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INTERNAL AUDIT
QUALITY :
DEVELOPING A
QUALITY
ASSURANCE AND
IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAM
Asvary-23217078
1
Internal
Audit and
Quality
Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and
consulting activity designed to add value and improve an
organization’s operations. It helps an organization
accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic,
disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the
effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance
processes.
—Institute of InternalAuditors, Definition of Internal
Auditing (2013)
2
History Internal auditing can be traced back to the Persian
Empire. Murray (1976) attributes the start of internal
auditing to Darius the Great, “who ruled his people from
521 to 425 B.C.” Darius exercised his rule at different
times of the year from four scattered capitals in different
parts of the country—Persepolis, Ecbatana, Susa, and
Ctesiphon. His empire was divided into 20 provinces,
each administered by a satrap who paid taxes to the
empire according to the wealth of the province. In order
that the honesty of the rule of the satrap could be
established, Darius sent representatives out to all parts of
his empire.They became known as “the eyes and ears of
the king”
• —possibly the first internal auditors.
3
The
Institute of
Internal
Auditors
The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) was established in
the United States in 1941 with 24 members.The IIA
developed a Statement of Responsibilities of Internal
Auditing in 1947. According to Flesher (1996), the
statement intended “that internal auditing dealt primarily
with accounting and financial matters, but may also
properly deal with matters of an operating nature. In
other words, the emphasis was on accounting and
financial matters, but other activities were also fair game
for the internal auditor.”
4
The
Institute of
Internal
Auditors
The IIA has identified activities that support this mission:
■ Advocating and promoting the value that internal audit
professionals add to their organizations.
■ Providing comprehensive professional educational and
development opportunities, standards and other
professional practice guidance, and certification programs.
■ Researching, disseminating, and promoting knowledge
concerning internal auditing and its appropriate role in
control, risk management, and governance to practitioners
and stakeholders.
■ Educating practitioners and other relevant audiences on
best practices in internal auditing.
■ Bringing together internal auditors from all countries to
share information and experiences.
5
Types of
Internal
Audit
Functions
• the nature of internal auditing will differ between
public-sector organizations focused on the efficient
and effective expenditure of public money and
corporate entities focused on delivering profit to
shareholders.
6
Internal
Auditing in
Different
Sectors and
Organizations
Although internal auditing is an international profession,
different countries, and jurisdictions within countries,
have their own regulatory environments and cultures that
affect the nature and operation of internal audit.
7
Internal
Audit
Standards
• The International Standards for the Professional
Practice of InternalAuditing (Standards) produced by
the IIA are the only set of internationally recognized
standards for internal audit. Although a number of
countries have developed their own internal audit
standards, these are based in large part on the IIA’s
Standards.
• The International Professional Practices Framework
(IPPF) is the IIA’s authoritative guidance to the
professional practice of internal auditing. It
incorporates both mandatory and strongly
recommended guidance
8
• The principles and rules of conduct are subdivided into
four categories: integrity, objectivity, confidentiality,
and competency.
• Integrity
• Internal auditors:
■ Shall perform their work with honesty, diligence, and
responsibility.
■ Shall observe the law and make disclosures expected by
the law and the profession.
■ Shall not knowingly be a party to any illegal activity or
engage in acts that are discreditable to the profession of
internal auditing or to the organization.
■ Shall respect and contribute to the legitimate and ethical
objectives of theorganization.
Internal
Audit
Standards
9
• Objectivity
• Internal auditors:
■ Shall not participate in any activity or relationship that
may impair or be presumed to impair their unbiased
assessment.This participation includes those activities or
relationships that may be in conflict with the interests of the
organization.
■ Shall not accept anything that may impair or be presumed
to impair their professional judgment.
■ Shall disclose all material facts known to them that, if not
disclosed, may distort the reporting of activities under
review.
Internal
Audit
Standards
10
• Confidentiality
• Internal auditors:
■ Shall be prudent in the use and protection of information
acquired in the course of their duties.
■ Shall not use information for any personal gain or in any
manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the
legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization.
• Competency
• Internal auditors:
■ Shall engage only in those services for which they have the
necessary knowledge, skills, and experience.
■ Shall perform internal audit services in accordance with the
International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal
Auditing.
■ Shall continuously improve their proficiency and the
effectiveness and quality of their services
Internal
Audit
Standards
11
Conclusion The establishment of the Institute of InternalAuditors has
been a major contributor to the professionalization of
internal auditing.Through the application of a set of
internationally recognized standards, internal auditors
can demonstrate their professionalism and provide
assurance to management and the audit committee that
they are operating in an ethical, transparent, and
impartial manner
12
Quality,
Performance,
and Value
Quality means doing it right when no one is looking.
—Henry Ford
• Internal auditors are perfectly positioned to embrace
quality processes to improve their own internal audit
function
• They should have a clear understanding of the
organization’s strategic priorities, providing them with
insight into the areas where they could add maximum
value to the organization as a whole
• Internal auditors should strive to meet stakeholder
expectations by embedding performance
measurement processes focused on the most efficient
and effective use of limited resources. 13
Quality • the existence of quality can only be determined by
comparing two products or assessing a product against
an accepted set of standards.
• Perceptions of quality are intrinsically linked to
perceptions of value.
• Aghapour and colleagues (2011) describe a
triangulation relation between organizational success,
customer satisfaction, and quality
• Delivering quality products, or outcomes, can enhance
customer satisfaction, and ultimately support
organizational success
14
Performance • Performance is both the manner in which organizations
achieve results (i.e., the way they behave and operate
to effect actions) as well as the outputs and outcomes
of these actions (i.e., the results they achieve).
• Examining operational performance is a key activity for
internal auditors
15
Value • Warren Buffett (2014) quoted investment guru Ben
Graham when he wrote, “Price is what you pay—value is
what you get.”
• value is an abstract and subjective concept
• an understanding of value will be central to every
organization’s success.
16
Quality
Management
Systems:
Deming,
Juran, and
TQM
• A number of models have emerged since the 1950s
focusing on the management and assurance of quality.
Many of these quality management systems and
processes concentrate on continuous improvement
and the involvement of staff across an organization in
delivering quality.
17
J. Edward
Deming
• Deming was a pioneer of the quality management movement, focusing
on the need for continuous improvement of organizational processes
• His quality philosophy incorporates the following 14 elements (Deming
1986):
1. Create constancy of purpose toward improved products and services.
2.Adopt the “new philosophy”—appreciate the new economic age.
3. Cease dependence on mass inspection.
4. End “lowest tender” contracts.
5. Constantly improve systems.
6. Institute on-the-job training.
7. Institute leadership.
8. Drive out fear—encourage effective two-way communication.
9. Break down barriers between departments.
10. Eliminate slogans and targets calling for zero defects and implement
leadership.
11. Permit pride of workmanship by workers.
12. Permit pride of workmanship by management.
13. Encourage education and self-improvement.
14. Put everyone in the company to work to accomplish transformation.
18
J. Edward
Deming
19
• The Deming approach was summarized in the continuous
improvement (or Deming) cycle
• Deming stressed that organizations should move away
from quality control– focused inspection and rigid
managerial control to embrace continuous improvement
and participative processes.
Joseph
Juran
• Juran worked in Japan from the 1950s to the 1980s. In
1951, his Quality Control Handbook was released
• It introduced the quality trilogy incorporating quality
planning, quality control, and quality improvement.
• Quality planning focused on the identification of
customers and their needs.
• Quality control was the process of meeting quality
goals during operations with minimal inspection.
• Quality improvement was the creation of beneficial
change to achieve “unprecedented levels of
performance
20
Joseph
Juran
• 10 steps in quality improvement (Edmund and Juran
2008):
1. Build awareness of the need and opportunity for
improvement.
2. Set goals for improvement.
3. Organize to reach the goals.
4. Provide training throughout the organization.
5. Carry out projects to solve problems.
6. Report progress.
7. Give recognition.
8. Communicate results.
9. Keep score.
10. Maintain momentum by making annual improvement
part of the regular systems and processes of the company.
21
Total Quality
Management
(TQM)
• Total quality management (TQM) emerged as a concept in
the 1940s and 1950s, spearheaded by both Deming and
Juran
• It is based on these principles:
■ Focus on customers and stakeholders.
■ Engage everyone in the organization in participation and
teamwork.
■ Support a process focus with continuous improvement and
learning.
• its implementation principally involves the following
steps:
1.Training
2. Improving
3. Measuring achievement
4. Implementing project management
5. Creating organizational structures
22
ISO 9000 • The InternationalOrganization for Standardization
(ISO) first published its ISO 9000 series of quality
standards in 1987 as a model for quality assurance
standards in design, development, production,
installation, and service
• ISO 9000 requires that organizations do the following:
■ Document operations and activities according to ISO 9000
standards.
■Work according to these documents.
■ Keep records to show the quality system is working.
