Design of 14 speed gear boxDesign of 14 speed gear box
Design of 14 speed gear box
 
12 speed gear box
12 speed gear box12 speed gear box
12 speed gear box
 
9 speed gear box
9 speed gear box9 speed gear box
9 speed gear box
 
5. wire rope and sample problem
5. wire rope and sample problem5. wire rope and sample problem
5. wire rope and sample problem
 
2.flat belts & sample problem
2.flat belts & sample problem2.flat belts & sample problem
2.flat belts & sample problem
 
3. v belt and sample problem
3. v belt and sample problem3. v belt and sample problem
3. v belt and sample problem
 
Design procedure for dts (revised)
Design procedure for dts (revised)Design procedure for dts (revised)
Design procedure for dts (revised)
 
1.introduction to flexible drives & belts
1.introduction to flexible drives & belts1.introduction to flexible drives & belts
1.introduction to flexible drives & belts
 

Último

Basic Principle of Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of  Electrochemical SensorBasic Principle of  Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of Electrochemical SensorTanvir Moin
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS Bahzad5
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyabdulkadirmukarram03
 
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...sahb78428
 
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratoryدليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide LaboratoryBahzad5
 
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Amil baba
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfodunowoeminence2019
 
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part Ame3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part Akarthi keyan
 
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Apollo Techno Industries Pvt Ltd
 
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxIT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxSAJITHABANUS
 
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...soginsider
 
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderjuancarlos286641
 
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptxUNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptxrealme6igamerr
 
Landsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvementLandsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvementVijayMuni2
 
Graphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display DevicesGraphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display DevicesDIPIKA83
 

Último (20)

Basic Principle of Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of  Electrochemical SensorBasic Principle of  Electrochemical Sensor
Basic Principle of Electrochemical Sensor
 
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS GENERAL CONDITIONS  FOR  CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
 
計劃趕得上變化
計劃趕得上變化計劃趕得上變化
計劃趕得上變化
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technology
 
Lecture 2 .pptx
Lecture 2                            .pptxLecture 2                            .pptx
Lecture 2 .pptx
 
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
 
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratoryدليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
 
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
 
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdfPrésentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
 
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part Ame3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
me3493 manufacturing technology unit 1 Part A
 
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
 
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxIT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
 
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdfPrésentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
 
Litature Review: Research Paper work for Engineering
Litature Review: Research Paper work for EngineeringLitature Review: Research Paper work for Engineering
Litature Review: Research Paper work for Engineering
 
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
 
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entenderASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
ASME BPVC 2023 Section I para leer y entender
 
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptxUNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
UNIT4_ESD_wfffffggggggggggggith_ARM.pptx
 
Landsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvementLandsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvement
 
Graphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display DevicesGraphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
 

