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CONSTRUCTION
   SAFETY


 Safety and Health Officer
 Certificate Programme

       Copyright@NIOSH 2005   1
OBJECTIVES
State the definition of building operations
according to the FMA 1967

List at least 6 hazards existent on
construction sites

Explain the types of accidents at
construction sites



                 Copyright@NIOSH 2005         2
OBJECTIVES
Elaborate the employer strategy in site
safety management

Explain the statutory requirements as
stated in FMA 1967 and OSH Act 1994




                 Copyright@NIOSH 2005     3
SCOPE
 Definition and statutory requirements
 On site activities
 Machinery commonly used on site
 Equipments commonly used on site
 Hazards at construction sites
 Types of accidents at construction sites
 Safety and health management
 Conclusion
                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005      4
DEFINITION AS PER
REGULATIONS
Factories and Machinery Act 1967

Building Operations:
 Construction, structural alteration, repair or
 maintenance of a building (including re-pointing, re-
 decoration and external cleaning of the structure),
 the demolition of a building, and the preparation for
 and the laying of foundation of an intended building



                     Copyright@NIOSH 2005                5
Copyright@NIOSH 2005   6
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

 1)   Occupational Safety and Health
      Act 1994

      Responsibility of the Employer
        Employ a Safety and Health Officer
        Formulate a Policy and Safe Operating
        Procedures (SOP)
        Establish a Safety and Health Committee

                     Copyright@NIOSH 2005         7
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
 Occupational Safety and Health
 (Safety and Health Officer) Order
 1996
  Requirement to employ a Safety and Health
  Officer at the workplace for projects of over
  RM20 million whether for works of:

   a) Building operations
   b) Engineering construction
                    Copyright@NIOSH 2005      8
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
2)   Factories and Machinery Act 1967
     General provisions related to the certification of
     fitness for machinery, installations and workers

     Factories and Machinery (Building
     Operations and Works of Engineering
     Construction) (Safety) Regulations
     1986
       Provisions related to the safety and health
       involving work activities and equipments and
       workers
                         Copyright@NIOSH 2005             9
ON SITE ACTIVITIES



  List the activities at the
  construction site


             Copyright@NIOSH 2005   10
ON SITE ACTIVITIES
  Excavation                     Installation of
  Piling                         wires/electric cables
  Concrete works                 and pipes
  Demolition                     Handling/
                                 transportation of
  Brick laying                   construction
  Welding works                  materials



                   Copyright@NIOSH 2005                  11
Copyright@NIOSH 2005   12
ON SITE ACTIVITIES

 Installation and                  Transportation of raw
 collapse of scaffolding           materials
 Form works                        Clearing and cleaning
 Painting works                    works
 Installation and
 operationalisation of
 machinery


                   Copyright@NIOSH 2005                13
MACHINERY/EQUIPMENTS ON
SITE
MACHINERY/EQUIPMENT                       APPLICATIONS/USE
Crane (Tower/Crawler)       Lifting material
Hoist (Skip hoist)
Passenger hoist             Lifting workers
Gondola
Bending machine             Cutting and shaping piles
Cutting machine             Cutting metals, wood and plywood
Excavator                   Earth excavation
Piling and structure        Laying columns/building structure

Lorry                       Transport construction materials
Batching plant              Mixing and delivering cement
                        Copyright@NIOSH 2005                    14
MACHINERY/EQUIPMENTS ON
SITE
 Hand tools and mobile power tools - hammer,
 sledge, drill
 Stairs
 Scaffold – fixed and mobile
 Air Compressor
 Hammer Drill
 Generator Set
 Welding equipments
                 Copyright@NIOSH 2005          15
MACHINERY/EQUIPMENTS
CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS - DOSH

   Crane (Tower/Crawler)

   Passenger hoist
   Gondola
   Air compressor

   Lift
   Piling and Structure machine
   Skip Hoist
   Material Hoist
   Aerial Platform

                     Copyright@NIOSH 2005   16
HAZARDS ON SITE
 Heat stress                           Ergonomic hazards
 Noise                                 Biological hazards
 Mineral dust exposure                 Working at height
 Mechanical hazards                    Confined space
 Electrical hazards                    Lighting
 Radiation                             Drowning
 Chemicals

