Author: Navdeep Kumar
www.navdeepkumar.com
m

PREFACE
HR Interviews prepares you for anything that might come your way during the all-important interview. It
covers the various aspects of placements .Whether you're interviewing for an entry-level job or a top-level
management position, this thorough guide provides answers for almost any question you can imagine-plus,
it arms you with smart questions hiring managers want you to ask. This book has been written for
Engineering, M.Tech, M.B.A, M.C.A, diploma students and BPO jobs. The HR interviews book in
response to the desire of numerous inquisitive students from every field who want to get good job in
reputed MNCs. It covers Resume creation, Cover letters, Interview Tips and the latest Interviews techniques
(e.g. Telephonic Interviews) which are adopting by Indian Companies. Such as General Motors, Microsoft,
IBM, TCS, Wipro and other MNCs. Expert advice on telephone interviews, Group Discussion, following
up the interview, and salary negotiation has been covered in a simple language.
Now You Can Have Any Job You Want!
Learn How To Take Control Of Your Interview And Have Your Interviewer Begging
To Hire You With A Step-By-Step Guide That Will Show You Exactly What To
Say, How To Say It...Even When To Say It. The Perfect Interview Is Only A Few
Minutes Away...
From pre-interview research to follow-up calls, the authors walk you through every step of the interview
process, providing the tips and tools you need to succeed in every interview. Practice exercises let you
practice your perfect response, and helpful sample answers guide you on your way. You'll get excellent
advice on customizing your resume for any position and on mastering the art of the interview.
The book covers step-by-step guidelines, ready-to-use interview questions and other valuable hiring tools
that will help get great employees on board quickly and effectively. This book is one of the most practical
and useful interviewing guide. Organization of book into different chapters goes straight to the point right
from the beginning and helps you unveil questions behind those interview questions. It is useful not only for
interviewee but for interviewer as well. Any suggestion from any reader for improvement of the book will
be thankfully accepted.
Good Luck!
Navdeep Kumar

Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Cover Letters
Chapter 3
How to create Curriculum Vitae
Chapter 4
Interview Techniques
Chapter 5
Telephonic Interviews
Chapter 6
How to answer Interview Questions
Chapter 7
Group discussion
Chapter 8
Interviews to Get admission in Higher Studies
Chapter 9
How to handle illegal Questions
Chapter 10
How to Negotiate Salary
Chapter 11
Questions to ask the Interviewer
Chapter 12
Handling difficult Interview Situations
Chapter 13
Interview Follow-up
Chapter 14
Common Interview Mistakes
Chapter 15
Finer points of Interview strategies
Chapter 16
Practice Tests

Cover letters
Chapter
Cover letters
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Purpose
Five rules to keep in mind
Recommended cover letter outline
Email cover letters
Avoid cover letter mistakes
Sample cover letters
1

Cover letters
PURPOSE
A cover letter is the job seeker's introduction to the employer or recruiter. It can also be a marketing
device. It highlights a few specific points in the job seeker's experience and skills that match or
exceed the requirements of the job.
As you begin your job search, you will find that many employers will not only request your resume, but will
expect a cover letter as well. Many people overlook the importance of a cover letter, and instead only focus on
putting an effort into their resume. However, the cover letter is just as important in getting an employer to call
you for an interview. In considering how to write a cover letter with resume it is appropriate to first consider
what must be written into your cover letter. First, your cover letter should state what job you are applying for,
as well as, the qualifications you possess to do this job. The cover letter should leave the employer wanting to
know more about you, and cause the reviewer to call you for an interview.
Another factor to consider beyond the content of the cover letter is its presentation. When learning
how to write a cover letter with resume, the applicant should use quality paper to print the cover
letter and resume.. Not only should the cover letter be printed on quality paper, it should look
professional without any creases, stains or smudges.
The reason it is important to put as much effort into learning how to write a cover letter with your
resume is the fact that the cover letter will speak for you first. Within this letter, you will briefly
provide the reasons why the employer should consider hiring you. The cover letter is an important
tool in making your resume stands out from the other resumes that the employer will receive.
FIVE RULES TO KEEP IN MIND:
1. Put Yourself in the Employer’s Shoes
Never forget who your audience is and why you are writing this letter, it should be employer-focused. In your first
paragraph, you need to quickly and clearly answer the employer’s unspoken questions
:
“Who are you?”
“Why have you contacted me?”
“Why should I be interested in meeting you?”
To answer the last question, you need to do some research on the firm. An effective cover letter will
(a) Highlight skills and abilities of most interest to the specific employer reading your letter based on your
knowledge of their needs
(b) Demonstrate that you are familiar with their particular organization.
2. Don’t Re-State Your Resume
Your cover letter should not re-hash your resume. The cover letter is an opportunity to make explicit
how the skills you developed previously will be beneficial to this particular employer. The second
paragraph of your letter should articulate explicitly where your characteristics and experiences meet
their needs. Your introductory sentence or two can assert accomplishments, e.g., “I have developed
strong writing skills” or “solid analytical abilities,” but you must have examples that support your
2

Cover letters
claims or conclusions (awards, commendations by employer, professor). If you cannot think of any
experience or award that demonstrates this quality or attribute to support your proposition, don’t
make the claim. It cannot just be your opinion.
3. Style
A successful cover letter is concise, quickly absorbed, sounds genuine and rings sincere. Don’t write
complex, convoluted sentences, or use obscure words in an effort to sound sophisticated and highly
educated. Instead, you will come across as pompous and insincere and your letter will be discarded
before the reader gets to the signature line. Confidence and competence will be best conveyed
through simple, straightforward language. Don’t use outrageous superlatives. Remember that you are
a law student building your legal career on a solid academic and practical foundation. Avoid phrases
such as “I’m the perfect candidate for this position because…” or “I am confident I will exceed your
expectations in every way.” Blunt statements like these rings hollow. Make plausible claims and be
sure to support them with credible accounts from your experiences
4. Lying – Don’t!
Don’t manufacture a story, or embellish an experience or credential to impress a prospective
employer. One lie begets another and, typically, you get caught somewhere along the way and the
results will be devastating. Integrity is critical in this profession. You want to begin developing a
reputation for being trustworthy and honest now.
5. Avoid Typos and Grammatical Errors
Your sentence structure, punctuation and spelling should be flawless. Don’t give the employer a
reason to toss your application in the “reject” pile. Does the inside address match the salutation?
Always address your letter to the person responsible for legal hiring, not simply “Hiring Partner.”
Make sure the right letter goes into the right envelope. These things may seem intuitive, but many
qualified candidates are immediately rejected for seemingly “minor” errors. Attorneys will cut you
no slack for a simple typo or, even worse, letters that are sloppy, reflect poor editing or proofing. Nor
should they! If you can’t produce a final product that is flawless about yourself, why would an
attorney trust you to competently handle client matters? Don’t rush to get them out or prepare the
letters when you are too tired to be aware of mistakes. Take the extra time to do the job well and you
will receive a better response to your letters.
RECOMMENDED COVER LETTER OUTLINE
Note: Use proper business letter format and make sure your address, phone number and e-mail appear at the top of
the page. Use good quality bond paper.
1.
Introductory Paragraph
Remember that this paragraph answers the questions:
• “Who are you?”
• “Why have you contacted me?”
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Cover letters
• “Why should I be interested in meeting you?”
In other words, this paragraph immediately establishes your employment interest and generates interest in you.
If you have a mutual acquaintance, or someone referred you to the individual you are writing, use that in your
opening line: [Name of referring party] recommended that I contact you.
Follow this with an explanation of what you are seeking, for example:
As a first year law student at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law with a strong interest in natural
resources law, I am very interested in pursuing a law clerk position with your firm.
Or, something along these lines:
[Referring party] has described your practice in the area of intellectual property as “cutting edge.” As a first year
law student at the University Of Denver Sturm College Of Law with a technical background and keen interest in
patent law, I am very interested in clerking for your firm.
2. The Body of the Letter – Paragraph Two
This section of the letter describes specific training, achievements or experiences that highlight your strengths and
abilities and demonstrate the value you can bring to this particular employer.
Remember: don’t simply repeat the information in your resume. Highlight items of particular relevance to this
employer in this paragraph. Keep in mind you are answering the employer’s unspoken question: Why should I meet
you?
3. The Final Paragraph – Paragraph Three
State your action plan! This is where you tell the employer what you will do in terms of follow up. Tell him her
you will follow up within 10 days to see if an interview or meeting can be arranged. Thank the addressee for her
time and consideration. Here are a few examples:
I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss the possibility of summer employment with your
firm. I will be in Kansas City during my holiday break, December 15-31. If I haven’t heard from you before that
time, I will call you to schedule an appointment. Thank you for your consideration.
If my experience and background meet your requirements for a new associate, please contact me at the address or
telephone number listed above. I look forward to hearing from you and appreciate your consideration.
I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss how my background may fit your needs. I will contact you within the
next two weeks to see if we might arrange a meeting. Thank you for your consideration.
If for some reason you are unable to follow-up (generally not recommended), close by saying:
If my experience and background meet your requirements for a new associate, please contact me at the address or
telephone number listed above. I look forward to hearing from you and appreciate your consideration.
EMAIL COVER LETTERS
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Cover letters

Online cover letters are notoriously awful, poorly written throwaways. It's going over the
Internet, but it's the same product. The cover is very important and should be the same quality
as if you were mailing it.