Design of energy storing elements and engine components

  • 1. D.M.E - B.B 1 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME 6503 : DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS UNIT -4 : DESIGN OF ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS By Mr. B.Balavairavan Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Kamaraj College of Engg and Tech Virudhunagar
  • 2. Spring Spring is an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. Mechanical springs are used in machines and other applications mainly • to exert force, • to provide flexibility • to store or absorb energy. 2D.M.E - B.B
  • 3. Application of springs 1. To apply forces as in brakes, clutches and spring loaded valves. 2. To store energy as in watches, toys. 3. To measure forces as in spring balance and engine indicators. 4. To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car. 3D.M.E - B.B
  • 4. The most common types of springs are as follows 1. Helical Spring 2. Leaf Spring 3. Disc Spring or Belleville Spring Types of spring 4D.M.E - B.B
  • 5. Types of spring – Helical spring The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the form of helix and are primarily intended for tensile or compressive loads. The cross section of the wire from which the spring made may be circular, square or rectangular. The two forms of helical springs are compression spring and helical tension springs. Helical springs - Classification a) Open coiled or Compression helical spring b) Closed coiled or Tension helical spring c) Torsion spring d) Spiral spring e) Concentric spring 5D.M.E - B.B
  • 6. Types of spring – Helical spring 6D.M.E - B.B (a) Open coiled or Compression helical spring The springs which are sustain compressive force along the axis are called compression helical or open coil springs. These springs have helix angle more than 100 (b) Closed coiled or Tension helical spring The springs which are sustain tensile force along the axis are called tension helical or closed coil springs. These springs have helix angle less than 100.
  • 7. (c) Torsion Spring It is also a form of helical spring, but it rotates about an axis to create load. It releases the load in an arc around the axis. Mainly used for torque transmission. The ends of the spring are attached to other application objects, so that if the object rotates around the center of the spring, it tends to push the spring to retrieve its normal position. D.M.E - B.B 7 Types of spring – Helical spring
  • 8. Types of spring – Helical spring (d) Spiral Spring It is made of a band of steel wrapped around itself a number of times to create a geometric shape. Its inner end is attached to an arbor and outer end is attached to a retaining drum. It has a few rotations and also contains a thicker band of steel. It releases power when it unwinds. D.M.E - B.B 8
  • 9. Types of spring – Concentric spring • Concentric helical springs are used to obtain a greater spring force in a given space and to ensure the operation of a mechanism in the event that one spring will break. • To obtain the above conditions, either a two- spring nest or a three-spring nest may be used. • Fig. Shows the two concentric springs have the same free length and arc compressed equally. Such springs are used for automobile clutches and railway clutches. D.M.E - B.B 9
  • 10. Terminologies used in Helical spring D.M.E - B.B 10
  • 11. Terminologies used in Helical spring • Coil Diameter (D) The mean diameter of the helix. D = (D outer + Dinner)/2. • Wire Diameter (d) The diameter of the wire that is wound into a helix. • Spring Index (C) The ratio of mean coil diameter to wire diameter. C = D/d • Spring Stiffness or Spring rate (q) The ratio of load required per unit deflection. q = P/y D.M.E - B.B 11
  • 12. Terminologies used in Helical spring • Active Coils (Na or n) The number of coils which actually deform when the spring is loaded. • Inactive Coils The coils which do not take part in deflection of the spring are known as inactive coils. • Total Coils (Nt) The number of coils or turns in the spring. D.M.E - B.B 12
  • 13. Terminologies used in Helical spring • Solid Length (La) When the compression spring is compressed until the coils come in contact with each other the spring is said to be solid. The solid length of a spring is the product of total number of coils and the diameter of the wire. • Free Length (Lf) It is the length of the spring in the free or unloaded condition. It is equal to the solid length plus the maximum deflection or compression of the spring and the clearance between the adjacent coils. D.M.E - B.B 13
  • 14. End conditions of Helical spring Generally, the following four end conditions are used. 1. Plain end 2. Plain and Ground 3. Squared end 4. Squared and Ground end D.M.E - B.B 14
  • 15. TERMINOLOGIES USED IN HELICAL SPRING • Pitch (p) The pitch of the coil is defined as the axial distance between any two adjacent coil in uncompressed state. • Helix angle or Coil angle or pitch angle (α) The angle between the coils and the base of the spring. The pitch angle is calculated from the equation D.M.E - B.B 15
  • 16. Terminologies used in Helical spring • Wahl’s Stress Concentration factor A factor to correct stress in helical springs effects of curvatures and direct shear. D.M.E - B.B 16
  • 17. Surge in Springs • When one end of a helical spring is resting on a rigid support and the other end is loaded suddenly, then all the coils of the spring will not suddenly deflect equally, because some time is required for the propagation of stress along the spring wire. • If the applied load is of fluctuating type as in the case of valve spring in internal combustion engines and if the time interval between the load applications is equal to the time required for the wave to travel from one end to the other end, then resonance will occur. • This results in very large deflections of the coils and correspondingly very high stresses. Under these conditions, it is just possible that the spring may fail. This phenomenon is called surge. D.M.E - B.B 17