23
Models for
Measuring
Performance
• Balanced Scorecard
• Robert Kaplan and David Norton first proposed their
balanced scorecard approach in 1992.
• The scorecard focused on translating strategy into
actions, and promoted a move away from traditional
financial measures
• The balanced scorecard measures were categorized
into four perspectives: financial, customer, internal
processes, and learning and growth.
24
Balanced
Scorecard
25
Balanced
Scorecard
26
Balanced
Scorecard
• Venkatraman and Gering (2000) identify four essential
elements to the successful implementation of a
balanced scorecard:
1. Make the strategy explicit.The organization’s strategy
must be made explicit and made to form the basis for the
scorecard.
2. Choose the measures.The performance measures must
be aligned with the strategy and the relationships between
the measures must be clearly understood.
3. Define and refine. Performance measures must be put
into place so that the scorecard becomes the language of
the company.
4. Deal with people. Above all, people and change
management must be properly managed.
27
Conclusion • Internal auditors needn’t be experts in quality
management to benefit from the work of practitioners
like Deming and Juran
• Internal audit functions can incorporate continuous
improvement into quality assurance processes
• Doing so ensures that internal auditors maximize their
value to stakeholders.
• Balanced scorecards are commonly used by
organizations to provide a multifaceted approach to
performance measurement that transcends traditional
financial reporting
• They incorporate both lead and lag measures to
provide insight into past performance in addition to
positioning the organization for future success 28
Developing a
Quality
Framework
• Measurement is the first step that leads to control and
eventually to improvement. If you can’t measure
something, you can’t understand it. If you can’t
understand it, you can’t control it. If you can’t control it,
you can’t improve it.
• —H. James Harrington
29
Developing a
Quality
Framework
• Responsibility for internal audit quality is shared
among various stakeholders, although the chief audit
executive must bear ultimate responsibility for quality
• Even within fully outsourced internal audit functions,
this responsibility cannot be devolved to a service
provider.
• The audit committee, senior management, internal
audit staff, and service providers all support the
internal audit function to embed quality
• Each stakeholder has a role to play in maximizing the
value of internal audit.
30
Developing a
Quality
Framework
• A commonly accepted management practice is to
develop SMART measures.
– S—Specific (a single, simple measure—versus a
combination of items—that explicitly states expected
results)
– M—Measurable (indicators that are measurable with
existing data or with data that can be produced at a
reasonable cost)
– A—Action-oriented (measures that have the potential to
lead to continuous improvement)
– R—Relevant (measures related to the overall internal
audit strategy)
– T—Timely (measures that establish realistic expectations
within achievable time frames)
31
Developing a
Quality
Framework
32
Internally
Assessing
Quality
33
Internally
Assessing
Quality
34
Internally
Assessing
Quality
• Internal quality assessments are critical to delivering audit
quality
• They are central to adopting a “Deming-style” continuous
improvement process and drawing on Juran’s quality
improvement approach.
• Internal assessments should measure and respond to levels of
client satisfaction or dissatisfaction
• Often,chief audit executives use benchmarking to determine
how the internal audit function compares to those in other
organizations
• Internal assessment can assist a chief audit executive to identify
areas of high performance as well as opportunities for
improvement
• They allow the internal audit function to continuously respond to
changes in organizational priorities and takeholder
expectations.
• Internal assessments can also prepare the chief audit executive
to effectively meet the requirements of an external assessment.
35
Externally
Assessing
Quality
• Be a yardstick of quality.Some people aren’t used to an
environment where excellence is expected.
• —Steve Jobs
• Good managers are not afraid to be critiqued.They
understand that an independent person or agency
might identify issues that were overlooked, or
processes that are undertaken more efficiently in other
organizations.
• External assessments provide that review
36
Externally
Assessing
Quality
• There are many ways that a chief audit executive can
undertake an external quality assessment.
• Choosing the best way will depend on the size and
nature of the internal audit function, although
generally the chief audit executive will select a full
external assessment, a self-assessment with
independent validation, or a peer review
• Ideally, the chief audit executive will consult with
senior management and the audit committee
regarding the most appropriate approach for their
organization.
37
Internal
Audit
Strategy
and
Planning
Perception is strong and sight weak. In strategy it is
important to see distant things as if they were close and to
take a distanced view of close things.
-- Miyamoto Musashi
38
Internal
Audit
Strategy
and
Planning
• Undertaking effective strategic planning helps ensure the
success of the internal audit function
• Strategic planning assists the chief audit executive in
understanding the expectations of both senior management and
the audit committee
• It provides an opportunity for these stakeholders to articulate
what they see as value fromthe internal audit function, and
engages stakeholders in the process of defining the type of role
that internal auditors will play across the organization
• Strategic planning processes should incorporate an internal audit
risk assessment as well as capability and resource planning.
• Chief audit executives should consider the risks associated with
the management of the internal audit function as well as
individual engagement risks.
• Dedicating time to strategic planning maximizes the potential
for internal audit functions to achieve stakeholder expectations.
39
Areas of
Responsibility
and Nature of
Work
• The IIA, in its position paperThree Lines of Defense in
Effective Risk Management and Control (2013b),
identifies different roles and responsibilities across an
organization for effective coordination of risk
management and control oversight
40
Areas of
Responsibility
and Nature of
Work
• In determining the areas of responsibility and nature of
work for an internal audit function, chief audit
executives must have a comprehensive understanding
of the needs and expectations of their organization
• This understanding can be achieved through effective
strategic planning, and by maintaining an open and
ongoing dialogue with senior managers, operational
managers, and the audit committee
• Ideally, an internal audit function will incorporate a
combination of assurance and consulting
engagements, covering governance, risk management,
and control.
• Alternatively, they may incorporate an integrated
approach covering a range of auditing types and
techniques.
41
Internal
Audit
Charter
• The internal audit charter is a key element of the
internal audit strategy and its value is acknowledged
through IIA Standard 1000.
• An effective internal audit function has a clear mandate
and purpose
• It operates independently of management and
undertakes its activities in an objective manner
• The internal audit function’s authority should be
explicitly articulated in an internal audit charter as well
as being implicitly promoted through the actions and
behaviors of senior management and the audit
committee.
42
Internal
Audit
Charter
43
Internal
Audit
Staffing
• Effectively staffing the internal audit function relies on
an appropriate sourcing model, targeted recruitment
or procurement practices, adequate internal auditor
capacity and capability, and sufficient financial
resources
• Approaches to internal audit resourcing will vary across
organizations
• At times,decisions around staffing may be dictated by
the general attitude or approach of the parent
organization.
• Other times, chief audit executives may be given the
flexibility to develop their own staffing model.
• Regardless, these models are often dynamic,
responding to changes in organizational structures and
the demands of the organization
44
Internal
Audit
Staffing
• The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick
good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to
keep from meddling with them while they do it. —Theodore
Roosevelt
• Effectively staffing the internal audit function relies on an
appropriate sourcing model, targeted recruitment or
procurement practices, adequate internal auditor capacity
and capability, and sufficient financial resources
• Approaches to internal audit resourcing will vary across
organizations
• At times,decisions around staffing may be dictated by the
general attitude or approach of the parent organization.
• Other times, chief audit executives may be given the
flexibility to develop their own staffing model.
• Regardless, these models are often dynamic, responding
to changes in organizational structures and the demands
of the organization
45
Managing
and
Measuring
Staff
Performance
• Internal audit functions need to remain abreast with
emerging trends and practices to continue to add value
to an organization
• Internal auditors must have an understanding of the
business in which they are operating.
• They also need to be experts in governance, risk
management, and control
• All internal auditors, regardless of their years of
experience, need to undertake continuous professional
development
• This should be tailored to the specific skills and
experience of each internal auditor and should relate
back to the overall capability needs of the internal
audit function. 46
Internal
Audit
Professional
Practice
• When reviewing operational areas, internal auditors
will often look for the existence of policies and
procedures, and determine the extent to which these
are being applied
• Internal auditors realize that policies and procedures
form a key directive control for the organization.
• Internal audit policies operate similarly.They help
guide the internal auditor to operate in a consistent
and professional manner.
• Policies and procedures provide assurance to audit
clients that they are being treated fairly and
impartially, and set a benchmark against which internal
auditors can operate.
47
Annual
Audit
Planning
• Undertaking better practice, risk-based audit planning
ensures that the chief audit executive is directing
resources at areas most likely to add value to the
organization
• Without adequate planning, the chief auditor executive
may not be meeting stakeholder expectations.
• Constant structural and operational changes will
require chief audit executives to regularly reassess the
relevance of their plan to determine if proposed audits
should also be adjusted
• The organization’s risks may be affected by reduced
resources or additional activities, and mergers and
acquisitions will change the nature of the organization
• Each of these will need to be considered in planning
future engagements..
48
Planning the
Engagement
• During engagement planning, internal audit functions
should focus on how they expect engagements will
contribute to adding value and improving the
organization’s operations.