Include the same type of information, in a shorter version. Don't rehash resume, tell them
where you learned about the listing, why you're right for the job, and how they can reach you.

If you are including your resume as an attachment, make sure the prospective employer
accepts attachments and then state in your cover letter the program you used to create the
attachment. ("I've enclosed a resume written in Microsoft Word 2000") You also might want
to include a cut and paste text version of your resume, in case the person reading the resume
doesn't have the software to open your attachment.

Save a copy of whatever you send by including your own email address in the "BCC" field or
by making sure a copy goes to your "Sent Mail" folder. This allows you to resend the letter if
a problem pops up.

Do not fill in the recipient's email address until you've finished writing and editing the cover
letter and resume. This prevents you from accidentally sending off the message before it is
ready.

If you really want the job, follow up an emailed cover letter and resume with a hard copy in
the mail to give you another chance for exposure. Include a cover letter in the hard copy also,
and include, "I recently emailed you my resume and I'm following up with this hard copy."
For formatting, stick to left-justified headers and four-inch wide text lines in your paragraphs.
The address you're mailing to may have a small email page format that will awkwardly wrap
text around the screen. Many email systems cannot handle text enhancements like bolding,
bulleting, or underlining, so play it safe by using CAPITAL LETTERS -- or dashes -- if you
need to make an emphasis.
AVOID THESE COVER LETTER MISTAKES
Your cover letter shows employers how well you express yourself. It can also demonstrate that you
are savvy in the ways of marketing yourself and selling your best qualifications. A good cover letter
can entice the recipient to review your resume. A bad cover letter, on the other hand, can nip your
chances in the bud. Here are some mistakes that contribute to bad cover letters. To ensure that your
cover letter is effective, make sure you don't commit any of the following errors. Some of these are
obvious mistakes while others are easier to miss. But they all have one thing in common; you should
avoid them at all costs!
Oops!
Despite the fact that companies consistently demand that applicants submit cover letters along with
their resumes, many job seekers still believe the cover letter to be nothing but a mild formality.
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Cover letters
Sometimes they don't bother sending a cover letter at all or just one paragraph notes, quickly belted
out with little thought.
When you send a poor cover letter, you send the message that you can't get the job done, even when
quality is essential. Unless you enjoy sitting around in the house ducking calls from bill collectors,
that's not the kind of message you want to send.
Too short is too bad
Many people send one paragraph, two- or three-sentence throwaway notes in place of real cover
letters.
Or they confuse the cover letter with a dashed-off note, such as the fax coversheet. A cover letter
should have three to four paragraphs, no paragraphs of over six lines long, with the longest one being
the middle one or two, and the shortest one being the final, summation paragraph. The idea is to
make the document brief and easily readable while still demonstrating a professional, thoughtful
manner.
Ms. Namachi,
I am very interested in the position you have advertised and would very much
enjoy working at Minton Advertising. Although I am only available for the
summer, I hope that you can review my resume and that it might be possible for
me to work at Minton this summer.
Thank you for your consideration.
Aatherine Breedon
Failing to address the letter to the specific name of the recipient
Addressing the letter to "Dear Personnel Director/HR Director," "To Whom It May Concern," "Dear Sir or
Madam" (or worse, "Dear Sirs") instead of a named individual are all lazy approaches that show the employer
that you were not concerned enough to find out the name of the person with the hiring power. It's not always
easy to find the name of the specific hiring manager, but try to do so if at all possible. Usually, you can just call
6

Cover letters
the company and ask who the hiring manager is for a given position. Tap into your personal network to learn
the names of hiring managers. Let's say a company post an opening online. You know someone who works at
the company. Ask your contact to find out the name of the person hiring for that position. Also use the library,
phone book, and Internet to track down names of hiring managers.
The worst-case scenario is that your letter will begin "Dear Hiring Manager for [name of position]:" It's not the
best approach, but if you absolutely cannot find a name, this salutation does at least provide some specificity.
Telling the employer what the company can do for you instead of what you can do for the company
This mistake is particularly common among new college graduates and other inexperienced job-seekers. In
most cases, employers are in business to make a profit. They want to know what you can do for their bottom
line, not what they can do to fulfill your career dreams. Tell the employer how you can meet his or her needs
and contribute to the company.
Leaving the ball in the employer's court
Too many cover letters end with a line like this: "I look forward to hearing from you." Proactive cover letters, in
which the job-seeker requests an interview and promises to follow up with a phone call, are far more effective.
Don't be vague about your desire to be interviewed. Come right out and ask for an interview. Then, take your
specific action a step farther and tell the recipient that you will contact him or her in a specified period of time
to arrange an interview appointment. Obviously, if you say you will follow up, you have to do so. If you take
this proactive approach and follow up, you will be much more likely to get interviews than if you did not follow
up. This follow-up aspect is another good reason to obtain the specific name of the hiring manager. Here's a
sample closing paragraph requesting specific action and describing the writer's planned follow-up.
I would like to be considered for a sales position in which someone of my background could make a
contribution. I will contact you soon to arrange for an interview. Should you require any additional information,
I can be contacted at the phone numbers listed above.
Being boring and formulaic
Don't waste your first paragraph by writing a boring introduction. Use the first paragraph to grab the
employer's attention. Tell the employer why you are writing and summarize the reasons you are qualified for
the position, expanding on your qualifications in later paragraphs. Don't use such clichés as "Enclosed please
find my resume" or "As you can see on my resume enclosed herewith." Employers can see that your resume
is enclosed; they don't need you to tell them. Such trite phrases just waste precious space. Write a letter that
will make the employer want to get to know you better.
Silliness
In attempt to let their personality and humor soak through the cotton-bound paper, many applicants try to
make their cover letters funny. But these attempts rarely work. You have no way of knowing if your
prospective boss shares your sense of humor. More broadly speaking, the cover letter offers a sample of your
ability to conduct business-like communications. Clowning around can disguise your professionalism.
Poor grammar and misspellings
No one wants to make grammatical or spelling errors, but applicants nevertheless consistently submit
cover letters with small, thoughtless, yet deadly errors.
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Cover letters
Many problems slip through because people have a difficult time seeing the mistakes in their own
writing. So ask someone else to proofread the cover letter for you. 1£ that's not possible, read the
document aloud, slowly and word by word. Every time you make a correction, read the whole
document over again. Writers make many mistakes during the final editing process as they make
corrections, particularly with tense and word placements.
Michel James
150-1321st Avenue
NY 11377 (718) 204-2113
December 19, 2004
I am actively seeking an opportunity for enhanced career growth - ideally, a
challenge in which my administrative abilities could be utilized to there fullest.
Increasingly responsible experience has enabled me to develop the kinds of experience
that I would bring to any position. One particular characteristic of my work has
been the degree of initiative that has been required and that, in fact, I have
demonstrated, and my colleagues have continued to recognize my professional skill
and facility at meeting organization objectives.
I am a highly organized individual who is able to juggle many different types of
tasks simultaneously, as evident in my current position.
For your review I have enclosed my resume
qualifications and work experiences to date.
that
summarizes
both
educational
I fully realize that this brief letter can not describe either the range of
benefits I would bring to any position or the types of results I would hope to
produce. Therefore, I would greatly appreciate the opportunity of speaking with you
personally at your earliest convenience.
Sincerely,
Michel James
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Cover letters
Rehashing your resume
You can use your cover letter to highlight the aspects of your resume that are relevant to the position, but
you're wasting precious space -- and the potential employer's time -- if you simply repeat your resume.
Rambling on too long and telling the story of your life/career
Keep you letter as brief as possible. Never, never more than one page. Keeping to four or five paragraphs of
no more than three sentences each is a good guideline. Using bullet points in the letter is a good way to break
up blocks of text and interest the reader. Some job-seekers tend to use their cover letters to provide a
narrative of their life or career. That's not what the letter is all about; it's a marketing tool that should focus on
the qualifications that will sell you to the employer. Your letter should answer the question that the employer
will be asking while reading the words you've written: "Why should I hire this person?" Answer with your
Unique Selling Proposition. Use simple language and uncomplicated sentence structure. Ruthlessly eliminate
all unnecessary words.
Using wimpy language
Avoid such phrases as "I feel" and "I believe." Your statements will be much stronger without them. It's best to
either leave off the qualifier or use a stronger qualifier, such as "I am confident," I am convinced," or "I am
positive."
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Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter
(No Work Experience/Fresher)
March 16, 2006
123 Some Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R2W 0L7
Mr. Kumar
Research Director
Unicity Laboratories
780 Wolseley Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3G 1C6
Dear Mr. Kumar,
I am writing to apply for the position of Biological Technician, as advertised on your homepage March 10,
2007. Your recent move into the field of food safety and quality is of particular interest to me as I plan to
pursue a career in this area.
Recently I graduated from the University of Manitoba with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) majoring in
Biology. This program allowed me the opportunity to learn and practice the various microbiological analysis
procedures necessary for this type of research. Of particular relevance is the research project I completed in
my final year on Paralytic Shellfish Poison. Through this work, I developed a strong understanding of the
types and causes of bacterial food poisoning, as well as the necessary extraction and bioassay procedures used
for detection. As many of my lab assignments involved working in groups, I have developed strong teamwork
skills, and enjoy such an environment.
I will contact you the week of March 25, 2006 to ensure that you received this resume and to answer any
questions which you may have. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Jasica Bedi
10

Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter
(Replying to an advertised job - Financial Services)
Jill West
24 Third Ave
COOGEE NSW 2256
Ph: 9555 7983
March 26th , 2006
Mr. Joshi
Human Resources Manager
Childrens Hospital Westmead
WESTMEAD NSW 2444
Dear Mr. Joshi,
Re: Financial Services Manager
The Financial Services Manager position, advertised in the newspaper ‘The Tribune’ on 23/12/06, caught my
attention as it involves the challenge of improving financial reporting procedures company wide and the
application of specialist management and taxation accounting knowledge. I have been seeking just such an
opportunity as this, and I think my background in Financial Services would complement your requirements
very well.
Of particular interest for you and the members of your team are my strong accomplishments in:
 reorganizing accounting and invoicing functions to achieve improved operating efficiency.
 improving cash flow for the institution as a whole.
 reducing outstanding invoices.
Examples of specific achievements are:
 reduced the average turnaround time for invoices from 32 to 24 days.
 reduced casual staff hours from 56 to 41 per month with concurrent decrease in training hours
required.
 improved cash flow by $1.2 million per month.
My contributions to the department in my current role have been achieved by improving information flow,
increasing the efficiency of our internal processes and procedures, and improving cooperation between our
department and the departments with which we interact. After five years in my current role, I have a thorough
11

Cover letters
understanding of every aspect of this function. Although my current employer is very happy with my
performance, I am seeking new challenges and the opportunity to develop my skills in a management role.
If you are seeking a Financial Manager who stays abreast of her field, who understands a range of financial
systems, who is an enthusiastic team member and who is committed to achieving organisation-wide success,
then please consider what I have to offer. My C.V. is enclosed for your review. I would be happy to have a
preliminary discussion with you or members of your committee to discuss the requirements of the position. I
will call you within the week to answer any initial questions you may have and to provide any further
documentation you may require.
Thank you for your consideration of my application. I look forward to exploring this opportunity further.
Yours sincerely,
Amit Mehta
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Cover letters
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Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter
(Sending an application where you have been told there is a position)
Ravinder singh
111 Harris Street
FIVE DOCK NSW 2046
Ph: 9712 2222
Email: lbloom@example.com
20 October 2000
Ms Vanessa Watson
Marketing Director
Comspec Incorporated
111 Kent Street
SYDNEY NSW 2000
Dear Ms Watson
Public Relations Position
Sunita Rao, a mutual acquaintance, recently passed on the information that you may soon have an opening in
your Public Relations Department. If so, I am interested in being considered for the position as I would value
the opportunity to undertake the constant communication challenges and changes as they arise at Comspec.
My research about Comspec shows that it thrives in the competitive financial technology industry through well
researched and strategic relationship marketing and through tight product branding. Both strategies were
heavily utilized by my project team in a major marketing project I completed at university.
In December I completed a Bachelor’s Degree, majoring in Media and Communications, with a second
major in Marketing and a stream of subjects in publication relations, from the University of New South
Wales. This hands-on course provided me with skills in media liaison, copy writing, editing, branding, account
management and relationship marketing. Complementing my education based skills were the skills in desktop
publishing, web page design and press release drafting gained from summer vacation work experience in
public relations for a fast growing technology firm.
The enclosed resume provides specific details about my experience, skills and qualifications. Please feel free
to visit my personal web site at www.mywork.com where you can view samples of my web designs, writing
and press releases.
Should you wish to meet with me to discuss my suitability for a position with your company, please telephone
me on 98888 3333 or email me at r.s.joshi@example.com. I will call you in one week, if I do not hear from you
sooner.
Thank you very much for your consideration.
Yours sincerely
Ravinder singh
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Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter
(Email version)
March 14, 2007
Ms. Mary Prince
Director of Personnel
Large National Bank Corporation
Roanoke, VA 124040
cprince@largebank.com
Dear Ms. Prince:
As I indicated in our telephone conversation yesterday, I would like to apply for the marketing research
position you advertised in the March 12th edition of the Roanoke Times and World News. With my
undergraduate research background, my training in psychology and sociology, and my work experience, I
believe I could make a valuable contribution to Large National Bank Corporation in this position.
In May I will complete my Bachelor of Science in Psychology with a minor in Sociology from Georga
Polytechnic Institute and State University. As part of the requirements for this degree, I am involved in a
senior marketing research project that has given me experience interviewing and surveying research subjects
and assisting with the analysis of the data collected. I also have completed a course in statistics and research
methods.
In addition to academic work, my experience also includes working part-time as a bookkeeper in a small
independent bookstore with an annual budget of approximately $150,000. Because of the small size of this
business, I have been exposed to and participated in most aspects of managing a business, including
advertising and marketing. As the bookkeeper, I produced monthly sales reports that allow the owner/buyer to
project seasonal inventory needs. I also assisted with the development of ideas for special promotional events
and calculated book sales proceeds after each event in order to evaluate its success.
I believe that the combination of my business experience and social science research training is well-suited to
the marketing research position you described. I have enclosed a copy of my resume with additional
information about my qualifications. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to receiving your
reply.
Sincerely,
Jessica Bedi
210 Prices Fork Road
Blacksburg, VA 124060
(5140) 552-1234
jessica.bedi@vt.edu
Resume text included in email below and attached as MS Word document
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Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter
(Sending an application where there has been no advertisement)
Mohit Saha
23/11 Crown Street
MELBOURNE VIC 3000
Ph: 99885566
Email: mohiti@yahoo.com
20 October 2006
Mr Graham Sharpe
Human Resources Officer
Sunbeam
222 George Street
SYDNEY NSW 2000
Dear Mr Sharpe
I understand that your firm is expanding its operations in Australia in line with its commitment to a global
growth strategy. As a recent university graduate with a degree in Business Management, I am well prepared
to deal with the tasks involved in managing resources and staff in an expanding organizational climate. Now
that my studies have been successfully completed, I would like to offer my services to your company.
You will see that along with my academic preparation, I have substantial marketing experience gained through
part-time employment and an internship in Sydney with Kelvinator. At Kelvinator, I assisted the Marketing
Manager in a re-branding project for two major product lines, which has boosted sales for those product lines
by 25% and 35%. These projects further developed my project management, market research and product
development skills. My work record in these situations has been exemplary, as evidenced by my enclosed
performance reports.
During my recent studies in Business Management, I achieved a solid credit average in my results overall and
a distinction average in the marketing major. These results reflect well-developed analytical and problem
solving skills, thorough research skills and a solid theoretical underpinning in business and marketing theory.
With relevant marketing experience, management capabilities and strong interest in product development, I
am seeking an entry-level position in marketing, product development or business management with
Sunbeam and I am available for part-time or full time employment.
Thank you for your consideration.
Yours sincerely
Mohit Saha
16

Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter
(Cover Letter of a Electrical Engineer in Response to a Classified Ad)
Naveen Kumar
1111 First Street | Anytown, ST 00000 | 123-456-7890 |
Navi@gmail.com
May 21, 2007
Ms. Nancy Wilson
Vice President of Engineering
XYZ Engineering Corporation
1233 Elm Street
Anytown, ST 12345
Dear Ms. Wilson:
Please consider me for the entry level Electrical Engineering position that is currently available with your
company. My enthusiasm and dedication earned me a GPA of 4.0 in the electrical engineering program at
the Acme Institute of Technology, as well as several academic awards and honors outlined on the attached
résumé.
Challenging projects have always attracted my interest. Both inside and outside the classroom, I have
assumed leadership roles and have been able to creatively solve problems. As President of the Student
Chapter of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, I served as project manager for the annual
engineering competition where our college engineering team designed and built a robotic mouse that beat out
all other college teams competing in the competition. Immediately after graduating, I worked for several
months as an intern for an electronics company where I was able to design a circuit board text fixture that
reduced my employer's testing costs significantly.
During the past two years, I have been employed as a Developmental Technician at Acme University where I
have consistently demonstrated my ability to perform any tasks assigned with little or no supervision. I am
quite adept at multi-tasking, performing various electrical, mechanical and IT duties as outlined on my résumé.
I feel confident that my education and experience would make me an excellent candidate for this
position. Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to meeting you.
Sincerely,
Naveen Kumar
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Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter
(Letter of inquiry about employment possibilities, e-mail version by (Mechanical engineer)
December 12, 2006
Mr. Robert Burns
President, Template Division
MEGATEK Corporation
9845 Technical Way
Arlington, VA 22207
burns@megatek.com
Dear Mr. Burns:
I learned of MEGATEK through online research using the Career Search database through Career Services at
Virginia Tech where I am completing my Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering. From my research on
your web site, I believe there would be a good fit between my skills and interests and your needs. I am
interested in a software engineering position upon completion of my degree in May 2008.
As a graduate student, I am one of six members on a software development team where we are writing a
computer aided aircraft design program for NASA. My responsibilities include designing, coding, and testing of
a graphical portion of the program which requires the use of GIARO for graphics input and output. I have a
strong background in computer aided design, software development, and engineering, and believe that these
skills would benefit the designing and manufacturing aspects of Template software. Enclosed is my resume
which further outlines my qualifications.
My qualifications make me well suited to the projects areas in which your division of MEGATEK is expanding
efforts. I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss a position with you, and will contact you in a week or
ten days to answer any questions you may have and to see if you need any other information from me such
as a company application form or transcripts. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
John Stevens
123 Ascot Lane
Blacksburg, VA 24060
(540) 555-2556
JStevens@vt.edu
18