                Copyright@NIOSH 2005                        17
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
   Falling from height
   Falling at same level
   Hit by falling object
   Buried under falling earth /structure
   Electric shock
   Drowning
   Hit by vehicle
   Inhalation of toxic chemicals
   Contact with moving machinery
   Crushed/stuck between objects
                 Copyright@NIOSH 2005      18
FALLING FROM HEIGHT
This includes falling from:
 Stairs
 Work platforms
 Roofs or peaks
 Through floor openings
 Open sides
 Scaffolding

                Copyright@NIOSH 2005   19
FALLING FROM HEIGHT
CAUSES OF FALL
  No fencing of hazardous work area

  Lack of workplace/equipment maintenance

  No prior inspection of workplace/equipment

  Installation of equipment by incompetent
  persons


                 Copyright@NIOSH 2005          20
FALLING FROM HEIGHT
CAUSES OF FALL
 No provision of safety harness

 Faulty design of structure / stairs

 Use of damaged stairs / scaffold

 Use of unsuitable stairs / scaffold

 Improper position of stairs / scaffold
                    Copyright@NIOSH 2005   21
FALLING FROM SAME LEVEL
 Tripping over wires and objects on floor
 Slips due to slippery floor


CAUSES OF FALL:
 Poor housekeeping
 Lack of proper housekeeping programme
 No designated area for storage of equipments

                   Copyright@NIOSH 2005         22
HIT BY FALLING OBJECT

 CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:

  Poor housekeeping
  No toe-board on work platform
  No overhead protection
  No installation of safety net
  Improper lifting techniques

                Copyright@NIOSH 2005   23
BURIED UNDER FALLING
EARTH/STRUCTURE
 May occur during excavation works, erection of
 scaffolding and formwork

CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:

 No installation of earth support
 No guidelines and safe work procedures
 Overloading
 Faulty design of structure
                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005        24
BURIED UNDER FALLING
EARTH/STRUCTURE
CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:

 Use of unsuitable/damaged scaffolding
 Position of scaffold is unsuitable
 No proper maintenance of work area/scaffold
 No prior inspection of work are/scaffold
 Erection of scaffold by incompetent persons



                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005         25
ELECTRIC SHOCK
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:

  Contact with electricity current due to faulty
  conductor
  Use of electrical equipments that are damaged
  or modified
  No earthling
  No provision of suitable PPE

                 Copyright@NIOSH 2005         26
DROWNING
 In confined space – tanks, sewerage pipes
    Lack of oxygen
 In pools – retention pools
    Swallowing of water

CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:
 Lack of proper ventilation
 No exhaust system
 Lack of guidelines and SOPs
 Presence of excessive water
 Untrained, unknowledgeable and inexperienced
 workers              Copyright@NIOSH 2005      27
HIT BY VEHICLE

CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:
 No designated passage for pedestrians/workers
 No guards/fencing to separate vehicle routes
 No traffic related rules and enforcement in the
 premises
 No inspection of vehicles
 No proper vehicle maintenance
 Inexperienced and untrained drivers
                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005         28
INHALATION OF TOXIC
CHEMICALS
 IN PAINTING AND WELDING
 ACTIVITIES

 CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:
  Failure to wear proper respiratory protection
  Insufficient ventilation
  No exhaust system
  Untrained and inexperienced workers
                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005            29
CONTACT WITH MOVING OBJECTS
CRUSHED IN BETWEEN OBJECTS

 CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:

  No guards
  Use of damaged/faulty guards
  Lack of training for workers
  Unsuitable design of guards
  Guards placed in ineffective positions


                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005     30
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT
 STRATEGIES:

  Establish a Safety and Health Committee

  Identify hazards at the workplace

  Conduct risk assessment

  Plan and implement safety and health
  measures       Copyright@NIOSH 2005       31
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT
EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES:

  Formulate a Safety and Health Policy

  Employ a Safety and Health Officer
  (requirement based on total project value)
  or site safety supervisor

  Formulate and enforce safety and health
  rules at the workplace
                Copyright@NIOSH 2005           32
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT
EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES:

 Establish system for issuance of work permits
 for high risk activities

 Increase supervision on high risk activities

 Provide safety and health induction training
 for all workers
                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005           33
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT
EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES:

 Provide personal protective equipment for all
 workers and ensure proper use

 Prepare safe work procedures for all activities

 Provide suitable and safe equipments for all
 work activities
                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005             34
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT
EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES:

 Select and appoint competent and trained
 persons for high risk activities such as handling
 cranes and working at height

 Investigate all accidents and dangerous
 occurrences

 Conduct workplace inspections
                  Copyright@NIOSH 2005          35
SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT
EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES:
 Provide effective communication system to
 enable and encourage worker feedback

