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1.1
The Nature of Science
1.1    The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

      •1


What is Science?
 A means of explaining &
 understanding the natural world
 Using facts, laws & theories
1.1    The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

      •1


What is Science?
 A means of explaining &
 understanding the natural world
 Using facts, laws & theories

  What we observe
1.1    The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

      •1


What is Science?
 A means of explaining &
 understanding the natural world
 Using facts, laws & theories


  What we observe

           Statement of what happened
1.1    The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

      •1


What is Science?
 A means of explaining &
 understanding the natural world
 Using facts, laws & theories


  What we observe

           Statement of what happened

                                Explanation of observations or Laws
Observations & Facts / Laws /
   Hypothesis & Theories


                                     M1 M 2
                                Fg =
                                      d2
Observations & Facts / Laws /
   Hypothesis & Theories


                                     M1 M 2
                                Fg =
                                      d2
Observations & Facts / Laws /
   Hypothesis & Theories


                                     M1 M 2
                                Fg =
                                      d2
Observations & Facts / Laws /
             Hypothesis & Theories


                                                      M1 M 2
                                                 Fg =
Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity                      d2
 Observed all objects in universe exerting gravitational
   force on each other
 Force between objects increases as MASS increases
 Force between objects decreases as DISTANCE b/w incr.
Observations & Facts / Laws /
             Hypothesis & Theories


                                                      M1 M 2
                                                 Fg =
Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity                      d2
 Observed all objects in universe exerting gravitational
   force on each other
 Force between objects increases as MASS increases
 Force between objects decreases as DISTANCE b/w incr.


Hypothesis                                         Theory
Observations & Facts / Laws /
             Hypothesis & Theories


                                                      M1 M 2
                                                 Fg =
Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity                      d2
 Observed all objects in universe exerting gravitational
   force on each other
 Force between objects increases as MASS increases
 Force between objects decreases as DISTANCE b/w incr.


Hypothesis     widely accepted by science Theory
                 community after testing
Types of Scientific Knowledge
Types of Scientific Knowledge
Empirical                      Indigenous
Knowledge                 Knowledge (IK)
                              or
                    Traditional Ecological
            Knowledge & Wisdom (TEKW)
Types of Scientific Knowledge
 Empirical                           Indigenous
 Knowledge                      Knowledge (IK)
                                    or
                          Traditional Ecological
Through careful   Knowledge & Wisdom (TEKW)
observation &
experimentation

                      Through experience with environment &
                      resulting observations
Nature of Scientific Knowledge
T         R           P
Nature of Scientific Knowledge
Tentative   Reliable   Progressive
Nature of Scientific Knowledge
 Tentative             Reliable   Progressive




Changes!
Laws aren’t proven
true… can’t test all
situations
Nature of Scientific Knowledge
 Tentative             Reliable         Progressive




Changes!
                       Valid when
Laws aren’t proven     supported by a
true… can’t test all   vast number of
situations             observations
Nature of Scientific Knowledge
 Tentative             Reliable          Progressive




Changes!                                Builds & Develops as
                       Valid when
Laws aren’t proven     supported by a   new observations
true… can’t test all   vast number of   made, new findings
situations             observations     emerge
Misunderstandings

     about

     science
All scientists follow
scientific method

no 1 method

are methodical

                        Misunderstandings

                             about

                             science
All scientists follow                       Science = Experimentation
scientific method
                                             sometimes
no 1 method
                                             only observations at times
are methodical

                        Misunderstandings

                             about

                             science
All scientists follow                       Science = Experimentation
scientific method
                                             sometimes
no 1 method
                                             only observations at times
are methodical

                        Misunderstandings

                             about                 Investigations = proof

                             science                only real proof, is
                                                   to disprove
All scientists follow                       Science = Experimentation
scientific method
                                             sometimes
no 1 method
                                             only observations at times
are methodical

                        Misunderstandings

                             about                 Investigations = proof

                             science                only real proof, is
                                                   to disprove




                            Science can answer all questions
                             moral ethical, social questions can’t be
                            solved by science
All scientists follow                       Science = Experimentation
 scientific method
                                              sometimes
 no 1 method
                                              only observations at times
 are methodical