Cover letters
Sample Cover Letter for a Teacher
1456 South Street
(621) 554-5555
scortes@email.com
Port Jefferson, NY 11777
<Date>
<Name of Hiring Authority, Title>
<Name of Institution>
<Address>
<City, State Zip>
Dear <Mr. or Ms.><Last Name>:
I am writing in response to your opening for the position of <Title> at <Name of University>. The opportunity to
teach and inspire students within your university is an exciting prospect that I feel qualified for and fully able to
undertake. Please allow me to explain briefly my philosophy regarding academic leadership and how I could
contribute to the growth and success of your institution.
Providing quality, broad-based academic direction and leadership remains one of the core catalysts for success
in higher education institutions today. In my instructional career, I have demonstrated the ability to develop
complete curricula for a variety of courses and influence student improvement through quality lectures,
discussions, assignments, and assessments. In my current position as Associate Professor with the Katharine
Gibbs School, I have also worked with organizations within the community to provide internship and job
opportunities to students and graduates, respectively.
What I bring to the position that may be unique among candidates is my 8-year background in the human
services field. In working with clients suffering from various illnesses and conditions, I have gained experience
in developing strategies that address both short-term and long-term needs. I feel this experience augments my
instructional background and would provide a unique perspective to students in my future classes.
My résumé is enclosed to provide you with additional details concerning my background and qualifications for
this position. I am certain an interview would fully reveal my abilities and enthusiasm for the opportunity to
contribute to your faculty.
Thank you for your time and consideration. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
Sincerely ,
N.Kumar
19

Cover letters
Sample Cover letter with mentioning of salary requirement
N.Kumar
1189 Laurel Lane Cohasset, MA 02025
Residence (721) 255-5555 me@email.com
(Date)
(Name of Hiring Manager, Title)
(Name of Company)
(Addres
(City, State Zip)
Dear (Mr. Or Ms.)(Last Name):
It was with great interest that I read your advertisement for the position of Position Title. Please allow me to explain how
my skills and qualifications could contribute to your firm.
Through strategic planning, persistence, and superior business development initiatives, I am confident I can help your staff increase
sales and meet company goals in customer growth and sales expansion. My sales and management experience has strengthened my
ability to analyze customer needs, co-develop and present appropriate solutions, and win over both prospective and existing customers.
Some of my achievements that illustrate the type of performance I can bring to your company include:
-
REVENUE GROWTH – As a Senior Account Manager with Red Rim Technologies, 150% of my sales quota by
combining account relationship nurturing and solutions development with my own professional development
activities.
-
NEW BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT – As a Global Sales Director with Intercup Technologies, I identified and
captured opportunities for new business development, qualifying $160 million pipeline.
-
TEAM GROWTH – As a Regional Sales Manager with LIO, I led a team of 40 through an accelerated growth and
market expansion, achieving an average of 133% of quota.
In short, I am an outcome-driven professional with a winning approach to sales development and business
growth, and I would enjoy bringing this degree of dedication to your organization.
In terms of salary, I’m certain that your organization offers a fair compensation package. I look forward to an interview and
I can provide you with details concerning my qualifications and accomplishments. I will contact you next week to follow up
on this letter of inquiry; perhaps we could arrange a meeting to discuss our mutual interests.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
N.Kumar
Enclosure
20

Cover letters
Executive Cover Letter Example
JOHN SMITH
123 Southern Drive, East Islip, NY 11730
Phone: (621) 535-5555
jsmith@email.com
(Date)
(Name of Hiring Manager, Title)
(Name of Company)
(Address)
(City, State Zip)
Dear (Mr. Or Ms.)(Last Name):
Please accept my resume in consideration for the Position Title position with your organization. With extensive
management experience and consistent success in the achievement of objectives, I am confident I will contribute the
same level of performance as a member of your team.
My experience in management extends over 20 years as I have progressed from smaller-scale companies to my current role as
Director of Financial Services for an $80 million commercial printing firm. Although my achievements span this entire period, I
would like to mention a few representative contributions with my current employer to illustrate the skills and abilities I offer:
-
TECHNOLOGY/DATA SOLUTIONS – Continually seeking techniques and strategies for improvement, I have
created spreadsheets and databases to strengthen analysis and processing tasks; in turn, our company has
realized dramatic reductions in turnaround times for work completion.
-
TEAM MANAGEMENT – I have trained, mentored, and evaluated teams across multiple departments and
functions, including my current responsibility for 17 personnel with diverse backgrounds.
-
BOTTOM-LINE ORIENTATION – Profit building and sustained growth have been the basis and result from our
business decisions; we have achieved over $300,000 in savings from our partnership arrangements and secured
cost reductions in other areas that have added to bottom-line success.
These achievements span various functions; thus, I have demonstrated the ability to meet and exceed expectations in a
variety of environments. And I am certain that I will contribute the same level of performance with your organization.
To provide you with details concerning my qualifications and accomplishments, my résumé is enclosed. I would welcome a
meeting to discuss our mutual interests and the results you can expect from me.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
John Smith
Enclosure
21

Cover letters
Administrative Cover Letter Example
Terri Evenson
4651 Dock Road
Bay Shore, NY 11706
Phone: (631) 533-5555
Email: teson@email.com
(Date)
(Name of Hiring Authority, Title)
(Name of Company)
(Address)
(City, State Zip)
Dear (Mr. or Ms.)(Last Name):
I read your advertisement for an Administrative Assistant with great interest and enthusiasm, as my skills and
qualifications match your requirements for this position. Therefore, I am submitting my résumé for your review and
consideration. Please allow me to explain briefly the contribution I would make with your organization.
Throughout my 18+ -year career as an administrative assistant, I have demonstrated proficiency in all core office
administration functions, including document preparation, internal/external communications, data and records
management, meeting scheduling, and task prioritization. In short, I can manage the office without supervision,
juggle multiple tasks effectively, and maintain confidentiality with highly sensitive materials and matters.
In addition, I have experience in supervising staff and working with high net worth clients, both of which
require extra attention to the “people management” side of business. Through successfully managing both
internal and external relationships, I have accelerated the achievement of goals and positioned myself as a
valuable resource in a variety of situations.
I would bring to your district not only these administrative skills, but also a positive, cooperative attitude that I have
displayed throughout my career. I maintain calm under pressure and adapt to meet the unique needs of each
organization.
Again, my résumé will detail the required skills and background you seek. I would welcome the opportunity for an
interview at your convenience, and I thank you in advance for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
Terri Evenson
Enclosure
22

Cover letters
Sample Cover letter for Part time job
Hary Peterson
Hivehere Avenue, #3 * Loserville, CA 40332 * Phone * E-mail
July 14, 2000
(Name of Hiring Authority, Title)
(Name of Company)
(Address)
(City, State Zip)
Dear (Mr. or Ms.) (Last Name):
I was very excited to learn of your advertisement for a part-time Advertising Coordinator for your downtown
Chicago office. As a writer, administrator, theatre artist, and instructor, I have a great deal of experience in
producing effective copy for a variety of venues. I believe these wide-ranging experiences would make me an
excellent candidate for your position.
Having recently completed my Ph.D. in English (Northwestern University), I have produced and presented
written materials for both specialist and non-specialist audiences. Both in the classroom and in presenting
research materials to my colleagues, I have mastered the ability to 'pitch' my writing to a diverse audience.
Outside of academe, I have demonstrated similar editorial and public relations skills. From 1995-1997, I
served as the Educational Programs Coordinator at the Center for Talent Development (Northwestern
University). In this position, I was responsible for the design, marketing, staffing and implementation of four
education programs. My duties included many tasks which attest to my skill in tailoring my writing to meet an
array of different requirements:



Writing and revising brochure copy, I kept our students abreast of the latest developments in our
programming.
Generating new advertisement copy, I attracted new students, parents and teachers to the Center.
Corresponding with teachers, parents, school officials, and community members, I created
templates for a variety of Center communications.
My experience as an intern in the Development Department at Steppen Theatre as well attests to my skill at
written communication. During my internship, I prepared the theatre's application for a grant from the Illinois
Arts Council. As part of this project, I revised essays 'on-file' from past applications and composed new essays
to publicize the theatre's developing goals and projects.
I would like the opportunity to use these skills in the field of advertising, and am eager to discuss any
openings with you. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Hary Peterson
23

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Chapter
How to Create Curriculum
Vitae
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Difference between CV
Resume
3. Different CV formats
4. CV formats in different countries
5. Appearance of CV
6. Sections of CV
7. Tips for fresher
1

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Introduction
Curriculum Vitae (also referred to as “CV,” or “vita,”) is a Latin term
translated as “the course of one’s life or career.” It is a document
that summarizes your identity as a scholar.
While the CV’s conventional purpose is to provide a comprehensive
and detailed description of your educational and academic
background and experiences/accomplishments, its strategic purpose
is to entice the reader to invite you for an interview. While there is
not one standard format, the information that follows is intended to
help you design a CV in a way that enables search committees to
immediately and easily identify your most relevant and important
attributes.
Difference between Curriculum Vitae (CV) and
Resume
When applying for jobs, internships, fellowships, and academic
programs, you will often be asked to submit a resume or curriculum
vitae (CV). These documents chronicle your prior work history,
highlight awards and academic achievements, and assert your
qualifications.. They have the same intent which is to state the facts
about the applicant’s education, work experience, skills and
accomplishments. The main difference between the two is the way
these facts are presented.
The resume is the brief summary of the individual’s work history,
educational attainment and relevant skills and accomplishment to
2

