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4.  Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of
Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains,
the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.
Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to
the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept
dating back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term "continent"
can incorporate cultural and political elements.
 Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture. It played a predominant role in
global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th
and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and
large portions of Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%. Both World Wars were
largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world
affairs by the mid-20th century as theUnited States and Soviet Union took prominence.
 During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw
Pact in the east. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union
in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of
the Soviet Union in 1991.

5. The territorial nucleus of the
Albanian state forms in the
Middle Ages, as the Principality of
Arbër and the Sicilian dependency
known as the Kingdom of Albania.

6.  The first records of the Albanian people as a
distinct ethnicity also date to this period.
 The area was conquered by the Serbian Empire,
passing to the Ottoman Empire in 15th century.
It remained under Ottoman control as part of
the Rumelia province until 1912, when the first
independent Albanian state
was declared following the short occupation
by Kingdom of Serbia.
 The formation of an Albanian national
consciousness dates to the later 19th century
and is part of the larger phenomenon of rise of
nationalism under the Ottoman Empire.

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9.  The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Amphitheatrum
Flavium (English: Flavian Amphitheatre, Italian Anfiteatro
Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city
of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire, built of concrete
and stone.It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture
and Roman engineering.
 Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started in 72
AD under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,
with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96). The
name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's
family name.

11.  Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from
the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end ofantiquity .Immediately
following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and
the Byzantine era. Included in Ancient Greece is the period of Classical Greece, which
flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Classical Greece began with the repelling
of a Persian invasion by Athenian leadership.
 Because of conquests by Alexander the Great, Hellenistic civilization flourished
from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea.
 Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman
Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of theMediterranean region
and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal
culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.

12.  Flamenco (Spanish pronunciation:
 is a form of Spanish folk music and dance from the
region of Andalusia in southern Spain. It includes
cante (singing), toque (guitar playing), baile
(dance) and palmas (handclaps). First mentioned in
literature in 1774, the genre grew out of Andalusian
and Romani music and dance styles
 Flamenco is often associated with the Romani
people of Spain (Gitanos) and a number of famous
flamenco artists are of this ethnicity. Flamenco was
first recorded in the late 18th century but the genre
underwent a dramatic development in the late 19th
century

13.  Notre Dame de Paris French for ("Our Lady of Paris"),
also known as Notre Dame Cathedral or simply Notre
Dame,is a historic Roman Catholic Marian cathedral on the
eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth
arrondissement of Paris, France. Widely considered one of
the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and
among the largest and most well-known churches in the
world ever built, Notre Dame is the cathedral of the
Catholic Archdiocese of Paris; that is, it is the church that
contains the cathedra (of the Archbishop of Paris,
currently André Vingt-Trois.
 The cathedral treasury is notable for its reliquary, which
houses the purported crown of thorns, a fragment of
the True Cross and one of the Holy Nails – all instruments
of the Passion and a few of the most important first-class
relics.

15.  From its roots, culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual
and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically Germany
has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker (the land of poets and
thinkers)because of the major role its famous writers and philosophers have
played in the development of Western thought and culture.
 The federated states are in charge of the cultural institutions.
 There are 240 subsidised theatres, hundreds of symphonic orchestras, thousands
of museums and over 25,000 libraries spread in Germany. These cultural
opportunities are enjoyed by many: there are over 91 million German museum
visits every year; annually, 20 million go to theatres and operas; 3.6 million per
year listen to the symphonic orchestras.
 As of 2012 the UNESCO inscribed 37 properties in Germany on the World
Heritage List.

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