                         Misunderstandings

                              about                 Investigations = proof
Science isn’t very                                   only real proof, is
                              science
successful                                          to disprove
 not perfect, but a
great deal of
success
 always room for
                             Science can answer all questions
more discoveries!
                              moral ethical, social questions can’t be
                             solved by science
W
 HA
    T
        IS
             N’
                T
                    SC
                      IE
                           NC
                             E?
Creationism


              W
               HA
                  T
                      IS
                           N’
                              T
                                  SC
                                    IE
                                         NC
                                           E?
Pseudoscience
Creationism                                 (false science)


              W
               HA
                  T
                      IS
                           N’
                              T
                                  SC
                                    IE
                                         NC
                                           E?
Pseudoscience
Creationism                                 (false science)


              W
               HA
                  T
                      IS
                           N’
                              T
                                  SC
                                    IE
                                         NC
                                           E?
                                                   Hoaxes
                                                      &
                                                   Frauds
Pseudoscience
Creationism                                 (false science)


              W
               HA
                  T
                      IS
                           N’
                              T
                                  SC
                                    IE
                                         NC
                                           E?
                                                   Hoaxes
                                                      &
                                                   Frauds
               Urban legend
Pseudoscience
  Creationism                                 (false science)


                W
                 HA
                    T
                        IS
                             N’
                                T
                                    SC
                                      IE
                                           NC
                                             E?
Faulty                                               Hoaxes
Science                                                 &
                                                     Frauds
 bias           Urban legend
Is Science = Technology?
Is Science = Technology?
 Closely related: often advance together
   lens, spotting scope, telescope & Galileo
   new inventions often lead to new
  discoveries
 laser invented prior to having a use for it
Is Science = Technology?
 Closely related: often advance together
   lens, spotting scope, telescope & Galileo
   new inventions often lead to new
  discoveries
 laser invented prior to having a use for it

 A mutually beneficial relationship
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
• Guiding Principles:
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
• Guiding Principles:
  – Scientific Honesty
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
• Guiding Principles:
  – Scientific Honesty
  – Carefulness
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
• Guiding Principles:
  – Scientific Honesty
  – Carefulness
  – Intellectual Freedom
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
• Guiding Principles:
  –   Scientific Honesty
  –   Carefulness
  –   Intellectual Freedom
  –   Openness
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
• Guiding Principles:
  –   Scientific Honesty
  –   Carefulness
  –   Intellectual Freedom
  –   Openness
  –   Credit given appropriately
Science & Ethics
• Golden Rule: Do unto others
• Guiding Principles:
  –   Scientific Honesty
  –   Carefulness
  –   Intellectual Freedom
  –   Openness
  –   Credit given appropriately
  –   Public Responsibility
1.1             The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

VOCABULARY
observations
inference
empirical knowledge
Indigenous Knowledge (IK)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW)
law
theory
hypothesis
scientific method
bias
discoveries
invention