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
the job being applied. An individual can create several resume for
different positions or different companies. Resume by standard
should be concise and relevant to the position being applied. It
should be tailored to fit the requirement of the prospective company
or employer. No unnecessary achievements or skills must be mention
because it would rather gain an impression of audacity. Personal
details in Resume are likewise limited to residence address,
contact details, date of birth, civil status and nationality.
The Curriculum Vitae on the other hand bear all the information of
an individual. Every detail of education, employment, achievements
and skills are listed with the addition of the organizations or
affiliations,
licenses
and
commendations.
All
previous
work
experiences
must
be
properly
listed
with
elaborated
job
descriptions. It allows the individuals to elaborate the oldest
achievement or the earliest award they received in the past. All
trainings and seminars attended are likewise listed in the
Curriculum Vitae. Thus, Curriculum Vitae are actually longer than
Resume. It is this reason that Curriculum Vitae are usually used
when applying in academic, medical, scientific and overseas jobs
because employers in these industries prefer to know each applicant
thoroughly.
The terms resume and CV are used in different ways all over the
world. In the United States and in the English-speaking areas of
Canada, the word resume is used predominantly. Furthermore,
these regions have begun to accept longer resumes that reflect
CVs.
Therefore, in these regions, the term CV is not particularly
necessary. The term CV is used more often in Ireland, England,
Scotland, New Zealand, and French Canada. In India and
Australia, however, the terms are generally interchangeable.
DIFFERENT CV FORMATS
Do you know that there are a number of different ways to lay out
your CV? Depending on your career situation, there might be a more
3

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
appropriate format that will bring you better results. Each has
advantages and disadvantages, so it's important to consider them
all before reaching a decision on which will work for you.
Chronological CV
If you're planning to change jobs but continue working in the same field, the
Chronological CV is probably the best option. This is the most traditional format
and the one you're probably most familiar with. It's also good if you're changing
fields but remaining in a very similar kind of job. Your career history is shown in
reverse chronological order, with a strong emphasis on job titles and the names
of your employers. This is good if your current or previous employers are wellknown organizations. It also shows your career development clearly, meaning that
promotions show up well. People like the Chronological CV because it is clear and
easy to read.
Functional CV
If you've had a varied career or are seeking to change direction, this format
may be suitable, as it highlights the main achievements and functions (skills,
competencies or expertise) of your work history. Job titles and company names are
reduced in importance and sometimes even left out altogether. The Functional CV
may strengthen your application if you want to draw attention to skills that haven't
been used in your most recent work. It also works if you've had many varied jobs,
as it allows you to sum up your overall experience.
Yet there are instances when this isn't the most appropriate format. Promotions
aren't as prominent, as your list of positions is included on the second page. For
the same reason, highly prestigious past employers may not be noticed (although
you could highlight them in your profile and covering letter). If you haven't had
many responsibilities, this CV could make your experience look narrow. Another
disadvantage is that some employers may not like this format - recruitment
personnel are aware that it can be used to conceal weak areas.
Targeted CV
This type of CV emphasizes the skills and experiences that are directly relevant
to the kind of job or field you're applying for. It's extremely useful when you're
planning a change of career direction. It focuses on your abilities and
achievements used not just recently, but across your entire career. It can
encompass relevant voluntary or unpaid experience. It also means that you can aim
for several completely different jobs, using a CV that's adjusted for each.
4

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
The disadvantages are that your promotions or career development won't be as
obvious, as the information will be on the second page (if included). Employers'
names are downplayed and, as with the Functional CV, this format isn't liked by
all recruiters.
Alternative CV
This kind of CV is most often used by talented people seeking work in the
creative industries - e.g. design, media or public relations - as it is highly
individual and uses a one-off visual style. It's suitable only for applications for
posts requiring exception visual or verbal talent, and then only when the application
is being made directly to the person the applicant will be working for. Even then,
it could fail completely if it hits the wrong note.
This kind of CV should never be sent to personnel departments or for advertised
vacancies. It is totally unsuitable for senior managers or executives seeking to
hold positions of responsibility.
CV FORMATS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
The world over employers' look for the same qualities in their applicants
regardless of whether the job is in London, Singapore or Japan. However
candidates should be aware that there may be subtle conventions associated
with the application process within different countries. In general what goes into
your CV does not vary tremendously when applying for jobs in different countries.
In some cases it is better to show more, and in others best to show less. It may
be appropriate to include a list of previous positions, detailing your duties,
responsibilities, names, dates, locations professional memberships and references.
It may be appropriate to put actual titles and dates of speeches and
presentations you have given or articles you published. It is possible that
employers in some countries will want to know your religion and passport number
The length of your CV varies greatly in different countries, for example in Greece
employers are of the opinion that bigger is better. If your information spans more
than four pages it is recommended that you write a one or two page summary
featuring all of your details in a condensed form .
Indian CV
When applying for a job in India your CV should include your Name,
Address/Email/Phone number at the top followed by your career
objectives. This should contain usage of professional/business language, the
potential contributions you can make to the company, mention your potential
strengths that have relevance to the job, specify the level of responsibility
you
can
handle. Continue
with
your
professional
experience,
key
5

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Achievements,
relevant.
education,
projects
and
any
other
activities
you
deem
U.K
As part of your job application, you should include a one-page, tailored,
cover letter. The letter should be business-like, typed on good quality
white or ivory paper, and addressed to a specific person.
Your enclosed resume may be two to three pages, depending on your
experience. Start with your name, address, contact information, birth
date, marital status, and nationality. If you are a non-EU citizen, clarify
your work permit status. In what is called the profile section, give your
professional designation (e.g., CPA), and immediate ambitions; then, in
bullet-format, list relevant skills and a few work-related achievements.
Begin your employment history by describing your current position. Following
the profile section, provide the name, location, and focus of each company,
and your title and responsibilities. If you are new to the job market, you
may include temporary or part-time positions.
The last major section is education. In reverse-chronological order (most
recent listed first) list schools attended, locations, areas of study, and
diplomas/degrees. Mention additional courses and training, and special
skills such as foreign language fluency and computer programs in which you
are proficient.
At the end, it is sufficient to say: References are available on request.
Japan
If you are applying your CV should be ordered by topic: educational background,
work history (employment), membership or affiliations, skills (such as languages,
computer skills, certifications, etc), and on occasion your hobbies and interests
(though not always advised). Under each topic your experiences should be
presented in reverse chronological order (most recent activity first).
Attribute information such as name, age, sex comes first, followed by
academic/job background, then qualifications. Your career objectives come last
and are paid the least emphasis. This fact might imply that Japanese recruitment
attaches utmost importance on the applicant itself, especially his/her attributes,
and pays less attention to his/her ability or careers.
6

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Australia
Your CV should show your Name, Address, Phone Number, Age, and Nationality,
Education subjects taken and results for last two years of secondary school.
Any tertiary, trade, or recreational courses done in part or full (even if only a
hobby class…in gardening or something)
List any work experience you have - both full and part-time jobs. Note the job,
employer and date you commenced and date you left. Also note experience
outside of employment (e.g. Grew up on farm, helped parents with veggie garden,
collected stamps since I was ten).
Any awards or positions of responsibility held, e.g. president of club, football team
captain, Queen's scout etc.Skills list - all your relevant skills e.g. typing speed of
45wpm, commercial drivers license. Etc.
Denmark
Speculative applications are often successful in Denmark. Your CV should be short
and neatly presented or two pages, including only the most relevant details.
Start with your personal details, followed in reverse chronological order by your
education, your work experience and extra-curricular activities. Recent graduates
should give their examination grades. If you have work experience, emphasize your
practical experience. You do not have to attach a picture, but sometimes a
Polaroid is taken during the first interview.
Start your application letter not with 'Dear Mr/Ms X', but write at the beginning
'For the attention of Mr/Ms X'.
Russia
CVs are normally handwritten and very detailed. Russian employers expect a
biography in full sentences, explaining everything you have done
Austria
You start your CV with your personal details, including name, address, telephone
number with international access code, your place and date of birth and your
civil status. The Austrian CV is in reversed chronological order, detailing your
most recent activities first. After your personal details, you mention your
education, including the results, followed by your language skills and your
practical experience (include apprenticeships, since Austrian employers attach
great importance to it). Extra-curricular activities, such as hobbies, special
interests and voluntary work, are mentioned at the end. Pay special attention to
7