  • 18. Surge in Springs The surge in springs may be eliminated by using the following methods : 1. By using friction dampers on the centre coils so that the wave propagation dies out. 2. By using springs of high natural frequency. 3. By using springs having pitch of the coils near the ends different than at the centre to have different natural frequencies. D.M.E - B.B 18
  • 19. Buckling of springs The helical compression spring behaves like a column and buckles at a comparative small load when the length of the spring is more than 4 times the mean coil diameter. Surge in springs The material is subjected to higher stresses, which may cause early fatigue failure. This effect is called as spring surge. D.M.E - B.B 19
  • 20. Springs in series • When two or more springs are arranged in series and subjected to load P as shown in figure. • Their equivalent stiffness is given by D.M.E - B.B 20
  • 21. Springs in parallel • When two or more springs are arranged in parallel and subjected to load P as shown in figure. • Their equivalent stiffness is given by q = q1 + q2 D.M.E - B.B 21
  • 22. The laminated or leaf spring consists of a number of flat plates of varying lengths held together by means of clamps and bolts. These are mostly used in automobiles. D.M.E - B.B 22 TYPES OF SPRING – Leaf Spring
  • 23. Nipping in leaf spring Stress in the full length leaves is 50% greater than the stress in the graduated leaves. When the load is gradually applied to the spring, the full length leaf is relieved of the initial stress and then stressed in opposite direction. Such a pre stressing obtained by a difference of radii of curvature is known as nipping. D.M.E - B.B 23
  • 24. Materials for Leaf Springs The material used for leaf springs is usually a plain carbon steel having 0.90 to 1.0% carbon. The leaves are heat treated after the forming process. The heat treatment of spring steel produces greater strength and therefore greater load capacity, greater range of deflection and better fatigue properties. According to Indian standards, the recommended materials are • 1. For automobiles : 50 Cr 1, 50 Cr 1 V 23, and 55 Si 2 Mn 90 all used in hardened and tempered state. • 2. For rail road springs : C 55 (water-hardened), C 75 (oil- hardened), 40 Si 2 Mn 90 (waterhardened) and 55 Si 2 Mn 90 (oil-hardened). D.M.E - B.B 24
  • 25. TYPES OF SPRING – Belleville Spring • Belleville springs or Disc springs are used where space limitations require high capacity units i.e. Applications requiring high spring stiffness and compact spring units. This is obtained at the expense of thickly non-uniform stress distribution across the section. High Stresses are used in the design of Belleville springs. Each spring consists of several annular discs that arc dished to a conical shape as in fig (a). There are staked up one on top of another as in fig. (b) In order to increase the deflection. • The unit may be held in alignment by a central bolt or a tube. The springs placed in series as shown in fig. (c) and the deflection is proportional to the number of discs. D.M.E - B.B 25
  • 26. TYPES OF SPRING – Belleville Spring D.M.E - B.B 26
  • 28. Flywheel A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir, which stores energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than the supply. D.M.E - B.B 28
  • 29. Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is called the maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed. D.M.E - B.B 29
  • 30. Turning moment diagram The turning moment diagram (also known as crank effort diagram) is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank- effort for various positions of the crank. It is plotted on cartesian co-ordinates, in which the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank angle as abscissa. 30D.M.E - B.B
  • 31. Turning moment diagram – Single cylinder engine 31D.M.E - B.B
  • 32. Turning moment diagram – Multi cylinder engine 32D.M.E - B.B
  • 33. Turning moment diagram – IC engine 33D.M.E - B.B
  • 34. Fluctuation of Energy The variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line are called fluctuations of energy. The difference between the maximum and the minimum energies is known as maximum fluctuation of energy. Maximum fluctuation of energy, E = Maximum energy – Minimum energy 34D.M.E - B.B
  • 35. Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle. CE= Maximum fluctuation of energy / Work done per cycle 35D.M.E - B.B
  • 36. Work done per cycle The work done per cycle (in N-m or joules) may be obtained by using the following two relations : 36D.M.E - B.B
  • 37. Work done per cycle 37D.M.E - B.B
  • 38. Energy Stored in a Flywheel Energy stored, E = mk2ω2CS = mv2CS m = Mass of the flywheel in kg, k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in metres ω = angular speed in rad/s2 Cs = Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed v = Mean linear velocity D.M.E - B.B 38
  • 39. Dimensions of the Flywheel Rim Tensile stress or hoop stress,σ = ρR2ω2 = ρv2 ρ = Density of rim material in kg/m3, N = Speed of the flywheel in r.p.m., ω = Angular velocity of the flywheel in rad/s, v = Linear velocity at the mean radius in m/s = ω R = DN/60 D.M.E - B.B 39
  • 40. Mass of the rim, m = Volume × density = ρ DA If the cross-section of the rim is a rectangular, then A = b × t where b = Width of the rim, and t = Thickness of the rim. D.M.E - B.B 40 Dimensions of the Flywheel Rim