• At the conclusion of the planning process, internal
auditors should be able to clearly demonstrate why the
engagement should be undertaken.
49
Performing
the
Engagement
• A high-quality internal audit function should operate as
a critical friend to management— with sufficient
independence to provide an impartial assessment of
operations, but with the ultimate goal of supporting
organizational success
• By collaborating with management to achieve quality
organizational outcomes, internal audit has the
potential to add significant value.
• Internal audit functions should adopt a systematic and
transparent approach to itsaudit fieldwork. It should
draw on established policies and procedures to
maximize the potential that fieldwork is undertaken in
a professional manner.
50
Communication
and Influence
• Communication is one of the most important elements
of the internal audit function
• When done effectively, it allows the chief audit
executive and internal auditors to wield positive
influence over an organization
• It positions the internal audit function as a strategic
and professional partner, and maximizes the value that
internal audit can offer an organization.
51
Knowledge
Management
and
Marketing
• Knowledge management and marketing will both
support the internal audit function to increase the
value it offers to the organization
• Chief audit executives could consider developing
formalized knowledge management and marketing
strategies, or could incorporate these practices into
daily activities.
52
Quality and
the Small
Audit Shop
• Small audit shops present a range of challenges. By
their nature, they often have limited staff and budget,
requiring the chief audit executive, or broader
organization, to give real consideration to the
resourcing model that will be used.
• Small audit shops need to be staffed by people with
appropriate skills, experience, and attitude. One
nonperforming staff member in a team of three can
have a major negative impact on morale and
productivity, unlike in large, internal audit functions
where nonperformers can remain relatively
inconspicuous.
• Despite the added complexity associated with small
audit shops, many internal auditors view them as a
dynamic and stimulating place to work presenting the
internal auditor with vast, constant opportunities to
demonstrate creativity and innovation
53

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Resume : "Internal audit quality : developing a quality assurance and improvement program"

  • 1. INTERNAL AUDIT QUALITY : DEVELOPING A QUALITY ASSURANCE AND IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM Asvary-23217078 1
  • 2. Internal Audit and Quality Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. —Institute of InternalAuditors, Definition of Internal Auditing (2013) 2
  • 3. History Internal auditing can be traced back to the Persian Empire. Murray (1976) attributes the start of internal auditing to Darius the Great, “who ruled his people from 521 to 425 B.C.” Darius exercised his rule at different times of the year from four scattered capitals in different parts of the country—Persepolis, Ecbatana, Susa, and Ctesiphon. His empire was divided into 20 provinces, each administered by a satrap who paid taxes to the empire according to the wealth of the province. In order that the honesty of the rule of the satrap could be established, Darius sent representatives out to all parts of his empire.They became known as “the eyes and ears of the king” • —possibly the first internal auditors. 3
  • 4. The Institute of Internal Auditors The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) was established in the United States in 1941 with 24 members.The IIA developed a Statement of Responsibilities of Internal Auditing in 1947. According to Flesher (1996), the statement intended “that internal auditing dealt primarily with accounting and financial matters, but may also properly deal with matters of an operating nature. In other words, the emphasis was on accounting and financial matters, but other activities were also fair game for the internal auditor.” 4
  • 5. The Institute of Internal Auditors The IIA has identified activities that support this mission: ■ Advocating and promoting the value that internal audit professionals add to their organizations. ■ Providing comprehensive professional educational and development opportunities, standards and other professional practice guidance, and certification programs. ■ Researching, disseminating, and promoting knowledge concerning internal auditing and its appropriate role in control, risk management, and governance to practitioners and stakeholders. ■ Educating practitioners and other relevant audiences on best practices in internal auditing. ■ Bringing together internal auditors from all countries to share information and experiences. 5
  • 6. Types of Internal Audit Functions • the nature of internal auditing will differ between public-sector organizations focused on the efficient and effective expenditure of public money and corporate entities focused on delivering profit to shareholders. 6
  • 7. Internal Auditing in Different Sectors and Organizations Although internal auditing is an international profession, different countries, and jurisdictions within countries, have their own regulatory environments and cultures that affect the nature and operation of internal audit. 7
  • 8. Internal Audit Standards • The International Standards for the Professional Practice of InternalAuditing (Standards) produced by the IIA are the only set of internationally recognized standards for internal audit. Although a number of countries have developed their own internal audit standards, these are based in large part on the IIA’s Standards. • The International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF) is the IIA’s authoritative guidance to the professional practice of internal auditing. It incorporates both mandatory and strongly recommended guidance 8
  • 9. • The principles and rules of conduct are subdivided into four categories: integrity, objectivity, confidentiality, and competency. • Integrity • Internal auditors: ■ Shall perform their work with honesty, diligence, and responsibility. ■ Shall observe the law and make disclosures expected by the law and the profession. ■ Shall not knowingly be a party to any illegal activity or engage in acts that are discreditable to the profession of internal auditing or to the organization. ■ Shall respect and contribute to the legitimate and ethical objectives of theorganization. Internal Audit Standards 9
  • 10. • Objectivity • Internal auditors: ■ Shall not participate in any activity or relationship that may impair or be presumed to impair their unbiased assessment.This participation includes those activities or relationships that may be in conflict with the interests of the organization. ■ Shall not accept anything that may impair or be presumed to impair their professional judgment. ■ Shall disclose all material facts known to them that, if not disclosed, may distort the reporting of activities under review. Internal Audit Standards 10
  • 11. • Confidentiality • Internal auditors: ■ Shall be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. ■ Shall not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization. • Competency • Internal auditors: ■ Shall engage only in those services for which they have the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience. ■ Shall perform internal audit services in accordance with the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. ■ Shall continuously improve their proficiency and the effectiveness and quality of their services Internal Audit Standards 11
  • 12. Conclusion The establishment of the Institute of InternalAuditors has been a major contributor to the professionalization of internal auditing.Through the application of a set of internationally recognized standards, internal auditors can demonstrate their professionalism and provide assurance to management and the audit committee that they are operating in an ethical, transparent, and impartial manner 12
  • 13. Quality, Performance, and Value Quality means doing it right when no one is looking. —Henry Ford • Internal auditors are perfectly positioned to embrace quality processes to improve their own internal audit function • They should have a clear understanding of the organization’s strategic priorities, providing them with insight into the areas where they could add maximum value to the organization as a whole • Internal auditors should strive to meet stakeholder expectations by embedding performance measurement processes focused on the most efficient and effective use of limited resources. 13
  • 14. Quality • the existence of quality can only be determined by comparing two products or assessing a product against an accepted set of standards. • Perceptions of quality are intrinsically linked to perceptions of value. • Aghapour and colleagues (2011) describe a triangulation relation between organizational success, customer satisfaction, and quality • Delivering quality products, or outcomes, can enhance customer satisfaction, and ultimately support organizational success 14
  • 15. Performance • Performance is both the manner in which organizations achieve results (i.e., the way they behave and operate to effect actions) as well as the outputs and outcomes of these actions (i.e., the results they achieve). • Examining operational performance is a key activity for internal auditors 15
  • 16. Value • Warren Buffett (2014) quoted investment guru Ben Graham when he wrote, “Price is what you pay—value is what you get.” • value is an abstract and subjective concept • an understanding of value will be central to every organization’s success. 16
  • 17. Quality Management Systems: Deming, Juran, and TQM • A number of models have emerged since the 1950s focusing on the management and assurance of quality. Many of these quality management systems and processes concentrate on continuous improvement and the involvement of staff across an organization in delivering quality. 17
  • 18. J. Edward Deming • Deming was a pioneer of the quality management movement, focusing on the need for continuous improvement of organizational processes • His quality philosophy incorporates the following 14 elements (Deming 1986): 1. Create constancy of purpose toward improved products and services. 2.Adopt the “new philosophy”—appreciate the new economic age. 3. Cease dependence on mass inspection. 4. End “lowest tender” contracts. 5. Constantly improve systems. 6. Institute on-the-job training. 7. Institute leadership. 8. Drive out fear—encourage effective two-way communication. 9. Break down barriers between departments. 10. Eliminate slogans and targets calling for zero defects and implement leadership. 11. Permit pride of workmanship by workers. 12. Permit pride of workmanship by management. 13. Encourage education and self-improvement. 14. Put everyone in the company to work to accomplish transformation. 18
  • 19. J. Edward Deming 19 • The Deming approach was summarized in the continuous improvement (or Deming) cycle • Deming stressed that organizations should move away from quality control– focused inspection and rigid managerial control to embrace continuous improvement and participative processes.