 Formulate scheduled preventive
 maintenance programme for all machinery
 and equipments

 Display safety warning signages at
 appropriate locations
                 Copyright@NIOSH 2005        36
CONCLUSION
The various activities at construction sites may
produce hazards that may cause accidents

There are specific statutory requirements
regarding construction safety in the FMA 1967
and OSHA 1994

The employer is responsible for proper safety
management to ensure that the protection of
worker safety and health as well as to fulfill
regulatory requirements
                   Copyright@NIOSH 2005            37

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12 construction safety

  • 1. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY Safety and Health Officer Certificate Programme Copyright@NIOSH 2005 1
  • 2. OBJECTIVES State the definition of building operations according to the FMA 1967 List at least 6 hazards existent on construction sites Explain the types of accidents at construction sites Copyright@NIOSH 2005 2
  • 3. OBJECTIVES Elaborate the employer strategy in site safety management Explain the statutory requirements as stated in FMA 1967 and OSH Act 1994 Copyright@NIOSH 2005 3
  • 4. SCOPE Definition and statutory requirements On site activities Machinery commonly used on site Equipments commonly used on site Hazards at construction sites Types of accidents at construction sites Safety and health management Conclusion Copyright@NIOSH 2005 4
  • 5. DEFINITION AS PER REGULATIONS Factories and Machinery Act 1967 Building Operations: Construction, structural alteration, repair or maintenance of a building (including re-pointing, re- decoration and external cleaning of the structure), the demolition of a building, and the preparation for and the laying of foundation of an intended building Copyright@NIOSH 2005 5
  • 7. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 1) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Responsibility of the Employer Employ a Safety and Health Officer Formulate a Policy and Safe Operating Procedures (SOP) Establish a Safety and Health Committee Copyright@NIOSH 2005 7
  • 8. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Order 1996 Requirement to employ a Safety and Health Officer at the workplace for projects of over RM20 million whether for works of: a) Building operations b) Engineering construction Copyright@NIOSH 2005 8
  • 9. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 2) Factories and Machinery Act 1967 General provisions related to the certification of fitness for machinery, installations and workers Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986 Provisions related to the safety and health involving work activities and equipments and workers Copyright@NIOSH 2005 9
  • 10. ON SITE ACTIVITIES List the activities at the construction site Copyright@NIOSH 2005 10
  • 11. ON SITE ACTIVITIES Excavation Installation of Piling wires/electric cables Concrete works and pipes Demolition Handling/ transportation of Brick laying construction Welding works materials Copyright@NIOSH 2005 11
  • 13. ON SITE ACTIVITIES Installation and Transportation of raw collapse of scaffolding materials Form works Clearing and cleaning Painting works works Installation and operationalisation of machinery Copyright@NIOSH 2005 13
  • 14. MACHINERY/EQUIPMENTS ON SITE MACHINERY/EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS/USE Crane (Tower/Crawler) Lifting material Hoist (Skip hoist) Passenger hoist Lifting workers Gondola Bending machine Cutting and shaping piles Cutting machine Cutting metals, wood and plywood Excavator Earth excavation Piling and structure Laying columns/building structure Lorry Transport construction materials Batching plant Mixing and delivering cement Copyright@NIOSH 2005 14
  • 15. MACHINERY/EQUIPMENTS ON SITE Hand tools and mobile power tools - hammer, sledge, drill Stairs Scaffold – fixed and mobile Air Compressor Hammer Drill Generator Set Welding equipments Copyright@NIOSH 2005 15
  • 16. MACHINERY/EQUIPMENTS CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS - DOSH Crane (Tower/Crawler) Passenger hoist Gondola Air compressor Lift Piling and Structure machine Skip Hoist Material Hoist Aerial Platform Copyright@NIOSH 2005 16
  • 17. HAZARDS ON SITE Heat stress Ergonomic hazards Noise Biological hazards Mineral dust exposure Working at height Mechanical hazards Confined space Electrical hazards Lighting Radiation Drowning Chemicals Copyright@NIOSH 2005 17
  • 18. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY TYPES OF ACCIDENTS Falling from height Falling at same level Hit by falling object Buried under falling earth /structure Electric shock Drowning Hit by vehicle Inhalation of toxic chemicals Contact with moving machinery Crushed/stuck between objects Copyright@NIOSH 2005 18
  • 19. FALLING FROM HEIGHT This includes falling from: Stairs Work platforms Roofs or peaks Through floor openings Open sides Scaffolding Copyright@NIOSH 2005 19
