2. Objectives
To introduce software process models
To describe three generic process models
and when they may be used
To describe outline process models for
requirements engineering, software
development, testing and evolution
To explain the Rational Unified Process
model
To introduce CASE technology to support
software process activities
4. The software process
A structured set of activities required to develop a
software system
•
•
•
•
Specification;
Design;
Validation;
Evolution.
A software process model is an abstract
representation of a process. It presents a
description of a process from some particular
perspective.
5. Generic software process models
The waterfall model
•
Evolutionary development
•
Specification, development and validation are
interleaved.
Component-based software engineering
•
Separate and distinct phases of specification and
development.
The system is assembled from existing components.
There are many variants of these models e.g.
formal development where a waterfall-like process
is used but the specification is a formal
specification that is refined through several stages
to an implementable design.
7. Waterfall model phases
Requirements analysis and definition
System and software design
Implementation and unit testing
Integration and system testing
Operation and maintenance
The main drawback of the waterfall model is
the difficulty of accommodating change after
the process is underway. One phase has to
be complete before moving onto the next
phase.
8. Waterfall model problems
Inflexible partitioning of the project into distinct
stages makes it difficult to respond to changing
customer requirements.
Therefore, this model is only appropriate when the
requirements are well-understood and changes
will be fairly limited during the design process.
Few business systems have stable requirements.
The waterfall model is mostly used for large
systems engineering projects where a system is
developed at several sites.
9. Evolutionary development
Exploratory development
•
Objective is to work with customers and to
evolve a final system from an initial outline
specification. Should start with well-understood
requirements and add new features as
proposed by the customer.
Throw-away prototyping
•
Objective is to understand the system
requirements. Should start with poorly
understood requirements to clarify what is really
needed.
11. Evolutionary development
Problems
•
•
•
Lack of process visibility;
Systems are often poorly structured;
Special skills (e.g. in languages for rapid
prototyping) may be required.
Applicability
•
•
•
For small or medium-size interactive systems;
For parts of large systems (e.g. the user
interface);
For short-lifetime systems.
12. Component-based software
engineering
Based on systematic reuse where systems
are integrated from existing components or
COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf) systems.
Process stages
•
•
•
•
Component analysis;
Requirements modification;
System design with reuse;
Development and integration.
This approach is becoming increasingly
used as component standards have
emerged.
14. Process iteration
System requirements ALWAYS evolve in the
course of a project so process iteration
where earlier stages are reworked is always
part of the process for large systems.
Iteration can be applied to any of the generic
process models.
Two (related) approaches
•
•
Incremental delivery;
Spiral development.
15. Incremental delivery
Rather than deliver the system as a single
delivery, the development and delivery is broken
down into increments with each increment
delivering part of the required functionality.
User requirements are prioritised and the highest
priority requirements are included in early
increments.
Once the development of an increment is started,
the requirements are frozen though requirements
for later increments can continue to evolve.
17. Incremental development
advantages
Customer value can be delivered with each
increment so system functionality is
available earlier.
Early increments act as a prototype to help
elicit requirements for later increments.
Lower risk of overall project failure.
The highest priority system services tend to
receive the most testing.
18. Extreme programming
An approach to development based on the
development and delivery of very small
increments of functionality.
Relies on constant code improvement, user
involvement in the development team and
pairwise programming.
Covered in Chapter 17
19. Spiral development
Process is represented as a spiral rather
than as a sequence of activities with
backtracking.
Each loop in the spiral represents a phase in
the process.
No fixed phases such as specification or
design - loops in the spiral are chosen
depending on what is required.
Risks are explicitly assessed and resolved
throughout the process.
21. Spiral model sectors
Objective setting
•
Risk assessment and reduction
•
Risks are assessed and activities put in place to
reduce the key risks.
Development and validation
•
Specific objectives for the phase are identified.
A development model for the system is chosen
which can be any of the generic models.
Planning
•
The project is reviewed and the next phase of the
spiral is planned.
23. Software specification
The process of establishing what services
are required and the constraints on the
system’s operation and development.
Requirements engineering process
•
•
•
•
Feasibility study;
Requirements elicitation and analysis;
Requirements specification;
Requirements validation.
25. Software design and implementation
The process of converting the system
specification into an executable system.
Software design
•
Implementation
•
Design a software structure that realises the
specification;
Translate this structure into an executable
program;
The activities of design and implementation
are closely related and may be inter-leaved.
28. Structured methods
Systematic approaches to developing a
software design.
The design is usually documented as a set
of graphical models.
