1. POL 252-01
Spring 2016

5.  Growing Autonomy of Parliaments
 Expansion of Suffrage
 Avenues to Political Power

7. “A body of men united,
for promoting by their
joint endeavors the
national interest, upon
some particular
principle in which they
are all agreed”
Edmund Burke

8.  Inter and Intra-PartyVariation
 Political Party vs. Political Ideology
 Conservative Democrats, Liberal Republicans
 Politicians’ Choices
▪ Vote or caucus with another party
▪ Defect party and join another

10.  A broad coalition of individuals who:
 (1) Recruit, nominate, and elect candidates for office
 (2) Under a given label
 (3)To control the government
 (4) In accordance with their ideas and policies.

13.  Party-in-the-Electorate
 Loyalty and Identification with Party
 Party Identification (“PID”)
 Case Examples: United States, United Kingdom
 What happens if someone has different views?
▪ Likert Scale
Strong
Lib
Weak
Lib
Lean
Lib
Mod
Lean
Cons
Weak
Cons
Strong
Cons

14.  Party Organization
 Party Officials, Committees,Volunteers, Staff
 Functions of Party Organizations
 Party-in-Government
 Officeholders and Candidates
 Local, State, National Levels
 Examples: President, PM, Majority/Minority Leaders

16.  Intermediary Between Citizens and Govt.
 Bring PublicTogether; Define and Accomplish Objectives
 Competition with Others (e.g. interest groups, media)
 Nominate Candidates for Office
 National, State, and Local Levels
 Role of PartyVaries (e.g. party list)
 Contest Elections
 Mobilize Electorate; EncourageVoting
 Engage Supporters, Persuade Undecided, Minimize Opposition

18.  Organize Government
 RoleVaries (Parliamentary vs. Presidential System)
 Provide Accountability
 Government Responsibility
 Importance of PID
 Prospective and RetrospectiveVoting
 Manage Conflict
 Reconciling Group Demands

20.  Elite or Cadre Parties
 Mass Parties
 Catch-All Parties

22.  Membership restricted to political elites
 Quality of membership
 Internal development within legislatures
 Example: “King Caucus” in United States

24.  Replaced elite control of parties
 Challenges from non-governmental actors
 Quantity of membership
 “Cradle-to-Grave” organizations

26.  Ideological flexibility
 What is their political strategy?

27.  Policy-Seeking Party
 Focused on issue positions
 Vote-Seeking Party
 Goal isWinning Elections
 Office-Seeking Party
 Emphasis on holding office

30.  Dominant-Party System
 One party controls government
 Lack of competition in elections
 Subtype: Single-Party System (e.g. Nazis, CCP)
 Two-Party System
 Two major parties struggle for power
 Platforms highlight party differences
 Multiparty System
 More than two parties
 Emphasis on coalitions

31.  Dominant-Party System
 One party controls government
 Lack of competition in elections
 Subtype: Single-Party System (e.g. Nazis, CCP)
 Two-Party System
 Two major parties struggle for power
 Platforms highlight party differences
 Multiparty System
 More than two parties
 Emphasis on coalitions

32.  Dominant-Party System
 Degree of dominance by major party
▪ 100% or 51% of vote
 Two-Party System
 Alternation of power between two parties
 One party wins often in certain period
 Multiparty System
 Fragmentation (large # of small parties
 Concentration (small # of large parties)

34.  Can’t you just count them?
 Effective Number of Parties
 Calculation:
▪ Proportion of seats held by party squared
▪ Add squares together and divide by 1
▪ Example:Three parties (P1 – 40%, P2 – 40%, P3 – 20%)
▪ 1 / [(0.40*0.40) + (0.40*0.40) + (0.20*0.20)]
▪ .16 + .16 + .04 = .36 1 / .36 = 2.78

36.  Persistence and Electoral Success
 How many electoral cycles is party around for?
 Stability of Ideologies / Platforms
 Leads to degree of party cohesiveness
 Emphasis on Institutions, Not Individuals
 Significance of party name


38. Duverger argued that two-party systems will emerge
in countries operating with a simple plurality vote.

43.  Interest groups are groups of citizens who:
 (1) Share common interest
 (2)Try to influence policy

44.  What is relationship with the State?
 Pluralism – Many groups; “marketplace of ideas”
 Corporatism – Relationship w/ groups, State

45.  What is relationship with the State?
 Pluralism – Many groups; “marketplace of ideas”
 Corporatism – Relationship w/ groups, State

47.  Representation
 Represent members’ views to institutions / agencies
 Persuading policymakers = Lobbying
 Participation
 People sharing interests can participate toward group goals
 Education
 Influence policymakers on relevant issues; brochures/publications
 Agenda Building
 Provision of Program Alternatives
 Program Monitoring – Deals with policy implementation

49.  Equal Opportunity Interest Groups
 Protects rights of disadvantaged groups
 Example: NAACP
 Public Interest Groups
 Groups advocating for public-at-large
 Government Interest Groups
 Foreign governments lobby to change policy

50. DIRECT LOBBYING
 “Inside Lobbying”
 Interaction with
decision makers in
government
INDIRECT LOBBYING
 “Outside Lobbying”
 Mobilizes interest
group membership /
general public to
contact govt. officials
on given issue