  • 20. Joseph Juran • Juran worked in Japan from the 1950s to the 1980s. In 1951, his Quality Control Handbook was released • It introduced the quality trilogy incorporating quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. • Quality planning focused on the identification of customers and their needs. • Quality control was the process of meeting quality goals during operations with minimal inspection. • Quality improvement was the creation of beneficial change to achieve “unprecedented levels of performance 20
  • 21. Joseph Juran • 10 steps in quality improvement (Edmund and Juran 2008): 1. Build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement. 2. Set goals for improvement. 3. Organize to reach the goals. 4. Provide training throughout the organization. 5. Carry out projects to solve problems. 6. Report progress. 7. Give recognition. 8. Communicate results. 9. Keep score. 10. Maintain momentum by making annual improvement part of the regular systems and processes of the company. 21
  • 22. Total Quality Management (TQM) • Total quality management (TQM) emerged as a concept in the 1940s and 1950s, spearheaded by both Deming and Juran • It is based on these principles: ■ Focus on customers and stakeholders. ■ Engage everyone in the organization in participation and teamwork. ■ Support a process focus with continuous improvement and learning. • its implementation principally involves the following steps: 1.Training 2. Improving 3. Measuring achievement 4. Implementing project management 5. Creating organizational structures 22
  • 23. ISO 9000 • The InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) first published its ISO 9000 series of quality standards in 1987 as a model for quality assurance standards in design, development, production, installation, and service • ISO 9000 requires that organizations do the following: ■ Document operations and activities according to ISO 9000 standards. ■Work according to these documents. ■ Keep records to show the quality system is working. 23
  • 24. Models for Measuring Performance • Balanced Scorecard • Robert Kaplan and David Norton first proposed their balanced scorecard approach in 1992. • The scorecard focused on translating strategy into actions, and promoted a move away from traditional financial measures • The balanced scorecard measures were categorized into four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth. 24
  • 27. Balanced Scorecard • Venkatraman and Gering (2000) identify four essential elements to the successful implementation of a balanced scorecard: 1. Make the strategy explicit.The organization’s strategy must be made explicit and made to form the basis for the scorecard. 2. Choose the measures.The performance measures must be aligned with the strategy and the relationships between the measures must be clearly understood. 3. Define and refine. Performance measures must be put into place so that the scorecard becomes the language of the company. 4. Deal with people. Above all, people and change management must be properly managed. 27
  • 28. Conclusion • Internal auditors needn’t be experts in quality management to benefit from the work of practitioners like Deming and Juran • Internal audit functions can incorporate continuous improvement into quality assurance processes • Doing so ensures that internal auditors maximize their value to stakeholders. • Balanced scorecards are commonly used by organizations to provide a multifaceted approach to performance measurement that transcends traditional financial reporting • They incorporate both lead and lag measures to provide insight into past performance in addition to positioning the organization for future success 28
  • 29. Developing a Quality Framework • Measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually to improvement. If you can’t measure something, you can’t understand it. If you can’t understand it, you can’t control it. If you can’t control it, you can’t improve it. • —H. James Harrington 29
  • 30. Developing a Quality Framework • Responsibility for internal audit quality is shared among various stakeholders, although the chief audit executive must bear ultimate responsibility for quality • Even within fully outsourced internal audit functions, this responsibility cannot be devolved to a service provider. • The audit committee, senior management, internal audit staff, and service providers all support the internal audit function to embed quality • Each stakeholder has a role to play in maximizing the value of internal audit. 30
  • 31. Developing a Quality Framework • A commonly accepted management practice is to develop SMART measures. – S—Specific (a single, simple measure—versus a combination of items—that explicitly states expected results) – M—Measurable (indicators that are measurable with existing data or with data that can be produced at a reasonable cost) – A—Action-oriented (measures that have the potential to lead to continuous improvement) – R—Relevant (measures related to the overall internal audit strategy) – T—Timely (measures that establish realistic expectations within achievable time frames) 31
  • 35. Internally Assessing Quality • Internal quality assessments are critical to delivering audit quality • They are central to adopting a “Deming-style” continuous improvement process and drawing on Juran’s quality improvement approach. • Internal assessments should measure and respond to levels of client satisfaction or dissatisfaction • Often,chief audit executives use benchmarking to determine how the internal audit function compares to those in other organizations • Internal assessment can assist a chief audit executive to identify areas of high performance as well as opportunities for improvement • They allow the internal audit function to continuously respond to changes in organizational priorities and takeholder expectations. • Internal assessments can also prepare the chief audit executive to effectively meet the requirements of an external assessment. 35
  • 36. Externally Assessing Quality • Be a yardstick of quality.Some people aren’t used to an environment where excellence is expected. • —Steve Jobs • Good managers are not afraid to be critiqued.They understand that an independent person or agency might identify issues that were overlooked, or processes that are undertaken more efficiently in other organizations. • External assessments provide that review 36
  • 37. Externally Assessing Quality • There are many ways that a chief audit executive can undertake an external quality assessment. • Choosing the best way will depend on the size and nature of the internal audit function, although generally the chief audit executive will select a full external assessment, a self-assessment with independent validation, or a peer review • Ideally, the chief audit executive will consult with senior management and the audit committee regarding the most appropriate approach for their organization. 37
  • 38. Internal Audit Strategy and Planning Perception is strong and sight weak. In strategy it is important to see distant things as if they were close and to take a distanced view of close things. -- Miyamoto Musashi 38
  • 39. Internal Audit Strategy and Planning • Undertaking effective strategic planning helps ensure the success of the internal audit function • Strategic planning assists the chief audit executive in understanding the expectations of both senior management and the audit committee • It provides an opportunity for these stakeholders to articulate what they see as value fromthe internal audit function, and engages stakeholders in the process of defining the type of role that internal auditors will play across the organization • Strategic planning processes should incorporate an internal audit risk assessment as well as capability and resource planning. • Chief audit executives should consider the risks associated with the management of the internal audit function as well as individual engagement risks. • Dedicating time to strategic planning maximizes the potential for internal audit functions to achieve stakeholder expectations. 39
  • 40. Areas of Responsibility and Nature of Work • The IIA, in its position paperThree Lines of Defense in Effective Risk Management and Control (2013b), identifies different roles and responsibilities across an organization for effective coordination of risk management and control oversight 40
  • 41. Areas of Responsibility and Nature of Work • In determining the areas of responsibility and nature of work for an internal audit function, chief audit executives must have a comprehensive understanding of the needs and expectations of their organization • This understanding can be achieved through effective strategic planning, and by maintaining an open and ongoing dialogue with senior managers, operational managers, and the audit committee • Ideally, an internal audit function will incorporate a combination of assurance and consulting engagements, covering governance, risk management, and control. • Alternatively, they may incorporate an integrated approach covering a range of auditing types and techniques. 41
  • 42. Internal Audit Charter • The internal audit charter is a key element of the internal audit strategy and its value is acknowledged through IIA Standard 1000. • An effective internal audit function has a clear mandate and purpose • It operates independently of management and undertakes its activities in an objective manner • The internal audit function’s authority should be explicitly articulated in an internal audit charter as well as being implicitly promoted through the actions and behaviors of senior management and the audit committee. 42
  • 44. Internal Audit Staffing • Effectively staffing the internal audit function relies on an appropriate sourcing model, targeted recruitment or procurement practices, adequate internal auditor capacity and capability, and sufficient financial resources • Approaches to internal audit resourcing will vary across organizations • At times,decisions around staffing may be dictated by the general attitude or approach of the parent organization. • Other times, chief audit executives may be given the flexibility to develop their own staffing model. • Regardless, these models are often dynamic, responding to changes in organizational structures and the demands of the organization 44
  • 45. Internal Audit Staffing • The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to keep from meddling with them while they do it. —Theodore Roosevelt • Effectively staffing the internal audit function relies on an appropriate sourcing model, targeted recruitment or procurement practices, adequate internal auditor capacity and capability, and sufficient financial resources • Approaches to internal audit resourcing will vary across organizations • At times,decisions around staffing may be dictated by the general attitude or approach of the parent organization. • Other times, chief audit executives may be given the flexibility to develop their own staffing model. • Regardless, these models are often dynamic, responding to changes in organizational structures and the demands of the organization 45
