From the first known ”unknown” system in 1991/1992 to best known practice in 2013 Recommended by Authorities in Denmark for Highest Demands

1. Willow Evapotranspiraton System
MARJATTA Tappernøje
BillebergaBilleberga
19 april 201319 april 2013
From the frstFrom the frst
knownknown
”unknown” system”unknown” system
in 1991/1992 toin 1991/1992 to
best knownbest known
practce in 2013practce in 2013
Recommended byRecommended by
Authorites inAuthorites in
Denmark forDenmark for
Highest DemandsHighest Demands
Zero Discharge SanitatonZero Discharge Sanitaton

6. EnköpingEnköping

8. Reduced costs using WW & SludgeReduced costs using WW & Sludge
applicaton to EWSRPapplicaton to EWSRP
• Reduces Demand for Chemical FertlizersReduces Demand for Chemical Fertlizers
• By far Most Important Public or Private CostBy far Most Important Public or Private Cost
Reducton - Allocatng utrient Removal to EWSRPReducton - Allocatng utrient Removal to EWSRP
• Cost kg Conventonal -Removal Ofen 10 TimesCost kg Conventonal -Removal Ofen 10 Times
Higher than kg price of Chemical FertlizerHigher than kg price of Chemical Fertlizer
• Primary Cost Reducton Potental related toPrimary Cost Reducton Potental related to
EstablishmentEstablishment

9. Enköping Municipality, Central WW TreatmentEnköping Municipality, Central WW Treatment
Plant, Central Heatng Plant and Five FarmersPlant, Central Heatng Plant and Five Farmers
•SystemSystem improving Closing Local utrient Loop from WWTPimproving Closing Local utrient Loop from WWTP
and Single Households to EWSRPand Single Households to EWSRP
• ew Thinking ( ew Paradigm) about Interacton Betweenew Thinking ( ew Paradigm) about Interacton Between
Wastewater Handling, Agriculture and Energy Producton toWastewater Handling, Agriculture and Energy Producton to
Local CHPLocal CHP
•Good Co-Operaton with Local Farmers Recycling utrientsGood Co-Operaton with Local Farmers Recycling utrients
from Wastewater Streams to Cultvated Soilfrom Wastewater Streams to Cultvated Soil
•Environmental AdvantagesEnvironmental Advantages
•Economical Advantages Distributed Between Municipality,Economical Advantages Distributed Between Municipality,
Energy Company and Local FarmersEnergy Company and Local Farmers

10. • Estmated investments to establishEstmated investments to establish
conventonal -Removal Euro 3.32 mill.conventonal -Removal Euro 3.32 mill.
• Running costs landfll disposing of sludge.Running costs landfll disposing of sludge.
• Enköping CHP supported full scale trialsEnköping CHP supported full scale trials
growing energy willow in agriculture.growing energy willow in agriculture.
• Expenditures deponatng ashes.Expenditures deponatng ashes.
• Inspiraton from EU Willow/WastewaterInspiraton from EU Willow/Wastewater
/Sludge - Project and from People Involved/Sludge - Project and from People Involved
to Combine -removal and Growing Energyto Combine -removal and Growing Energy
Willow.Willow.
• ””Right” Decision Makers and FarmersRight” Decision Makers and Farmers

11. • Central Wastewater Treatment Plant built 1968.Central Wastewater Treatment Plant built 1968.
• 22.000 personer connected.22.000 personer connected.
• 10.000 m3 Wastewater/d10.000 m3 Wastewater/d
• EU-directvv Demanding Municipality to reduceEU-directvv Demanding Municipality to reduce
-outlet from Central Wastewater Plant-outlet from Central Wastewater Plant
• County Demandv Only 42 – 45 t/ /year is allowedCounty Demandv Only 42 – 45 t/ /year is allowed
to reach Baltc Sea through Enköping stream andto reach Baltc Sea through Enköping stream and
the lake Mälaren.the lake Mälaren.
• Municipality Calculatonv 50% reducton of -Municipality Calculatonv 50% reducton of -
outlet from 120 t/ /y to 60 t/ /y in combinatonoutlet from 120 t/ /y to 60 t/ /y in combinaton
with processes in stream and lake will fulfllwith processes in stream and lake will fulfll
demands.demands.