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
this last category, since Austrian employers find extra-curricular activities
important.
Attach a photo to your CV (put your personal details on the back) and put the
date on your CV and sign it (like in Germany).
France
French companies will expect you to send a hand written covering letter (the only
exceptions are to be found in some parts of the IT sector), as they are very keen
on graphology and use it as part of the selection process (approximately 85% of
French employers use it!)
Your resume itself should be relatively short, with a maximum
pages. If you are a new job seeker, it may be even shorter.
with personal information: name, address, phone, and e-mail.
data, such as birth date, marital status, and children are
of two
Begin
Personal
optional.
Begin the section on education with your most recent study, and
then list all schools attended, ending with your high (secondary)
school. Give the name and location of each, your areas of study,
degrees, and dates of attendance. Also, mention any additional
courses, internships or specialized training.
In the Work Experience section, list for each position the dates,
the name, location, size, and type of company, and your title(s) and
responsibilities. If you have many years of work experience, the
education section follows your employment history.
At the end of the resume, you should list special competencies (such
as level of expertise in foreign language, and computer skills),
professional affiliations and volunteer experience, if relevant. State
that references are available on request.
Germany
The German CV is always in strict chronological order with a photo (put your
details on the back of the picture) attached with a paper clip to the top right
hand corner. Sign your CV on the bottom right, opposite the date in the left
corner. It is common to mention your civil status (including children), your sc76hool
results and whether you have a driving license. Previously, the civil status rubric
8

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
also contained parents' names and professions and your religion, but this is no
longer very common. Mind your style of writing; poetic descriptions and boasting is
not appreciated by German recruiters. Start with your personal details (name,
address, telephone number with international access code, place and date of
birth, civil status), followed by your education including the results and work
experience (do not forget to mention apprenticeships). Make sure there are no
'gaps' in your CV, hence the importance of mentioning your complete education.
However, if there are 'gaps', ensure you mention the reason, even report periods
of unemployment. German companies do not wish to know about your personal
interests, only mentioned them when relevant for the job. Language skills and
areas of interest are given in a German CV. Applicants are expected to include
evidence of their accomplishments, so you present your CV in a binder and include
copies of all your educational certificates and any references from former
employers. Your CV should be signed at the bottom.
Ireland
Irish CVs have no standard length. But many employers prefer them short, maximum
two pages. A CV should only give facts and figures. Your motivation, skills and
qualities for the job have to be mentioned in your letter, not your CV. Information
in the CV can either be presented in chronological or reverse chronological
order. Start with your personal details (often without place of birth or religion),
education (recent graduates should include results and courses attended), work
experience (with exact dates) and leisure activities. In Ireland a great deal of
emphasis is placed upon extra-curricular activities and personal achievements. Put
them in your CV. Recent graduates should always mention anything they have done
outside their academic study.
USA
The words Curriculum and Vitae are much too complicated for the average
American to pronounce so they call it a CV instead. Exclude anything from your CV
that might prospective employers a chance to discriminate against you for example
, personal details such as age, sex, marital status, whether you hold a current
driving license. Never include a photo. You are trying to sell a product- you
Canada
In Canada the job application procedure is more commercial than in most
other Western countries. In result both the cover letter and the resume
(Canadians use résumés instead of CVs) should contain power words and
action verbs that show accomplishment and action.
9

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
The resume (two pages: less if you have had little or no work experience), includes
the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Contact information, centered at the top.
Education, listing colleges and/or universities attended, dates of
attendance, courses of study, and diplomas or degrees. In this section,
you should also mention extra courses or training, internships, and foreign
travel. List this information in reverse-chronological order.
Work experience, giving the firm name, your title(s), dates of employment and
responsibilities. State whether the work was temporary or part-time. If you
have no job at the present, you should mention that fact also. Once again,
the information should be listed in reverse-chronological order.
Other skills, such as computer, and language fluency.
Personal information, such as relevant volunteer activities and hobbies.
Three references, with their titles and contact information.
In Canada, it is illegal for a prospective employer to ask your marital status,
sexual orientation, race, or age, or to request a photo.
Swiss CV
The aim of your Swiss CV should be to persuade the employer to invite you for an
interview. Therefore, your CV is a marketing tool, which should be adapted to the
market in which you intend to use it.
Check in advance, within the company you are seeking employment with, what is the
main language.
Use the English language CV for international companies, unless they specify
otherwise. The English CV is typed on one to two pages of A4 format paper in
reverse-chronological order - starting with what you have done most recently.
The Swiss CV in German is longer and typed on two to three pages of A4 format
paper in chronological order, very detailed and has attachments, such as
grades, references, etc. A photo is usually attached to the top right corner.
Both Swiss CV should include your personal details, education, qualifications and
practical experience.
Often CVs are kept on file for lengthy periods, so any contact details you give
have to remain accurate in the long term. A daytime phone number, with the
international access code and e-mail are most important.
10

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Swiss recruiters attach great importance to work experience, so make your CV
more effective by providing examples to prove your achievements that might
interests your future employer. Mention your native tongue and describe level of
fluency for the other languages. Reveal your computer literacy. Extracurricular
activities, hobbies and interests are optional.
Carefully consider what to leave out of your CV. On a separate sheet,
include two or three references.
APPEARANCE OF CV
CV writing is a controversial subject - part art, part science. If
you ask any two people their idea of the perfect CV, you are
likely to get two different and rather subjective responses.
However, there are a number of 'do's, 'don't's and common pitfalls,
which most personnel professionals would agree on. If you bear
these in mind when preparing your CV, you stand a much better
chance of surviving the 'CV cull'!
Font
Don't get creative. Really. What you want in a font is not a decorative
design choice, but a simple, easily read font that shows you mean
business. In other words, when looking for a font, think black or gray
suit.
Unacceptable Fonts:
Courier font: if you didn't have to write your cover letter on a
typewriter, why make it look like you did? This font looks like the
default font of a malfunctioning computer and is also notorious as the
typeface that mediocre high school students use because of its
massive, page-filling size. Do you really want such a dishonest font
representing your words?
•
Say no to anything that looks remotely like handwriting or hints
at it, like italicized versions of regular fonts. This is a
business document, not a thank you note to a neighbor. And
these fonts are difficult to read.
11