  • 46. Managing and Measuring Staff Performance • Internal audit functions need to remain abreast with emerging trends and practices to continue to add value to an organization • Internal auditors must have an understanding of the business in which they are operating. • They also need to be experts in governance, risk management, and control • All internal auditors, regardless of their years of experience, need to undertake continuous professional development • This should be tailored to the specific skills and experience of each internal auditor and should relate back to the overall capability needs of the internal audit function. 46
  • 47. Internal Audit Professional Practice • When reviewing operational areas, internal auditors will often look for the existence of policies and procedures, and determine the extent to which these are being applied • Internal auditors realize that policies and procedures form a key directive control for the organization. • Internal audit policies operate similarly.They help guide the internal auditor to operate in a consistent and professional manner. • Policies and procedures provide assurance to audit clients that they are being treated fairly and impartially, and set a benchmark against which internal auditors can operate. 47
  • 48. Annual Audit Planning • Undertaking better practice, risk-based audit planning ensures that the chief audit executive is directing resources at areas most likely to add value to the organization • Without adequate planning, the chief auditor executive may not be meeting stakeholder expectations. • Constant structural and operational changes will require chief audit executives to regularly reassess the relevance of their plan to determine if proposed audits should also be adjusted • The organization’s risks may be affected by reduced resources or additional activities, and mergers and acquisitions will change the nature of the organization • Each of these will need to be considered in planning future engagements.. 48
  • 49. Planning the Engagement • During engagement planning, internal audit functions should focus on how they expect engagements will contribute to adding value and improving the organization’s operations. • At the conclusion of the planning process, internal auditors should be able to clearly demonstrate why the engagement should be undertaken. 49
  • 50. Performing the Engagement • A high-quality internal audit function should operate as a critical friend to management— with sufficient independence to provide an impartial assessment of operations, but with the ultimate goal of supporting organizational success • By collaborating with management to achieve quality organizational outcomes, internal audit has the potential to add significant value. • Internal audit functions should adopt a systematic and transparent approach to itsaudit fieldwork. It should draw on established policies and procedures to maximize the potential that fieldwork is undertaken in a professional manner. 50
  • 51. Communication and Influence • Communication is one of the most important elements of the internal audit function • When done effectively, it allows the chief audit executive and internal auditors to wield positive influence over an organization • It positions the internal audit function as a strategic and professional partner, and maximizes the value that internal audit can offer an organization. 51
  • 52. Knowledge Management and Marketing • Knowledge management and marketing will both support the internal audit function to increase the value it offers to the organization • Chief audit executives could consider developing formalized knowledge management and marketing strategies, or could incorporate these practices into daily activities. 52
  • 53. Quality and the Small Audit Shop • Small audit shops present a range of challenges. By their nature, they often have limited staff and budget, requiring the chief audit executive, or broader organization, to give real consideration to the resourcing model that will be used. • Small audit shops need to be staffed by people with appropriate skills, experience, and attitude. One nonperforming staff member in a team of three can have a major negative impact on morale and productivity, unlike in large, internal audit functions where nonperformers can remain relatively inconspicuous. • Despite the added complexity associated with small audit shops, many internal auditors view them as a dynamic and stimulating place to work presenting the internal auditor with vast, constant opportunities to demonstrate creativity and innovation 53

Notas do Editor

  1. Kualitas audit internal: mengembangkan jaminan kualitas dan program peningkatan Buku ini akan membantu kepala audit eksekutif dan auditor internal untuk mengembangkan jaminan kualitas dan program peningkatan dan menanamkan proses yang meningkatkan kualitas fungsi audit internal mereka. Buku ini melihat apa yang merupakan kualitas, dan bagaimana pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang driver kualitas dapat mengarah pada praktik audit internal yang lebih berharga. Sebagian besar auditor internal memahami kualitas dan kinerja. Praktik audit internal yang baik menetapkan wilayah dan aktivitas organisasi terhadap kriteria yang diterima umum. Buku ini memberikan kriteria yang serupa untuk fungsi audit internal untuk membandingkan diri mereka. This book will assist chief audit executives and internal auditors to develop a quality assurance and improvement program and embed processes that enhance the quality of their internal audit function. The book looks at what constitutes quality, and how a greater understanding of quality drivers can lead to more valuable internal audit practices. Most internal auditors understand quality and performance. Good internal audit practice benchmarks organizational areas and activities against commonly accepted criteria. This book provides similar criteria for internal audit functions to benchmark themselves against
  2. Audit internal adalah kegiatan assurance dan konsultasi independen, obyektif yang dirancang untuk menambah nilai dan meningkatkan operasi organisasi. Ini membantu organisasi mencapai tujuannya dengan membawa pendekatan yang sistematis dan disiplin untuk mengevaluasi dan meningkatkan efektivitas proses manajemen risiko, kontrol, dan tata kelola.
  3. Audit internal dapat ditelusuri kembali ke Kekaisaran Persia. Murray (1976) menyebutkan awal dari audit internal untuk Darius the Great, “yang memerintah rakyatnya dari 521 hingga 425 SM” Darius menjalankan pemerintahannya pada waktu yang berbeda sepanjang tahun dari empat ibukota yang tersebar di berbagai bagian negara - Persepolis, Ecbatana , Susa, dan Ctesiphon. Kerajaannya dibagi menjadi 20 provinsi, masing-masing dikelola oleh satrap yang membayar pajak ke kekaisaran sesuai dengan kekayaan provinsi. Agar kejujuran aturan satrap dapat dibentuk, Darius mengirim perwakilan ke semua bagian kerajaannya. Mereka dikenal sebagai "mata dan telinga raja" —mungkin auditor internal pertama.
  4. The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) didirikan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1941 dengan 24 anggota. IIA mengembangkan Pernyataan Tanggung Jawab Audit Internal pada tahun 1947. Menurut Flesher (1996), pernyataan tersebut dimaksudkan “bahwa audit internal terutama berurusan dengan masalah akuntansi dan keuangan, tetapi juga dapat menangani dengan baik hal-hal yang bersifat operasi. Dengan kata lain, penekanannya pada masalah akuntansi dan keuangan, tetapi kegiatan lain juga permainan yang adil untuk auditor internal. ”
  5. IIA telah mengidentifikasi kegiatan yang mendukung misi ini: ■ Mengadvokasi dan mempromosikan nilai yang profesional audit internal tambahkan ke organisasi mereka. ■ Menyediakan peluang dan standar pendidikan dan pengembangan profesional yang komprehensif, serta panduan praktik profesional lainnya, dan program sertifikasi. ■ Meneliti, menyebarluaskan, dan mempromosikan pengetahuan tentang audit internal dan perannya yang tepat dalam kontrol, manajemen risiko, dan tata kelola kepada praktisi dan pemangku kepentingan. ■ Mendidik praktisi dan audiens relevan lainnya tentang praktik terbaik dalam audit internal. ■ Membawa bersama auditor internal dari semua negara untuk berbagi informasi dan pengalaman.
  6. organisasi sektor publik berfokus pada pengeluaran uang publik yang efisien dan efektif entitas korporat berfokus pada memberikan keuntungan kepada pemegang saham
  7. Audit Internal dalam Berbagai Sektor dan Organisasi Meskipun audit internal adalah profesi internasional, negara yang berbeda, dan yurisdiksi di dalam negara, memiliki lingkungan dan budaya pengaturan mereka sendiri yang mempengaruhi sifat dan operasi audit internal.
  8. Standar Internasional untuk Praktik Profesional Audit Internal (Standar) yang dihasilkan oleh IIA adalah satu-satunya standar yang diakui secara internasional untuk audit internal. Meskipun sejumlah negara telah mengembangkan standar audit internal mereka sendiri, ini sebagian besar didasarkan pada Standar IIA. Kerangka Praktik Profesional Internasional (IPPF) adalah panduan otoritatif IIA untuk praktik profesional audit internal. Ini menggabungkan panduan wajib dan sangat dianjurkan
  9. Prinsip-prinsip dan aturan perilaku dibagi menjadi empat kategori: integritas, objektivitas, kerahasiaan, dan kompetensi. Integritas Auditor internal: ■ Harus melakukan pekerjaan mereka dengan kejujuran, ketekunan, dan tanggung jawab. ■ Harus mematuhi hukum dan membuat pengungkapan yang diharapkan oleh hukum dan profesi. ■ Tidak secara sadar menjadi pihak atas kegiatan ilegal atau terlibat dalam tindakan yang dapat didiskreditkan dengan profesi audit internal atau organisasi. ■ Harus menghormati dan berkontribusi pada tujuan organisasi yang sah dan etis.
  10. Objektivitas Auditor internal: ■ Tidak boleh berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas atau hubungan apa pun yang dapat mengganggu atau dianggap mengganggu penilaian yang tidak bias. Partisipasi ini termasuk kegiatan atau hubungan yang mungkin bertentangan dengan kepentingan organisasi. ■ Tidak menerima apa pun yang dapat mengganggu atau dianggap mengganggu penilaian profesional mereka. ■ Harus mengungkapkan semua fakta material yang diketahui kepada mereka bahwa, jika tidak diungkapkan, dapat mengganggu pelaporan kegiatan yang sedang ditinjau.
  11. Kerahasiaan Auditor internal: ■ Harus berhati-hati dalam penggunaan dan perlindungan informasi yang diperoleh selama menjalankan tugasnya. ■ Tidak boleh menggunakan informasi untuk keuntungan pribadi atau dengan cara apa pun yang bertentangan dengan hukum atau merugikan tujuan organisasi yang sah dan etis. Kompetensi Auditor internal: ■ Hanya terlibat dalam layanan-layanan yang mereka miliki pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan pengalaman yang diperlukan. ■ Harus melakukan layanan audit internal sesuai dengan Standar Internasional untuk Praktik Profesional Audit Internal. ■ Harus terus meningkatkan kemahiran mereka dan keefektifan dan kualitas layanan mereka
  12. Pembentukan Institut Auditor Internal telah menjadi penyumbang utama profesionalisasi audit internal. Melalui penerapan seperangkat standar yang diakui secara internasional, auditor internal dapat menunjukkan profesionalisme mereka dan memberikan jaminan kepada manajemen dan komite audit bahwa mereka beroperasi secara etis, transparan, dan tidak memihak.