12. • Municipality Task Set Up (Queston/Demand)Municipality Task Set Up (Queston/Demand)
• 50 % Reducton in -Outlet to Enköping Stream50 % Reducton in -Outlet to Enköping Stream
Using Alternatves To Conventonal -removal onUsing Alternatves To Conventonal -removal on
CWWTP.CWWTP.
• Consultant Answer/SolutonConsultant Answer/Soluton
• 30 t /y Removed by Fertlizing 80 ha Energy30 t /y Removed by Fertlizing 80 ha Energy
Willow Plantaton at Local FarmWillow Plantaton at Local Farm
• 20 t /y Removed by use of Stored & Hyginized20 t /y Removed by use of Stored & Hyginized
Sludge from Septc & Black Water Tanks + SmallSludge from Septc & Black Water Tanks + Small
WWTP on Local Energy Willow PlantatonsWWTP on Local Energy Willow Plantatons
• 10 t/ /y Internal Reductons on CWWTP.10 t/ /y Internal Reductons on CWWTP.

14. • 15000 - 20000 m3 Dekantat & Reject Water < 1 %15000 - 20000 m3 Dekantat & Reject Water < 1 %
of WW - about 25 % of - Up to 800 mg /lof WW - about 25 % of - Up to 800 mg /l
• 3 Storage/Hyginizing Lagoons Without Outlet at3 Storage/Hyginizing Lagoons Without Outlet at
Farm with EWSRP 200 -300 m from CWWTPFarm with EWSRP 200 -300 m from CWWTP
• 2 x 5000 m3 + 1 x 20000 m32 x 5000 m3 + 1 x 20000 m3
• Mixed with 150000 – 200000 m3 M+B TreatedMixed with 150000 – 200000 m3 M+B Treated
WW During Irrigaton.WW During Irrigaton.
• 330 km Drip Irrigaton pipes on 75 ha willow area330 km Drip Irrigaton pipes on 75 ha willow area
(divided in 6 parts/10 – 15 ha each)(divided in 6 parts/10 – 15 ha each)
• Irrigaton in 5-Hours Shif/area on Days WithoutIrrigaton in 5-Hours Shif/area on Days Without
Precipitaton During Growth Season (May-Sept.)Precipitaton During Growth Season (May-Sept.)
• 300 mm/ha/y – 200-250 kg and 7-10 kg P300 mm/ha/y – 200-250 kg and 7-10 kg P

15. • Recipient, local stream, deloaded with 30 t /yRecipient, local stream, deloaded with 30 t /y
and 1 t P/yand 1 t P/y
• 1.500 t Sludge afer Biogas and Centrifuge1.500 t Sludge afer Biogas and Centrifuge
Processing with DM 30% Stored at CWWTP.Processing with DM 30% Stored at CWWTP.
• Mixing in spring with 1500 t Botow Ashes fromMixing in spring with 1500 t Botow Ashes from
CHPCHP
• Used as Fertlizer on EWSRPUsed as Fertlizer on EWSRP
• Municipality paid all establishment expendituresMunicipality paid all establishment expenditures

16. • 4 local farms each with 2 Sludge Lagoons Without4 local farms each with 2 Sludge Lagoons Without
Outlet 3500 m3/each established 2001Outlet 3500 m3/each established 2001
• 16000-17000 t Sludge (DM 2%)/y from 6007 Septc16000-17000 t Sludge (DM 2%)/y from 6007 Septc
or Black Water Tanks + 3 small WWTP Pumpedor Black Water Tanks + 3 small WWTP Pumped
Into LagoonsInto Lagoons
• Sludge Hyginized for Minimum 8 MonthSludge Hyginized for Minimum 8 Month
• Sludge Mixed with a propellar before Pumped andSludge Mixed with a propellar before Pumped and
Distributed.Distributed.
• Hyginized Sludge Distributed by Large DiametreHyginized Sludge Distributed by Large Diametre
Hose rolled out raw by raw and drawn back duringHose rolled out raw by raw and drawn back during
5 hours.5 hours.