How to Create Curriculum Vitae
•
•
Avoid any font that looks like it would be more appropriate on
a mediaeval manuscript or the label of a malt liquor bottle. No
Ye Olde Fonts. No~ historical-period fonts at all, for that
matter.
Recommended fonts include Time~ New Roman or Arial Helvetica.
Remember: what impresses readers the most should not be the letters on
the page but the words they spell.
Paper
A stroll through most business supply stores will reveal a sea of paper
choices, from traditional plain white to hot pink and purple. Outlandishly
colored resumes are to be used by people whose jobs demand more
dramatic visual statements: hairdressers, fashion designers, and clowns.
The rest of us need to focus on the understated dignity of whites, light
grays, and ecru. Use the same paper for your cover letter and envelope
as you use for your resume.
Length
Far too long - Probably the principal mistake people make when preparing
their own CVs. We keep CVs brief and cut out the waffle - 2 pages is
generally a maximum, and for those with little experience, writing a 1 page
CV generally makes more sense. We also use other techniques such as
bullet pointing - these help make your CV easier to read; they help make
it punchy. In other words: be concise. Only provide information on (training)
courses, software knowledge, hobbies and references that is relevant.
Bear in mind that a CV does not have to be an autobiography or life
story!
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Order
The conventional order is: personal details; education; work experience;
interests; skills; referees. However, you are free to change this if your
own life or the type of work fits another order eg; a mature applicant
might prefer work experience before education. You can include other
headings if you feel they are relevant e.g achievements, career aim,
positions of responsibility. The choice is yours, but don't overdo it.
Include many facts
List your job duties beneath each position. List your achievements,
responsibilities and results. Talk about results - what difference
did your presence make? Use numbers for achievements wherever
possible, e.g. Boosted sales by 20% in first year. And always write
in a slightly formal manner and never use the word I - e.g.
Supervised the team rather than I supervised the team. Use the
past tense for previous jobs and the present tense for your current
job.
Not too many lists
Include specific skills, such as languages, administrative or computing skills, in a
separate section in your CV. Don't relist them for every job you've used them in.
This is particularly so for IT work - lists of tools and packages make dull
reading and won't make you stand out from other people with the same abilities.
Consistency
Keep the same verb tense throughout. Don't mix too many grammatical styles. Short
sentences, phrases or bullet points are all OK. Aim to be clear and concise.
Repetition
Do not repeat yourself. This is boring and a waste of paper! Find new things to
say about similar jobs or use a statement such as during all my Diwali vacations I
worked in a busy central post office on a wide range of duties related to the
seasonally increased volume of work.
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Typography
Avoid changes of type faces. Use different sizes, capitals and / or bold type for
headings. Underlining is not fashionable.
History
When writing a CV, Always concentrate on recent history and summarize older
information. If you've got A Levels then don't list all your O Levels/GCSEs on
the CV. Similarly, if you've got a degree, there's no need to include A Level
grades unless they're all As or Bs. Employers are most interested in what
you've done most recently, although they obviously still need to know the basics
of older information.
Adapt it
You don't have to use the same CV every time. You can have two or three
versions, each for a different
kind of job. Or you can tailor your CV to suit
the job you're applying for. It isn't a case of one size fits all.
SECTIONS OF CV
Job objective
Job objectives ten readers exactly what kind of job you're looking for,
make your intentions clear and set the tone for how the rest of the
resume is evaluated. While some resumes are very focused, others aren't
clearly focused on any one job. A job objective will clarify any ambiguities.
If you seek a part-time or freelance position, the job objective is a good
way of making that clear so that no confusion arises later.
The job objective on the resume rephrases or restates intentions stated in
the cover letter. However, the job objective is useful because many people
read over the resume before looking at the cover letter.
Job objectives come in two types: descriptive and titled. Descriptive job
objectives briefly describe the type of job you're interested in. Titled job
descriptions name the job title. Descriptive job objectives work best when
you're more interested in being seen as an overall candidate or when
applying to a company that has no specific positions open. The job objective
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
sentence should be brief and no more than two lines long. Do not permit
your objective to ramble.
Resume writers make their biggest mistakes when writing descriptive job
objectives by listing a bunch of clichés such as “a chance to apply my
skills, and a challenging opportunity or “an opportunity for growth. These
phrases have been used so many times that they don't even register with
readers. The key is to be honest about what you really want, in an
unassuming and business-like fashion.
Titled job objectives simply list the exact job title for which you are
applying. This comes in handy when you are applying to a large company that
may have several positions open at once.
Education
The education section is one of tile few times you get to brag about your
education to somebody who doesn't share your bloodline. List the
institution you attended and its location and your degree. The graduation
date, which should consist of the year and semester or season, is listed
unless you wish to withhold it for age related reasons. For those who are
still finishing academic programs, list your Anticipated Completion Date.
Most resume writers should put their Education section in the last section
of their resumes. But recent graduates, alumni from particularly
prestigious schools or programs, and graduates of the employer's alma
mater should list the Education section at the top of the page, below the
summary of qualifications section (or job objective, if there is no summary).
Work experience
Do not just mention the name of the company and the position you held,
but also provide a brief job description. State for instance whether you
held an executive position or worked on a particular project. This will
give the recruiter an impression of your abilities. After all, a recruiter
is not familiar with every company.
If you, for instance, only mention that 'From February 2001 up to and
including November 2002, I worked in sales at Apple co', the person
reading the letter will have no idea as to what that job actually
entailed. Were you on the sales staff (telesales or field sales?) at a
software company or did you work as a shop assistant at a
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
greengrocer's?
After a number of years of work experience, your internships will become
less interesting. Do not provide too much information on these, unless
they are very relevant to the job that you are applying for.
Key Skills
The inclusion of a 'Key Skills' section in a CV is progressively less popular these
days. It is now considered better to spread evidence of key skills and
abilities throughout your employment history. Specific points should be
addressed in the covering letter, a vitally important part of any application.
References
Details of referees shouldn't be included on your CV. Instead simply write
References available on request”. They clutter it up and, more importantly, you
will find that your referees get pestered unnecessarily by time-wasters. By
the time they have given handled their umpteenth enquiry they are a lot less
likely to say nice things about you!
Name format
Bold or capitalize your name, using letters two to six points larger than
the rest of the text. Place your name on the first line of your page. The
traditional place to put the name is at the center of the page, but
many now prefer to right justify their names so when the resume lands
in a folder, Your name is clearly visible.
Address
Make sure the address you're giving is reliable. If you're still at
college, and your address is still in a state of flux, put a
permanent address in case somebody pulls your resume from a
file a few months afteryou send it in. Avoid post office boxes
(unless you're in school) because they make people suspect that
you're biding something.
E-mail
All prospective employers expect you to have an e-mail address. Don't
use work e-mails. Get a personal one from an Internet service provider
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
like AOL or free service like Hotmail or Yahoo! But if you use your
online account for more than just work, beware. If you're one of AOL's
millions of users, for instance, make sure your member profile doesn't
contain anything incriminating, embarrassing, or inappropriate, or that
your screen name isn't something along the lines of love23@yahoo.com.
Also include your home and mobile phone numbers. If including a current
work number, always say whether there are times when it is appropriate
to call you.
Personal details
It used to be normal to provide more personal details, such as
gender, date of birth and marital status, at the top of your CV.
However, times have changed and it is no longer necessary to
include these details on a CV. If you do want to include any of
these details it is best to list them at the end of the CV.
You might wish to include your date of birth, but it isn't always
expected nowadays. If you are looking for a job in the country
where you were educated, an employer can usually calculate your
age from your educational background. You may be worried that
your age will put employers off. You could omit it, but your Career
History will usually give some hints as to your age group.
Marital Status doesn't need to be included in today's CV,
although for specific jobs it can be helpful to be up-front about
this. For instance, if the job you're applying for involves unsociable
hours or lots of travel, stating that you are single could be
advantageous. This may not seem fair on the grounds of
discrimination, but it's as well to be realistic about the concerns
that might rightly or wrongly be in the employer's mind.
Nationality isn't essential. Use your judgement to decide whether
your nationality is of concern to the employer involved and include
it if you think it is.
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
Inclusion of hobbies and interests is entirely optional. On the one
hand, it helps provide a rounded picture of you that goes beyond
Career History. Sometimes your strengths can shine through in the
activities you list, as can your personality type. This section can
be especially useful if you're at the start of your career. Don't go
over the top, though - list no more than five at most. And do think
about how your interests might be perceived by other people.
Train-spotting, for instance, does not have a positive image in the
public consciousness. Likewise, a list of solitary activities will not
make you look like a good team player.
TIPS FOR FRESHER
A fresher is a fresh graduate by definition. What should you do if you are a
fresher who will compete for regular jobs where other more experienced people
will apply.
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Do not be intimidated about the competition. Apply highlighting your
academic records (if it is good), your personal traits (for example extremely
friendly, deadline oriented, a good organizer, a born leader, etc) which
best match with those required for the job.
•
Mention specific courses or training programs which you might have
attended and which might give you a good edge over those who have only
the required qualification and work experience. Relate the achievements in
such a way that it should show you as a theoretical expert in certain
angles.
•
You might also mention in your CV that you are self-taught person in terms of
the latest technological trends and techniques; for example you can learn
basic programming, software engineering and design and web designing
(among million other such skills) by yourself with the help of the Internet and
good book supplements. Be prepared to be asked in detail question at the
interview though - so be careful that you write only what you really know
well.
•
Highlight the fact that you are young, rearing to go and are ready to work
hard to prove yourself; many employers love the enthusiasm of the young and
the go-go approach which is very good for the company.
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
•
Highlight the fact that you are a fast learner and that you are looking
forward to start your career in a established and famous company such as
X (the company you are applying for), and an excellent learning experience.
•
Offer to get additional training (naming the
duration) if the job entails it without any
deliverables.
exact courses with their
interference to the job
MAKING THE MOST OF YOUR QUALIFICATIONS AND TRAINING ON YOUR CV
The more work experience you have, the lower down the Qualifications and Training
section will come in your CV. This could explain why many people feel this section
should be little more than a list. The truth is that these details add value to
your CV, but only if you tailor the information appropriately.
We will now look at a variety of educational backgrounds. Whichever you fall into,
you need to order your qualifications and training in reverse chronological order,
including:
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The schools, colleges and universities you attended.
The qualifications you've gained and the dates you attained
them.
Subjects you've trained in and level of achievement.
Professional memberships.
If you left school at 16 or 18 years, include details of all examinations that
you took and passed. List them in order of grades achieved. If your grades
weren't that great, leave them out rather than risk damaging the impression the
employer is building up of you. Never include exams that you failed, as these can
be checked up on at a later date.
If you've completed a degree, and passed it, there's no need to include
details of exams taken at 16 or 18 years of age. The degree qualification
supersedes these on your CV.
If
you've a postgraduate qualification, include your graduate and
postgraduate qualifications. Don't include earlier exams. If you did a
postgraduate research qualification, or studied in a subject relevant to your
work area, it might be worth adding a line or two about your specific line of
interest.
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How to Create Curriculum Vitae
If you're in the middle of a qualification, such as an Open University or
part-time degree, include all the details above, but replace the dates with a
word such as 'current' or 'ongoing'. Position this at the top of the list.
If you're a recent graduate, there's no need to include details of exams
you took previously at the age of 16 or 18 years. If you're looking for your first
job, or first job on your career path (as opposed to vacation or temporary work),
it can be worth including some more details of your study if they're relevant to
the work you're seeking. So, you could include a list of the units you took, or a
line or two about a research project you individually selected and fulfilled.
If you failed a qualification, it's still worth including a line about the
degree even if you didn't complete it. This explains what you were during that
time period. So simply include the institution and title of the degree, together
with dates you started and finished studying. You can write something along the
lines of Studied towards … This shows that you were accepted onto the
programme, even if you didn't complete. But be prepared to explain the reasons
for this if asked at an interview.
Professional qualifications come under the same section, yet should be
divided from academic qualifications by a line break. Include any qualification
that you had to gain by examination, such as a Certificate. Also list membership of
professional associations if you had to sit an examination to join.
Professional training should also be separated from the above by a line
break. If you've had to complete a lot of seminar days in similar areas, don't list
them all, but mention the area you've trained in –e.g., CAD, CAM, and