  13. Kualitas berarti melakukannya dengan benar ketika tidak ada yang melihat. —Henry Ford Auditor internal diposisikan sempurna untuk merangkul proses kualitas untuk meningkatkan fungsi audit internal mereka sendiri Mereka harus memiliki pemahaman yang jelas tentang prioritas strategis organisasi, memberi mereka wawasan tentang bidang di mana mereka dapat menambahkan nilai maksimum bagi organisasi secara keseluruhan Auditor internal harus berusaha untuk memenuhi harapan pemangku kepentingan dengan menanamkan proses pengukuran kinerja yang berfokus pada penggunaan sumber daya terbatas yang paling efisien dan efektif.
  14. Keberadaan kualitas hanya dapat ditentukan dengan membandingkan dua produk atau menilai suatu produk terhadap seperangkat standar yang diterima. Persepsi kualitas secara intrinsik terkait dengan persepsi nilai. Aghapour dan rekan (2011) menggambarkan hubungan triangulasi antara keberhasilan organisasi, kepuasan pelanggan, dan kualitas Memberikan produk berkualitas, atau hasil, dapat meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan, dan pada akhirnya mendukung kesuksesan organisasi Internal auditors should consider quality from two perspectives. Pertama, auditor internal harus melihat untuk meningkatkan kualitas mereka produk dan layanan sendiri. Ini akan meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan mereka sendiri— manajemen dan komite audit - dan memastikan permintaan untuk layanan mereka. Kedua, auditor internal harus fokus pada area yang akan meningkatkan kualitas keseluruhan untuk organisasi. Ini membutuhkan pertimbangan strategi dan tujuan utama organisasi.
  15. Kinerja adalah cara di mana organisasi mencapai hasil (yaitu, cara mereka berperilaku dan beroperasi untuk melakukan tindakan) serta output dan hasil dari tindakan ini (yaitu, hasil yang mereka capai). Memeriksa kinerja operasional adalah kegiatan utama untuk auditor internal
  16. Warren Buffett (2014) mengutip guru investasi Ben Graham ketika dia menulis, "Harga adalah apa yang Anda bayar — nilai adalah apa yang Anda dapatkan." nilai adalah konsep abstrak dan subyektif pemahaman nilai akan menjadi pusat keberhasilan setiap organisasi.
  17. Sejumlah model telah muncul sejak 1950-an berfokus pada manajemen dan jaminan kualitas. Banyak dari sistem dan proses manajemen kualitas ini berkonsentrasi pada peningkatan berkelanjutan dan keterlibatan staf di seluruh organisasi dalam memberikan kualitas.
  18. Deming adalah pelopor gerakan manajemen kualitas, yang berfokus pada kebutuhan untuk peningkatan berkelanjutan dari proses organisasi Filosofi kualitasnya menggabungkan 14 elemen berikut (Deming 1986): 1. Ciptakan keteguhan tujuan ke arah peningkatan produk dan layanan. 2. Mengadopsi "filosofi baru" - menghargai usia ekonomi baru. 3. Hentikan ketergantungan pada inspeksi massal. 4. Akhiri kontrak “tender terendah”. 5. Terus-menerus memperbaiki sistem. 6. Melaksanakan pelatihan di tempat kerja. 7. Melembagakan kepemimpinan. 8. Keluar dari rasa takut — dorong komunikasi dua arah yang efektif. 9. Bagilah hambatan antar departemen. 10. Hilangkan slogan dan target menyerukan nol cacat dan melaksanakan kepemimpinan. 11. Izin kebanggaan pengerjaan oleh pekerja. 12. Izin kebanggaan pengerjaan oleh manajemen. 13. Mendorong pendidikan dan perbaikan diri. 14. Biarkan semua orang di perusahaan bekerja untuk mencapai transformasi.
  19. Pendekatan Deming diringkas dalam siklus perbaikan berkelanjutan (atau Deming) Deming menekankan bahwa organisasi harus menjauh dari pengawasan yang berfokus pada kontrol kualitas dan kontrol manajerial yang kaku untuk merangkul perbaikan berkelanjutan dan proses partisipatif.
  20. Juran bekerja di Jepang dari tahun 1950an hingga 1980an. Pada tahun 1951, Buku Panduan Kontrol Kualitas-nya dirilis Ini memperkenalkan trilogi kualitas menggabungkan perencanaan kualitas, kontrol kualitas, dan peningkatan kualitas. Perencanaan kualitas berfokus pada identifikasi pelanggan dan kebutuhan mereka. Kontrol kualitas adalah proses pencapaian sasaran kualitas selama operasi dengan pemeriksaan minimal. Peningkatan kualitas adalah penciptaan perubahan yang bermanfaat untuk mencapai “tingkat kinerja yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya
  21. 10 langkah dalam peningkatan kualitas (Edmund dan Juran 2008): 1. Membangun kesadaran akan kebutuhan dan peluang untuk perbaikan. 2. Tentukan gol untuk perbaikan. 3. Atur untuk mencapai tujuan. 4. Berikan pelatihan di seluruh organisasi. 5. Melaksanakan proyek untuk memecahkan masalah. 6. Laporkan kemajuan. 7. Beri pengakuan. 8. Sampaikan hasil. 9. Simpan skor. 10. Pertahankan momentum dengan membuat bagian perbaikan tahunan dari sistem dan proses reguler perusahaan.
  22. Total quality management (TQM) muncul sebagai konsep pada tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an, yang dipelopori oleh Deming dan Juran Ini didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip ini: ■ Fokus pada pelanggan dan pemangku kepentingan. ■ Libatkan semua orang dalam organisasi dalam partisipasi dan kerja tim. ■ Dukung fokus proses dengan perbaikan dan pembelajaran berkelanjutan. pelaksanaannya terutama melibatkan langkah-langkah berikut: 1. Pelatihan 2. Meningkatkan 3. Mengukur pencapaian 4. Menerapkan manajemen proyek 5. Menciptakan struktur organisasi
  23. Organisasi Internasional untuk Standardisasi (ISO) pertama kali mempublikasikan seri standar kualitas ISO 9000 pada tahun 1987 sebagai model untuk standar jaminan kualitas dalam desain, pengembangan, produksi, instalasi, dan layanan. ISO 9000 mengharuskan organisasi melakukan hal berikut: ■ Operasi dan kegiatan dokumen sesuai dengan standar ISO 9000. ■ Bekerja sesuai dengan dokumen-dokumen ini. ■ Simpan catatan untuk menunjukkan sistem kualitas berfungsi.
  24. Balanced Scorecard Robert Kaplan dan David Norton pertama kali mengusulkan pendekatan balanced scorecard mereka pada tahun 1992. Scorecard berfokus pada menerjemahkan strategi menjadi tindakan, dan mempromosikan langkah menjauh dari langkah-langkah keuangan tradisional Ukuran balanced scorecard dikategorikan ke dalam empat perspektif: keuangan, pelanggan, proses internal, dan pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan.
  25. Objectives : tujuan Measures : Ukuran eksekutif kepala audit adalah peran profesional penuh waktu atau perwira senior dengan tanggung jawab lain, eksekutif kepala audit memiliki utama tanggung jawab untuk pengawasan kualitas audit internal Chambers, Eldridge, and Park (2010)
  26. INPUT ANGGARAN : Penggunaan yang efisien dari anggaran yang tersedia---- 1. Anggaran untuk aktual jam 2.% Waktu audit langsung 3.% Rencana audit Lengkap PROFESIONAL PRAKTEK : Praktik berbasis risiko selaras dengan prioritas strategis 1.% Risiko strategis & prioritas yang dicakup 2. Kesesuaian dengan Standar IIA INPUT STAFFING : Staf yang berkualifikasi dan berpengalaman bekerja dengan efektif 1.% Staf yang berkualifikasi / bersertifikat 2. Jam pelatihan staf 3.% Outsourcing PEMANGKU KEPENTINGAN : Pemangku kepentingan yang puas 1. Kepuasan% 2. # Permintaan Stakeholder 3. # Pertemuan dengan manajemen
  27. Venkatraman dan Gering (2000) mengidentifikasi empat elemen penting untuk keberhasilan penerapan balanced scorecard: 1. Buat strategi eksplisit. Strategi organisasi harus dibuat eksplisit dan dibuat untuk membentuk dasar untuk kartu skor. 2. Pilih ukurannya. Ukuran kinerja harus selaras dengan strategi dan hubungan antara ukuran harus dipahami dengan jelas. 3. Definisikan dan perbaiki. Pengukuran kinerja harus dilakukan agar scorecard menjadi bahasa perusahaan.   4. Berurusan dengan orang. Di atas segalanya, orang dan manajemen perubahan harus dikelola dengan baik.