18. • Municipality CWWTPMunicipality CWWTP saves Euro 55276/ysaves Euro 55276/y
• Sludge Deposit Euro 28/t Sludge AvoidedSludge Deposit Euro 28/t Sludge Avoided
• Establishing Lagoons, Irrigaton System, Field RentEstablishing Lagoons, Irrigaton System, Field Rent
and Farmer Work paid by Municipalityand Farmer Work paid by Municipality
• Energy Willow Plantatons utrient DemandEnergy Willow Plantatons utrient Demand
covered 50-100% from WW and Sludgecovered 50-100% from WW and Sludge
• Energy Willow used inEnergy Willow used in Enköping CHPEnköping CHP
• Botom Ashes mixed with Sludge from BiogasBotom Ashes mixed with Sludge from Biogas
Producton used as Fertlizer on Willow PlantatonsProducton used as Fertlizer on Willow Plantatons
• CHP covers with 22 MW 50 % of Enköping El-CHP covers with 22 MW 50 % of Enköping El-
demand and with 55 MW 100 % af Heatngdemand and with 55 MW 100 % af Heatng
Demand (95 % connected) with BiomassDemand (95 % connected) with Biomass

19. • 1.200 Transports (10.000 km) with Sludge1.200 Transports (10.000 km) with Sludge
containing Trucks through Enköping avoidedcontaining Trucks through Enköping avoided
• Shorter biomass transports to CHPShorter biomass transports to CHP
• Reducton of Cadmium levels in Plantaton soilReducton of Cadmium levels in Plantaton soil
• Co2 storage in Plantaton SoilCo2 storage in Plantaton Soil
• A FarmA Farm with 150 ha Fields (including 110 ha withwith 150 ha Fields (including 110 ha with
Energy Willow) and 100 ha Wood got in 2006Energy Willow) and 100 ha Wood got in 2006 50 –50 –
60 % af Total Income60 % af Total Income from Handling Septc Sludgefrom Handling Septc Sludge
• Farmers paid by Municipality Euro 1.11/m3 SeptcFarmers paid by Municipality Euro 1.11/m3 Septc
Sludge to store it a year.Sludge to store it a year.
• Euro 7.19/m3 to Fertlize with Own EquipmentEuro 7.19/m3 to Fertlize with Own Equipment

20. Willow Evapotranspiraton System
MARJATTA Tappernøje
BillebergaBilleberga
19 april 201319 april 2013
From the frstFrom the frst
knownknown
”unknown” system”unknown” system
in 1991/1992 toin 1991/1992 to
best knownbest known
practce in 2013practce in 2013
Recommended byRecommended by
Authorites inAuthorites in
Denmark forDenmark for
Highest DemandsHighest Demands
Zero Discharge SanitatonZero Discharge Sanitaton