Mechatroncis. If the training has been presented by a widely recognized body,
do mention this.
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Group Discussion
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Group Discussion
Contents
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Introduction
Group Discussion versus debate
How to face GD
Points to remember
General GD Topics
Social topics
Political topics
Management education topics
Economic topics
BPO GD Topics
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Group Discussion
INTRODUCTION
Many companies conduct group discussion after the written test so as to check on your interactive skills and
how good you are at communicating with other people. The GD is to check how you behave, participate and
contribute in a group, how much importance do you give to the group objective as well as your own, how well
do you listen to viewpoints of others and how open-minded are you in accepting views contrary to your own.
The aspects which make up a GD are verbal communication, non-verbal behavior, and conformation to
norms, decision-making ability and cooperation. You should try to be as true as possible to these aspects.
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Here's how most group discussions work
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Normally groups of 8-10 candidates are formed into a leaderless group, and are given a
specific situation to analyze and discuss within a given time limit ( 15- 20 min).
The group may be given a case study and asked to come out with a solution for a problem.
The group may be given a topic and asked to discuss on the same.
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A panel will observe the proceedings and evaluate the members of the group.
GROUP DISCUSSION VERSUS DEBATE
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Human beings love debates because we like to win and see others lose. A debate is a perfect situation for
expressing intense emotions. A GD, however, calls for a lot more maturity and logic. The purpose of a GD,
though conducted in a competitive mode, is not to establish you as a winner and others as losers. Its
purpose, as far as you are concerned, is to help you come across as a person with sound, logical reasoning
and the ability to respect another's viewpoint.
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A critical difference between a GD and a debate is that, while a debate begins with two groups' bids to outwit
each other, a discussion is evolutionary; this essentially means participants have the opportunity to refine
their views in the course of the discussion. Thus, every member needs to contribute substantially and add to
the existing knowledge base instead of pulling each other down. The difference, thus, lies not just in style,
but also in the mindset that is required to tackle either challenge.
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HOW TO FACE GD
A group discussion requires:
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Communication Skills
Knowledge and ideas regarding a given subject
Leadership and Coordinating Capabilities
Interpersonal skills
Addressing the group as a whole
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Group Discussion
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Conceptualizing skills:
• Communication Skills
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The first aspect is one's power of expression. In a group discussion, a candidate has to talk
effectively so that he is able to convince others. For convincing, one has to speak forcefully
and at the same time create an impact by his knowledge of the subject. A candidate who is
successful in holding the attention of the audience creates a positive impact.
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It is necessary that you should be precise and clear. As a rule evaluators do not look for the
wordage produced. Your knowledge on a given subject, your precision and clarity of thought
are the things that are evaluated. Irrelevant talks lead you nowhere. You should speak as
much as necessary, neither more nor less. Group discussions are not debating stages.
You should be able to convey your thoughts satisfactorily and convincingly before a group
of people. Confidence and level headedness in doing so is necessary. These add value to your
presentation.
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Knowledge and Ideas Regarding a Given Subject
Knowledge of the subject under discussion and clarity of ideas are important. Knowledge
comes from consistent reading on various topics ranging from science and technology to
politics. In-depth knowledge makes one confident and enthusiastic and this in turn, makes
one sound convincing and confident.
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Leadership and Coordinating Capabilities
The basic aim of a group discussion is to judge a candidate's leadership qualities. Ability to
take leadership roles and ability to lead, inspire and carry the team along to help them achieve
group's objectives. The examiner withdraws and becomes a silent spectator once the
discussion starts. A candidate should display tactfulness, skill, understanding and knowledge
on varied topics, enterprise, forcefulness and other leadership qualities to motivate and
influence other candidates.
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Interpersonal skills
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Is reflection in the ability of the individual to interact with other members of the group in a
brief situation ? Emotional maturity and balance promotes good interpersonal relationships.
The person has to be more people centric and less self-centered.
Example: To remain cool even when someone provokes you by with personal comment,
ability to remain objective, ability to empathize, non-threatening and more of a team player.
Addressing the Group as a Whole
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Group Discussion
In a group discussion it is not necessary to address anyone by name. Even otherwise you may
not know everyone's names. It better to address the group as a whole.
Address the person farthest from you. If he can hear you everyone else too can. Needless to
add, as for the interview, attend the group discussion in formal dress. The language used
should also be formal, not the language used in normal conversations. For instance, words
and phrases like “Yeah” ,yar, chalta hai, I dunno, etc. are out. This is not to say you
should use a high sounding, pedantic language. Avoiding both, just use formal, plain and
simple language. Mixture of Hindi and English or any other language should be discarded.
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Confidence and coolness while presenting your viewpoint are of help. See that you do not
keep repeating a point. Do not use more words than necessary. Do not be superfluous. Try to
be specific. Do not exaggerate.
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Conceptualizing skills
The ability to grasp the situation, take it from the day to day mundane problem level and apply it to a
macro level.
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Example: At the end of the discussion, you could probably summarize the findings in a few sentences
that present the overall perspective. Don't be disheartened if you don't make it after your first group
discussion. The best possible preparation for a group discussion is to learn from one's past
mistakes...
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POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Be as natural as possible. Do not try and be someone you are not. Be yourself.
2. A group discussion is your chance to be more vocal. The evaluator wants to hear you speak.
3. Communicate with each and every candidate present. While speaking don't keep looking at a
single member. Address the entire group in such a way that everyone feels you are speaking
to him or her.
4. Take time to organize your thoughts. Think of what you are going to say.
5. Seek clarification if you have any doubts regarding the subject.
6. Don't start speaking until you have clearly understood and analyzed the subject.
7. Work out various strategies to help you make an entry: initiate the discussion or agree with
someone else's point and then move onto express your views.
8. Opening the discussion is not the only way of gaining attention and recognition. If you do not
give valuable insights during the discussion, all your efforts of initiating the discussion will
be in vain.
9. Your body language says a lot about you - your gestures and mannerisms are more likely to
reflect your attitude than what you say.
10. Language skills are important only to the effect as to how you get your points across clearly
and fluently.
11. Be assertive not dominating; try to maintain a balanced tone in your discussion and analysis.
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Group Discussion
12. Don't lose your cool if anyone says anything you object to. The key is to stay objective: Don't
take the discussion personally.
13. Always be polite: Try to avoid using extreme phrases like: `I strongly object' or `I disagree'.
Instead try phrases like: `I would like to share my views on…' or `One difference between
your point and mine…' or I beg to differ with you
14. Brush up on your leadership skills; motivate the other members of the team to speak (this
surely does not mean that the only thing that you do in the GD is to say let us hear what the
young lady with the blue scarf has to say, or Raju, let us hear your views - Essentially be
subtle), and listen to their views. Be receptive to others' opinions and do not be abrasive or
aggressive.
15. If you have a group of like-minded friends, you can have a mock group discussion where you
can learn from each other through giving and receiving feedback.
16. Apart from the above points, the panel will also judge team members for their alertness and
presence of mind, problem-solving abilities, ability to work as a team without alienating
certain members, and creativity.
17. Don't interrupt a speaker when the session is on. Try to score by increasing your size, not by
cutting others short.
18. A GD is a formal occasion where slang is to avoided.
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GENERAL GD TOPICS
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Group Discussion Topics For Freshers
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Does India need a dictator?
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Is India moving away from a secularist state?
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US war on Iraq-justified or not.
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Role of UN in peacekeeping.
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Position of Women in modern era.
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Is it right to advertise more and more about the cricket game ?
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Balance between professionalism and family.
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Effect of cinema on Youth
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Education in India compared to Foreign countries.
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is china a threat to Indian industry
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India or west , which is the land of opportunities
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Is China a threat to the Indian software industry.
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Role of UN in Peace keeping
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Group Discussion
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Is it necessary to ban cold drinks like COCO COLA, Pepsi etc. in India.
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What is the effect of movies on youth. is it good or bad?
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Environment-Whose Responsibility.
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Present state of Indian Cricket team.
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Love marriage/Arranged marriage.
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Advantages of Co-education.
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How to deal with international terrorism.
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Should we pursue our policy of dialogue with Pakistan?
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Is peace and non-violence outdated concepts?
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Examinations - has it killed education
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Is Philosophy just a theoretical concept ?
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Is China better than India in software.
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Should SONIA Gandhi be made the PM
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Government contribution to IT
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Is Globalization Really Necessary?
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What shall we do about our ever-increasing Population?
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Why cant we be world players in industry as we are in software?
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Fashion contests degrade womanhood
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Is dependence on calculators a good thing ?
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Should the public sector be privatized?
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SOCIAL TOPICS
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Secularism has become a tool to justify the wrongs done by the minorities.
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Are Big Dams Necessary?
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Films are corrupting the Indian Youth
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Dowry systems may look bad, but are an integral part of India.
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We are not serious about saving Wildlife/Environment
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The education system needs serious reforms
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The impact of abroad channels on our psyche
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Group Discussion
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Showing Violence and Crimes should not be allowed in films and on television.
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What should India strive for- Westernization or modernization?
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POLITICAL TOPICS
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India should go for the presidential form of democracy.
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Reserving seats for women in Panchayat has not only been a farce but has distracted from
developing a more genuine voice of women.
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Have the nuclear tests of 1998 benefited or harmed India?
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Voters, not, political parties are responsible for the criminalization of politics.
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Is reservation on the basis of caste system right thing?
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MANAGEMENT EDUCATION TOPICS
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Is good job better than business ?
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business is a war!!!
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The Rush for MBA is really a rush for big money
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Managerial skills learnt in the classroom can never match those learnt from experience
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Democracy is hampering India progress
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Hard Working or Smart working?
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Management education is nothing but a glorified non sense.
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MBA in India is highly overrated.
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Religion is a private affair and should be of no concern for the state
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Do professional managers have a chance in our family run businesses?
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Decreasing defense expenditure and increasing social expenditure is the need of the hour
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Is education necessary to run business ?
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ECONOMIC TOPICS
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