  28. Auditor internal tidak perlu ahli dalam manajemen kualitas untuk mendapatkan manfaat dari pekerjaan praktisi seperti Deming dan Juran Fungsi audit internal dapat menggabungkan perbaikan berkelanjutan ke dalam proses jaminan kualitas Melakukan hal itu memastikan bahwa auditor internal memaksimalkan nilainya kepada para pemangku kepentingan. Scorecard seimbang umumnya digunakan oleh organisasi untuk memberikan pendekatan multifaset untuk pengukuran kinerja yang melampaui pelaporan keuangan tradisional Mereka menggabungkan langkah-langkah baik memimpin dan lag untuk memberikan wawasan tentang kinerja masa lalu di samping posisi organisasi untuk kesuksesan masa depan
  29. Pengukuran adalah langkah pertama yang mengarah pada kontrol dan akhirnya menuju perbaikan. Jika Anda tidak bisa mengukur sesuatu, Anda tidak dapat memahaminya. Jika Anda tidak dapat memahaminya, Anda tidak dapat mengendalikannya. Jika Anda tidak dapat mengendalikannya, Anda tidak dapat memperbaikinya.
  30. Mengembangkan Kerangka Kualitas Tanggung jawab untuk kualitas audit internal dibagi di antara berbagai pemangku kepentingan, meskipun eksekutif kepala audit harus memikul tanggung jawab utama untuk kualitas Bahkan dalam fungsi audit internal yang sepenuhnya di-outsource, tanggung jawab ini tidak dapat dipindahkan ke penyedia layanan. Komite audit, manajemen senior, staf audit internal, dan penyedia layanan semuanya mendukung fungsi audit internal untuk menanamkan kualitas Setiap pemangku kepentingan memiliki peran untuk dimainkan dalam memaksimalkan nilai audit internal.
  31. Praktik manajemen yang diterima secara umum adalah mengembangkan ukuran SMART. S — Spesifik (satu ukuran sederhana — dibandingkan kombinasi item — yang secara eksplisit menyatakan hasil yang diharapkan) M-Measurable (indikator yang dapat diukur dengan data yang ada atau dengan data yang dapat diproduksi dengan biaya yang wajar) A — Berorientasi tindakan (tindakan yang berpotensi mengarah pada peningkatan berkelanjutan) R — Relevan (tindakan yang terkait dengan strategi audit internal secara keseluruhan) T — Tepat waktu (langkah-langkah yang menetapkan harapan yang realistis dalam kerangka waktu yang dapat dicapai)
  32. dirancang untuk meningkatkan proses pengembangan perangkat lunak, tetapi penerapannya yang lebih luas diakui, dan model diperluas pada tahun 2000 untuk diterapkan pada peningkatan proses di seluruh perusahaan : Meskipun uraian untuk setiap level dapat bervariasi, biasanya berkisar dari proses yang tidak dapat diprediksi, kurang terkontrol, dan reaktif di level 1, untuk didefinisikan dan proses yang dapat diprediksi di level 3, hingga fokus pada praktik dan proses yang baik peningkatan level 5. Setiap level menggabungkan berbagai area proses utama (KPA) yang menguraikan proses kunci yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tingkat kematangan itu. Secara umum, model kematangan akan menggabungkan lima tingkat kematangan. Sementara level dapat didefinisikan dengan cara yang berbeda, penulis mengusulkan lima level seperti yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar 4.1. Yayasan. Standar belum ditetapkan; praktek profesional rutin tidak ada; layanan tidak disediakan secara rutin; staf tidak memenuhi syarat atau tidak berpengalaman. 2. Muncul. Standar diakui tetapi tidak secara rutin dipatuhi; profesional praktik bersifat ad hoc atau individual; penyediaan layanan bersifat ad hoc; staf memiliki beberapa kualifikasi dan / atau pengalaman, tetapi pengetahuan tidak dibagikan secara sistematis. 3. Didirikan. Praktik profesional sesuai dengan standar profesional dan diterapkan secara rutin; anggota staf secara kolektif memiliki keterampilan dan pengalaman yang diperlukan untuk melakukan layanan. 4. Tertanam. Ketentuan layanan memenuhi harapan pemangku kepentingan dan difokuskan pada prioritas strategis; staf disediakan dengan pengembangan terstruktur dan sistematis; layanan termasuk berbagai konsultasi dan jaminan pertunangan. 5. Memimpin. Penyediaan layanan mewakili praktik yang lebih baik / terkemuka; secara kolektif, staf anggota sangat terampil dan berpengalaman; praktik profesional memanfaatkan kepemimpinan teknologi dan proses.
  33. Annual planning ,Engagement planning, Conduct, reporting Perencanaan tahunan Perencanaan keterlibatan ,Mengadakan pelaporan
  34. Menilai Kualitas Secara Internal : Penilaian kualitas internal sangat penting untuk memberikan kualitas audit Mereka sangat penting untuk mengadopsi proses perbaikan berkelanjutan “Deming-style” dan menarik pendekatan peningkatan kualitas Juran. Penilaian internal harus mengukur dan menanggapi tingkat kepuasan atau ketidakpuasan klien Seringkali, eksekutif kepala audit menggunakan tolok ukur untuk menentukan bagaimana fungsi audit internal dibandingkan dengan yang ada di organisasi lain Penilaian internal dapat membantu eksekutif kepala audit untuk mengidentifikasi area kinerja tinggi serta peluang untuk perbaikan Mereka memungkinkan fungsi audit internal untuk terus menanggapi perubahan dalam prioritas organisasi dan harapan para pemangku kepentingan. Penilaian internal juga dapat mempersiapkan eksekutif audit kepala untuk secara efektif memenuhi persyaratan penilaian eksternal.
  35. Jadilah tolok ukur kualitas. Sebagian orang tidak terbiasa dengan lingkungan di mana keunggulan diharapkan. Manajer yang baik tidak takut untuk dikritik. Mereka memahami bahwa orang atau badan independen mungkin mengidentifikasi masalah yang diabaikan, atau proses yang dilakukan lebih efisien di organisasi lain. Penilaian eksternal memberikan ulasan itu
  36. Menilai Kualitas Eksternal : Ada banyak cara bahwa eksekutif kepala audit dapat melakukan penilaian kualitas eksternal. Memilih cara terbaik akan tergantung pada ukuran dan sifat dari fungsi audit internal, meskipun umumnya eksekutif kepala audit akan memilih penilaian eksternal penuh, penilaian diri dengan validasi independen, atau tinjauan sejawat Idealnya, eksekutif kepala audit akan berkonsultasi dengan manajemen senior dan komite audit mengenai pendekatan yang paling tepat untuk organisasi mereka.
  37. Persepsi kuat dan penglihatan lemah. Dalam strategi penting untuk melihat jarak jauh hal-hal seolah-olah mereka dekat dan mengambil pandangan jarak jauh dari hal-hal yang dekat. Miyamoto Musashi
  38. Strategi dan Perencanaan Audit Internal : Melakukan perencanaan strategis yang efektif membantu memastikan keberhasilan fungsi audit internal Perencanaan strategis membantu eksekutif kepala audit dalam memahami harapan manajemen senior dan komite audit Ini memberikan kesempatan bagi para pemangku kepentingan untuk mengartikulasikan apa yang mereka lihat sebagai nilai dari fungsi audit internal, dan melibatkan para pemangku kepentingan dalam proses mendefinisikan jenis peran yang akan dimainkan oleh auditor internal di seluruh organisasi. Proses perencanaan strategis harus menggabungkan penilaian risiko audit internal serta kemampuan dan perencanaan sumber daya. Kepala eksekutif audit harus mempertimbangkan risiko yang terkait dengan manajemen fungsi audit internal serta risiko keterlibatan individu. Mendedikasikan waktu untuk perencanaan strategis memaksimalkan potensi fungsi audit internal untuk mencapai harapan pemangku kepentingan.
  39. IIA, dalam makalahnya, posisi Tiga Baris Pertahanan dalam Manajemen dan Kontrol Risiko yang Efektif (2013b), mengidentifikasi peran dan tanggung jawab yang berbeda di seluruh organisasi untuk koordinasi yang efektif dari manajemen risiko dan pengawasan kontrol.