22. EvapotranspiratonEvapotranspiraton

23. Oasis & Cloth Hanger EfectOasis & Cloth Hanger Efect

24. Crop Cofcient related to Oasis andCrop Cofcient related to Oasis and
Cloth Hanger EfectCloth Hanger Efect

26. Premises – Dimensioning ModelPremises – Dimensioning Model
• 8 m WIDE – with a DEPTH of 1.5m and 45°8 m WIDE – with a DEPTH of 1.5m and 45°
GRADIE T on sides and endsGRADIE T on sides and ends
• Useable PORE VOLUME expected to be 40 %Useable PORE VOLUME expected to be 40 %
• EVAPOTRA SPIRATIO expected to be 2.5EVAPOTRA SPIRATIO expected to be 2.5
TIMES calculated Potental EvaporatonTIMES calculated Potental Evaporaton
• 30-years average MO THLY PRECIPITATIO30-years average MO THLY PRECIPITATIO
and POTE TIAL EVAPORATIOand POTE TIAL EVAPORATIO
• SURFACE AREA dim. to avoid water storingSURFACE AREA dim. to avoid water storing
on the surface in a year with normalon the surface in a year with normal
precipitaton and with a max. of 10 cm ofprecipitaton and with a max. of 10 cm of
surface water with a precipitaton whichsurface water with a precipitaton which
statstcly occurs in one out of 10 yearsstatstcly occurs in one out of 10 years
• Same LOAD of wastewater every monthSame LOAD of wastewater every month

27. Dimensioning due to Grid CellsDimensioning due to Grid Cells
• Surface Willow Bed Area from 124 to 292Surface Willow Bed Area from 124 to 292
m2/100m3 WW (Average 173 m2/100 m3)m2/100m3 WW (Average 173 m2/100 m3)
Average PrecipitatonAverage Precipitaton
524 - 903 mm/y524 - 903 mm/y
EVAPOTRA SPIRATIOEVAPOTRA SPIRATIO
1343 - 1470 mm/y1343 - 1470 mm/y
Potental Evapotranspirat.Potental Evapotranspirat.
WW 452 - 936 mm/yWW 452 - 936 mm/y
Calculated load reducedCalculated load reduced
due to lacking storage cap.due to lacking storage cap.
WW 357- 894 mm/yWW 357- 894 mm/y

28. SupliedSuplied
kg/ha/ykg/ha/y
HarvestedHarvested
kg/ha/ykg/ha/y
Mas BalanceMas Balance
ClCl 672672 22 670670
SO4SO4 140140 55 135135
tot-tot- 728728 4040 688688
tot-Ptot-P 140140 88 132132
PbPb 0.0070.007 0.00040.0004 0.00660.0066
CdCd 0.00070.0007 0.010.01 -0.0093-0.0093
CrCr 0.012250.01225 0.00150.0015 0.010750.01075
CuCu 0.52850.5285 0.01550.0155 0.5130.513
HgHg 0.750.75 0.000190.00019 0.001560.00156
ii 0.0140.014 0.00160.0016 0.01240.0124
ZnZn 1.051.05 0.2050.205 0.8450.845

29. Willow bed ready for plantng april 2004Willow bed ready for plantng april 2004
Sept. 2004 Willow are appr. 3 m tallSept. 2004 Willow are appr. 3 m tall February 2005February 2005
June 2005June 2005
Willows August 2005Willows August 2005
second growing seasonsecond growing season
4 m*38 m Bassin, 1.5 m Deep4 m*38 m Bassin, 1.5 m Deep Møn, DenmarkMøn, Denmark

30. Plant 1: 184 m2
Plant 2: 912 m2
Plant 3: 528 m2
Plant 4: 720 m2
Plant 5: 320 m2
Plant 6: 720 m2
Plant 7: 784 m2
Plant 8: 1.632 m2
Plant 9: udgår
Plant 10: 240 m2
Plant 11: 240 m2
Plant 12: 336 m2
Plant 13: 212 m2
Total 6.828 m2

33. Precipitaton 541 mm/year
Exp. Evapotransp. 1550 mm
Calculated 1406 mm
50 persons
17 houses
2.9 persons/house
1643 m3 WW/year
97 m3 WW/house/year
33 m3 WW/person/year
90 l WW/person/day
Dimensioning value 1.680 m3
Willow System area 1760 m2
95 m3 WW/house
104 m2 area/house
105 m2 area/100 m3 WW
Needed area in Guidelines
single house up to 30 PE
137 m2 area/100 m3 WW/year
1760 m2 area - 1.285 m3 WW
1680 m3 WW - 2302 m2 area