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Ch1.1

  • 2. 1.1 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry •1 What is Science? A means of explaining & understanding the natural world Using facts, laws & theories
  • 3. 1.1 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry •1 What is Science? A means of explaining & understanding the natural world Using facts, laws & theories What we observe
  • 4. 1.1 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry •1 What is Science? A means of explaining & understanding the natural world Using facts, laws & theories What we observe Statement of what happened
  • 5. 1.1 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry •1 What is Science? A means of explaining & understanding the natural world Using facts, laws & theories What we observe Statement of what happened Explanation of observations or Laws
  • 6. Observations & Facts / Laws / Hypothesis & Theories M1 M 2 Fg = d2
  • 7. Observations & Facts / Laws / Hypothesis & Theories M1 M 2 Fg = d2
  • 8. Observations & Facts / Laws / Hypothesis & Theories M1 M 2 Fg = d2
  • 9. Observations & Facts / Laws / Hypothesis & Theories M1 M 2 Fg = Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity d2  Observed all objects in universe exerting gravitational force on each other  Force between objects increases as MASS increases  Force between objects decreases as DISTANCE b/w incr.
  • 10. Observations & Facts / Laws / Hypothesis & Theories M1 M 2 Fg = Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity d2  Observed all objects in universe exerting gravitational force on each other  Force between objects increases as MASS increases  Force between objects decreases as DISTANCE b/w incr. Hypothesis Theory
  • 11. Observations & Facts / Laws / Hypothesis & Theories M1 M 2 Fg = Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Gravity d2  Observed all objects in universe exerting gravitational force on each other  Force between objects increases as MASS increases  Force between objects decreases as DISTANCE b/w incr. Hypothesis  widely accepted by science Theory community after testing
  • 12. Types of Scientific Knowledge
  • 13. Types of Scientific Knowledge Empirical Indigenous Knowledge Knowledge (IK) or Traditional Ecological Knowledge & Wisdom (TEKW)
  • 14. Types of Scientific Knowledge Empirical Indigenous Knowledge Knowledge (IK) or Traditional Ecological Through careful Knowledge & Wisdom (TEKW) observation & experimentation Through experience with environment & resulting observations
  • 15. Nature of Scientific Knowledge T R P
  • 16. Nature of Scientific Knowledge Tentative Reliable Progressive
  • 17. Nature of Scientific Knowledge Tentative Reliable Progressive Changes! Laws aren’t proven true… can’t test all situations
  • 18. Nature of Scientific Knowledge Tentative Reliable Progressive Changes! Valid when Laws aren’t proven supported by a true… can’t test all vast number of situations observations
  • 19. Nature of Scientific Knowledge Tentative Reliable Progressive Changes! Builds & Develops as Valid when Laws aren’t proven supported by a new observations true… can’t test all vast number of made, new findings situations observations emerge
  • 20. Misunderstandings about science
  • 21. All scientists follow scientific method no 1 method are methodical Misunderstandings about science
  • 22. All scientists follow Science = Experimentation scientific method  sometimes no 1 method  only observations at times are methodical Misunderstandings about science
  • 23. All scientists follow Science = Experimentation scientific method  sometimes no 1 method  only observations at times are methodical Misunderstandings about Investigations = proof science  only real proof, is to disprove
  • 24. All scientists follow Science = Experimentation scientific method  sometimes no 1 method  only observations at times are methodical Misunderstandings about Investigations = proof science  only real proof, is to disprove Science can answer all questions  moral ethical, social questions can’t be solved by science
  • 25. All scientists follow Science = Experimentation scientific method  sometimes no 1 method  only observations at times are methodical Misunderstandings about Investigations = proof Science isn’t very  only real proof, is science successful to disprove  not perfect, but a great deal of success  always room for Science can answer all questions more discoveries!  moral ethical, social questions can’t be solved by science
  • 26. W HA T IS N’ T SC IE NC E?
  • 27. Creationism W HA T IS N’ T SC IE NC E?
  • 28. Pseudoscience Creationism (false science) W HA T IS N’ T SC IE NC E?
  • 29. Pseudoscience Creationism (false science) W HA T IS N’ T SC IE NC E? Hoaxes & Frauds
  • 30. Pseudoscience Creationism (false science) W HA T IS N’ T SC IE NC E? Hoaxes & Frauds Urban legend
  • 31. Pseudoscience Creationism (false science) W HA T IS N’ T SC IE NC E? Faulty Hoaxes Science & Frauds  bias Urban legend
  • 32. Is Science = Technology?
  • 33. Is Science = Technology?  Closely related: often advance together  lens, spotting scope, telescope & Galileo  new inventions often lead to new discoveries  laser invented prior to having a use for it
  • 34. Is Science = Technology?  Closely related: often advance together  lens, spotting scope, telescope & Galileo  new inventions often lead to new discoveries  laser invented prior to having a use for it  A mutually beneficial relationship
  • 35. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others
  • 36. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others • Guiding Principles:
  • 37. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others • Guiding Principles: – Scientific Honesty
  • 38. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others • Guiding Principles: – Scientific Honesty – Carefulness
  • 39. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others • Guiding Principles: – Scientific Honesty – Carefulness – Intellectual Freedom
  • 40. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others • Guiding Principles: – Scientific Honesty – Carefulness – Intellectual Freedom – Openness
  • 41. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others • Guiding Principles: – Scientific Honesty – Carefulness – Intellectual Freedom – Openness – Credit given appropriately
  • 42. Science & Ethics • Golden Rule: Do unto others • Guiding Principles: – Scientific Honesty – Carefulness – Intellectual Freedom – Openness – Credit given appropriately – Public Responsibility
  • 43. 1.1 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry VOCABULARY observations inference empirical knowledge Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW) law theory hypothesis scientific method bias discoveries invention