  40. Area Tanggung Jawab dan Sifat Pekerjaan : Dalam menentukan bidang tanggung jawab dan sifat pekerjaan untuk fungsi audit internal, eksekutif kepala audit harus memiliki pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang kebutuhan dan harapan dari organisasi mereka. Pemahaman ini dapat dicapai melalui perencanaan strategis yang efektif, dan dengan mempertahankan dialog terbuka dan berkelanjutan dengan manajer senior, manajer operasional, dan komite audit Idealnya, fungsi audit internal akan menggabungkan kombinasi jaminan dan keterlibatan konsultasi, yang meliputi tata kelola, manajemen risiko, dan kontrol. Atau, mereka dapat menggabungkan pendekatan terpadu yang mencakup berbagai jenis dan teknik audit.
  41. Piagam Audit Internal : Piagam audit internal adalah elemen kunci dari strategi audit internal dan nilainya diakui melalui IIA Standard 1000. Fungsi audit internal yang efektif memiliki mandat dan tujuan yang jelas Ini beroperasi secara independen dari manajemen dan melakukan kegiatannya secara obyektif Otoritas fungsi audit internal harus secara eksplisit diartikulasikan dalam piagam audit internal serta secara implisit dipromosikan melalui tindakan dan perilaku manajemen senior dan komite audit.
  42. Type of engagement (performance/operational audit, financial audit, IT audit, etc.) jenis pertunangan dapat memberikan saran mengenai kontrol yang diusulkan lingkungan yang terkait dengan sistem yang sedang dikembangkan Nature of work : Kegiatan audit internal harus mengevaluasi dan berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan tata kelola, manajemen risiko, dan proses kontrol menggunakan sistematis dan pendekatan disiplin Authority : Otoritas ini harus memungkinkan auditor internal untuk melakukan tanggung jawab profesional mereka dengan dukungan yang sesuai dari manajemen dan dengan gangguan minimal. Mandate : Mandat mereka, atau tujuan, harus dipahami dengan baik, dan pemahaman ini harus dibagi di seluruh organisasi Responsibility : harus membuat organisasi sadar bahwa organisasi memiliki tanggung jawab untuk menjaga kegiatan audit internal yang efektif.
  43. Staf Internal Audit : Mengalokasikan staf fungsi audit internal bergantung pada model sumber yang tepat, praktik rekrutmen atau pengadaan yang ditargetkan, kapasitas dan kemampuan auditor internal yang memadai, dan sumber daya keuangan yang memadai Pendekatan untuk sumber daya audit internal akan bervariasi antar organisasi Kadang-kadang, keputusan seputar kepegawaian dapat ditentukan oleh sikap atau pendekatan umum organisasi induk. Di lain waktu, eksekutif kepala audit dapat diberikan fleksibilitas untuk mengembangkan model kepegawaian mereka sendiri. Apapun, model ini sering dinamis, menanggapi perubahan dalam struktur organisasi dan tuntutan organisasi
  44. Staf Internal Audit : Eksekutif terbaik adalah orang yang memiliki cukup akal untuk memilih orang baik untuk dilakukan apa yang ingin dia lakukan, dan menahan diri agar tidak ikut campur dengan mereka sementara mereka melakukannya. Mengalokasikan staf fungsi audit internal bergantung pada model sumber yang tepat, praktik rekrutmen atau pengadaan yang ditargetkan, kapasitas dan kemampuan auditor internal yang memadai, dan sumber daya keuangan yang memadai Pendekatan untuk sumber daya audit internal akan bervariasi antar organisasi Kadang-kadang, keputusan seputar kepegawaian dapat ditentukan oleh sikap atau pendekatan umum organisasi induk. Di lain waktu, eksekutif kepala audit dapat diberikan fleksibilitas untuk mengembangkan model kepegawaian mereka sendiri. Apapun, model ini sering dinamis, menanggapi perubahan dalam struktur organisasi dan tuntutan organisasi
  45. Mengelola dan Mengukur Kinerja Staf : Fungsi audit internal perlu tetap mengikuti tren dan praktik yang muncul untuk terus menambah nilai bagi organisasi Auditor internal harus memiliki pemahaman tentang bisnis di mana mereka beroperasi. Mereka juga perlu menjadi ahli dalam pemerintahan, manajemen risiko, dan kontrol Semua auditor internal, terlepas dari pengalaman bertahun-tahun mereka, perlu melakukan pengembangan profesional berkelanjutan Ini harus disesuaikan dengan keterampilan dan pengalaman khusus dari masing-masing auditor internal dan harus berhubungan kembali dengan kebutuhan kemampuan keseluruhan dari fungsi audit internal.
  46. Praktik Profesional Audit Internal : Ketika meninjau area operasional, auditor internal sering akan mencari keberadaan kebijakan dan prosedur, dan menentukan sejauh mana ini diterapkan Auditor internal menyadari bahwa kebijakan dan prosedur membentuk kontrol arahan kunci bagi organisasi. Kebijakan audit internal beroperasi dengan cara yang sama. Mereka membantu memandu auditor internal untuk beroperasi secara konsisten dan profesional. Kebijakan dan prosedur memberikan jaminan untuk mengaudit klien bahwa mereka diperlakukan secara adil dan tidak memihak, dan menetapkan patokan yang dapat digunakan oleh auditor internal.
  47. Perencanaan Audit Tahunan : Melakukan praktik yang lebih baik, perencanaan audit berbasis risiko memastikan bahwa eksekutif audit kepala mengarahkan sumber daya di daerah yang paling mungkin untuk menambah nilai bagi organisasi Tanpa perencanaan yang memadai, pimpinan eksekutif auditor mungkin tidak memenuhi harapan pemangku kepentingan. Perubahan struktural dan operasional yang konstan akan membutuhkan eksekutif kepala audit untuk menilai kembali secara rutin relevansi rencana mereka untuk menentukan apakah audit yang diusulkan juga harus disesuaikan Risiko organisasi mungkin dipengaruhi oleh berkurangnya sumber daya atau kegiatan tambahan, dan merger dan akuisisi akan mengubah sifat organisasi Masing-masing ini perlu dipertimbangkan dalam merencanakan keterlibatan di masa depan ..
  48. Merencanakan Keterlibatan : Selama perencanaan keterlibatan, fungsi audit internal harus fokus pada bagaimana mereka mengharapkan keterlibatan akan berkontribusi untuk menambah nilai dan meningkatkan operasi organisasi. Pada akhir proses perencanaan, auditor internal harus dapat dengan jelas menunjukkan mengapa keterlibatan harus dilakukan.
  49. Melakukan Keterlibatan : Fungsi audit internal berkualitas tinggi harus beroperasi sebagai teman penting bagi manajemen - dengan independensi yang cukup untuk memberikan penilaian operasi yang tidak memihak, tetapi dengan tujuan akhir untuk mendukung keberhasilan organisasi Dengan berkolaborasi dengan manajemen untuk mencapai hasil organisasi yang berkualitas, audit internal memiliki potensi untuk menambah nilai yang signifikan. Fungsi audit internal harus mengadopsi pendekatan yang sistematis dan transparan terhadap kerja lapangannya. Ini harus mengacu pada kebijakan dan prosedur yang ditetapkan untuk memaksimalkan potensi bahwa kerja lapangan dilakukan secara profesional.
  50. Komunikasi dan Pengaruh : Komunikasi adalah salah satu elemen terpenting dari fungsi audit internal Ketika dilakukan secara efektif, memungkinkan eksekutif kepala audit dan auditor internal untuk menggunakan pengaruh positif atas suatu organisasi Ini memposisikan fungsi audit internal sebagai mitra strategis dan profesional, dan memaksimalkan nilai bahwa audit internal dapat menawarkan suatu organisasi.
  51. Manajemen Pengetahuan dan Pemasaran : Manajemen pengetahuan dan pemasaran akan mendukung fungsi audit internal untuk meningkatkan nilai yang ditawarkan kepada organisasi Eksekutif audit kepala dapat mempertimbangkan pengembangan manajemen pengetahuan yang diformalkan dan strategi pemasaran, atau dapat menggabungkan praktik-praktik ini ke dalam aktivitas sehari-hari.
  52. Kualitas dan Toko Audit Kecil : Toko audit kecil menyajikan berbagai tantangan. Berdasarkan sifatnya, mereka sering memiliki staf dan anggaran terbatas, membutuhkan eksekutif kepala audit, atau organisasi yang lebih luas, untuk memberikan pertimbangan nyata terhadap model sumber daya yang akan digunakan. Toko audit kecil perlu dikelola oleh orang-orang dengan keterampilan, pengalaman, dan sikap yang tepat. Salah satu anggota staf yang tidak bekerja dalam tim yang terdiri dari tiga orang dapat memiliki dampak negatif yang besar terhadap moral dan produktivitas, tidak seperti pada umumnya, fungsi audit internal di mana orang yang tidak mampu dapat tetap relatif tidak menarik perhatian. Terlepas dari kerumitan tambahan yang terkait dengan toko audit kecil, banyak auditor internal memandangnya sebagai tempat yang dinamis dan menstimulasi untuk bekerja menghadirkan auditor internal dengan peluang luas dan konstan untuk menunjukkan kreativitas dan inovasi.