38. FFlow or Streamlow or Stream
of Materialof Material
•UrineUrine
•FaecesFaeces
•Toilet PaperToilet Paper
•Flush WaterFlush Water
•

39. PhosphorusPhosphorus
• One Person Excrete 1 KG P/year.One Person Excrete 1 KG P/year.
• 0.7 KG in Urine and 0.3 KG in Faeces.0.7 KG in Urine and 0.3 KG in Faeces.
• Human Phosphorus Returned to SoilHuman Phosphorus Returned to Soil
Would Cover 80 % of P DemandWould Cover 80 % of P Demand
• In Agriculture Short of PhosphorusIn Agriculture Short of Phosphorus
Human Excreta could be a GoldenHuman Excreta could be a Golden
Opportunity.Opportunity.
• In 100 years Phosphorus Could Be Gone.In 100 years Phosphorus Could Be Gone.

41. From Nutrient Uptake to Water RemovalFrom Nutrient Uptake to Water Removal
• To Maximize Water RemovalTo Maximize Water Removal
• To Maximize Solids ConcentratonsTo Maximize Solids Concentratons
• To Maximize utrient ConcentratonsTo Maximize utrient Concentratons
• How to optmize related to aCl?How to optmize related to aCl?
• How to optmize related to utrients?How to optmize related to utrients?
• Projects – Field TestngProjects – Field Testng

42. Diferences Ireland to DenmarkDiferences Ireland to Denmark
• Low Water ChargeLow Water Charge
• o/Lowo/Low
WastewaterWastewater
ChargeCharge
• Higher WaterHigher Water
ConsumptonConsumpton
• High Water ChargeHigh Water Charge
• æstved Euro 2.22/m3 (2012)æstved Euro 2.22/m3 (2012)
• High Wastewater ChargeHigh Wastewater Charge
• æstved Euro 5.55/m3 (2012)æstved Euro 5.55/m3 (2012)
• o WW Charge with Willowo WW Charge with Willow
SystemSystem
• Low Water ConsumptonLow Water Consumpton
• Copenhagen 105 l/p/d (2011)Copenhagen 105 l/p/d (2011)
• 2012 Expected 100 l2012 Expected 100 l

43. Implementing known Systems in SwedenImplementing known Systems in Sweden
• Interestng in Sweden?Interestng in Sweden?
• Advantages using the system?Advantages using the system?
• Optmized Willow Plantng Material?Optmized Willow Plantng Material?
• Estmate/Work out EvapotranspiratonEstmate/Work out Evapotranspiraton
due to Grid Cells in Sweden?due to Grid Cells in Sweden?
• Municipality – Builder – HouseholdMunicipality – Builder – Household
• Consultancy, Workshops, EducatonConsultancy, Workshops, Educaton

44. New Knowledge - New SystemsNew Knowledge - New Systems
• Dewatering Househ. Black Wastewater?Dewatering Househ. Black Wastewater?
• Dewatering Househ. Septc Sludge?Dewatering Househ. Septc Sludge?
• Dewatering Municipality BiologicalDewatering Municipality Biological
Sludge?Sludge?
• Testng ProjectsTestng Projects
• Plantng Directly in Wastewater andPlantng Directly in Wastewater and
Sludge?Sludge?

45. Sanitary System at MønsSanitary System at Møns
Museumsgård DKMuseumsgård DK

46. Single Household in DenmarkSingle Household in Denmark
Dewatering and CompostngDewatering and Compostng
• One Double Flushing Divertng WCOne Double Flushing Divertng WC
• Two ”Kaggen” Dewatering/Compostng UnitsTwo ”Kaggen” Dewatering/Compostng Units
• One Ordinary Garden ComposterOne Ordinary Garden Composter