1. BY-RAMIZ HAMDULAY

2. o It is very important that traffic flow on
Roads should be efficient safe and rapid.
oTraffic engineering is the branch which
Deals with science of measuring traffic,
Designing and operating system to achieve
Safe and efficient movements of person
And goods.

3. oTo analyse the characteristics, traffic studies are made,
studies are as follows:
1. Traffic volume study
2. Speed study
3. Origin and destination
4. Parking study
5. Accident studies

4. oIt is defined as the survey of number
Of number of vehicle and pedestrains
Crossing section of road per unit during
Any selected period.

5. 1. Establish relative importance of any road.
2. Planning, designing and regulationof traffic.
3. Structural design of road.
4. Planning and design of new streets.
5. Establishment properties and schedules for traffic
improvements.
6. Design of intersection and other control devices.

6. The arrangements or the provision made to the
road users so as to avoid accidents on the roads and
for the free and effective traffic flow are known as
traffic controlling devices.

7. Generally following four devices are provided on road
to control the traffic:
1. Road signs
2. Markings
3. Signals
4. Traffic islands

8.  Roads signs are provideed to warn, direct and guide the
road users. They are in the form of symbols or inscription.
They are mounted on fixed or portable supports and are
placed on the side of roads.

9. o Regulatory or mandotary signs.
o Warning or caution signs .
o Informatory or guiding signs.

10. oThese signs are used to inform the road users, certain
rules and regulations which has to notice for safe and free
flow of traffic.
oSome of the regulatory signs are:
A. Give way and stop signs:

14. oThese are signs used to warn road users of certain
hazardous conditions either on or adjacent to the road
ways, so that the motarist becomes cautious and may
take the desired action.

17. o These are road signs used to guide road users along
route,inform them about destination and distance ,and
provide other information so as to make the road travel
easier and safe.
oAn informatory sign usually consist of a rectangular
board of specified size. In case of facility information
signs, the size of rectangle shall be 800mm x 600mm for
normal signs and the size of square shall be 400mm and
300mm.

19. • Traffic markings are the lines, patterns, words,
symbols or reflectors applied to the carraige way,
kerbs,sides of islands or to fixed objects near the road
way.
•The objects of the traffic marking is to warn , inform
and guide the road users. They are made by using
prints in contrast with colours and brightness on
pavements or other background. Ordinary paints like
oil paints are used for road markings.