  • 20. FALLING FROM HEIGHT CAUSES OF FALL No fencing of hazardous work area Lack of workplace/equipment maintenance No prior inspection of workplace/equipment Installation of equipment by incompetent persons Copyright@NIOSH 2005 20
  • 21. FALLING FROM HEIGHT CAUSES OF FALL No provision of safety harness Faulty design of structure / stairs Use of damaged stairs / scaffold Use of unsuitable stairs / scaffold Improper position of stairs / scaffold Copyright@NIOSH 2005 21
  • 22. FALLING FROM SAME LEVEL Tripping over wires and objects on floor Slips due to slippery floor CAUSES OF FALL: Poor housekeeping Lack of proper housekeeping programme No designated area for storage of equipments Copyright@NIOSH 2005 22
  • 23. HIT BY FALLING OBJECT CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: Poor housekeeping No toe-board on work platform No overhead protection No installation of safety net Improper lifting techniques Copyright@NIOSH 2005 23
  • 24. BURIED UNDER FALLING EARTH/STRUCTURE May occur during excavation works, erection of scaffolding and formwork CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: No installation of earth support No guidelines and safe work procedures Overloading Faulty design of structure Copyright@NIOSH 2005 24
  • 25. BURIED UNDER FALLING EARTH/STRUCTURE CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: Use of unsuitable/damaged scaffolding Position of scaffold is unsuitable No proper maintenance of work area/scaffold No prior inspection of work are/scaffold Erection of scaffold by incompetent persons Copyright@NIOSH 2005 25
  • 26. ELECTRIC SHOCK CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: Contact with electricity current due to faulty conductor Use of electrical equipments that are damaged or modified No earthling No provision of suitable PPE Copyright@NIOSH 2005 26
  • 27. DROWNING In confined space – tanks, sewerage pipes Lack of oxygen In pools – retention pools Swallowing of water CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: Lack of proper ventilation No exhaust system Lack of guidelines and SOPs Presence of excessive water Untrained, unknowledgeable and inexperienced workers Copyright@NIOSH 2005 27
  • 28. HIT BY VEHICLE CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: No designated passage for pedestrians/workers No guards/fencing to separate vehicle routes No traffic related rules and enforcement in the premises No inspection of vehicles No proper vehicle maintenance Inexperienced and untrained drivers Copyright@NIOSH 2005 28
  • 29. INHALATION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN PAINTING AND WELDING ACTIVITIES CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: Failure to wear proper respiratory protection Insufficient ventilation No exhaust system Untrained and inexperienced workers Copyright@NIOSH 2005 29
  • 30. CONTACT WITH MOVING OBJECTS CRUSHED IN BETWEEN OBJECTS CAUSES OF ACCIDENT: No guards Use of damaged/faulty guards Lack of training for workers Unsuitable design of guards Guards placed in ineffective positions Copyright@NIOSH 2005 30
  • 31. SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: Establish a Safety and Health Committee Identify hazards at the workplace Conduct risk assessment Plan and implement safety and health measures Copyright@NIOSH 2005 31
  • 32. SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES: Formulate a Safety and Health Policy Employ a Safety and Health Officer (requirement based on total project value) or site safety supervisor Formulate and enforce safety and health rules at the workplace Copyright@NIOSH 2005 32
  • 33. SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES: Establish system for issuance of work permits for high risk activities Increase supervision on high risk activities Provide safety and health induction training for all workers Copyright@NIOSH 2005 33
  • 34. SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES: Provide personal protective equipment for all workers and ensure proper use Prepare safe work procedures for all activities Provide suitable and safe equipments for all work activities Copyright@NIOSH 2005 34
  • 35. SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES: Select and appoint competent and trained persons for high risk activities such as handling cranes and working at height Investigate all accidents and dangerous occurrences Conduct workplace inspections Copyright@NIOSH 2005 35
  • 36. SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT EMPLOYER CONTROL MEASURES: Provide effective communication system to enable and encourage worker feedback Formulate scheduled preventive maintenance programme for all machinery and equipments Display safety warning signages at appropriate locations Copyright@NIOSH 2005 36
  • 37. CONCLUSION The various activities at construction sites may produce hazards that may cause accidents There are specific statutory requirements regarding construction safety in the FMA 1967 and OSHA 1994 The employer is responsible for proper safety management to ensure that the protection of worker safety and health as well as to fulfill regulatory requirements Copyright@NIOSH 2005 37