Possible models
•
•
•
•
•
Object model;
Sequence model;
State transition model;
Structural model;
Data-flow model.
29. Programming and debugging
Translating a design into a program and
removing errors from that program.
Programming is a personal activity - there is
no generic programming process.
Programmers carry out some program
testing to discover faults in the program and
remove these faults in the debugging
process.
31. Software validation
Verification and validation (V & V) is
intended to show that a system conforms to
its specification and meets the requirements
of the system customer.
Involves checking and review processes and
system testing.
System testing involves executing the
system with test cases that are derived from
the specification of the real data to be
processed by the system.
33. Testing stages
Component or unit testing
•
•
System testing
•
Individual components are tested
independently;
Components may be functions or objects or
coherent groupings of these entities.
Testing of the system as a whole. Testing of
emergent properties is particularly important.
Acceptance testing
•
Testing with customer data to check that the
system meets the customer’s needs.
35. Software evolution
Software is inherently flexible and can
change.
As requirements change through changing
business circumstances, the software that
supports the business must also evolve and
change.
Although there has been a demarcation
between development and evolution
(maintenance) this is increasingly irrelevant
as fewer and fewer systems are completely
new.
37. The Rational Unified Process
A modern process model derived from the
work on the UML and associated process.
Normally described from 3 perspectives
•
•
•
A dynamic perspective that shows phases over
time;
A static perspective that shows process
activities;
A practive perspective that suggests good
practice.
39. RUP phases
Inception
•
Elaboration
•
Develop an understanding of the problem
domain and the system architecture.
Construction
•
Establish the business case for the system.
System design, programming and testing.
Transition
•
Deploy the system in its operating environment.
40. RUP good practice
Develop software iteratively
Manage requirements
Use component-based architectures
Visually model software
Verify software quality
Control changes to software
41. Static workflows
Wor kfl ow
De scr ip tio n
Bu si nes s m ode lli ng
T he bu si nes s p roce sse s a re m ode ll ed u si ng bu si nes s u se c ase s.
R e qui rem en ts
Ac to rs who interac t w it h the sy st em a re i den ti fied and use ca ses ar e
deve loped t o m ode l t he sys tem re qu ire m en ts .
Ana lysi s and de si gn
A des ign m ode l is crea ted and do c u m en ted u si ng a rch it ec tu ral
m ode ls, c om ponen t m ode ls , obj e ct m ode ls and sequ e nce mod el s.
Im pl em en tati on
T he co m pon e nt s in t he sys tem are im p lem en ted and st ru ct ured i n to
im plem en tati on sub- sys tems . Au to m ati c c ode gen e ra ti on fro m d e sign
m ode ls he lps ac c eler at e this p roces s.
T es t
T es ti ng is a n it erati ve p roce ss tha t is ca rri ed ou t i n con junc ti on w it h
im plem en tati on. S ys tem te sti ng foll ows t he c o m pl et ion of the
im plem en tati on.
Dep loy m en t
A produc t rel eas e is crea ted , d ist ribu ted t o us e rs and i ns tall ed i n the ir
wo rkp lace .
Con fi gu rati on and
chang e m anag e m e n t
T hi s suppo rting wo rkf low m anaged
Ch a pt e r 29) .
P ro je ct m anag e m e n t
T hi s suppo rting wo rkf low m anage s the sy st em deve lop m en t (see
Ch a pt e r 5) .
E nvi ron m en t
T hi s w ork fl ow is con c ern e d w it h ma king app ropr ia te s of twa re t oo ls
ava il ab le t o the so ft wa re deve lop m en t tea m .
change s to th e sys tem (see
42. Computer-aided software
engineering
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is
software to support software development and
evolution processes.
Activity automation
•
•
•
•
•
Graphical editors for system model development;
Data dictionary to manage design entities;
Graphical UI builder for user interface construction;
Debuggers to support program fault finding;
Automated translators to generate new versions of a
program.
43. Case technology
Case technology has led to significant
improvements in the software process.
However, these are not the order of
magnitude improvements that were once
predicted
•
•
Software engineering requires creative thought
- this is not readily automated;
Software engineering is a team activity and, for
large projects, much time is spent in team
interactions. CASE technology does not really
support these.
44. CASE classification
Classification helps us understand the different
types of CASE tools and their support for process
activities.
Functional perspective
•
Process perspective
•
Tools are classified according to their specific
function.
Tools are classified according to process activities
that are supported.
Integration perspective
•
Tools are classified according to their organisation
into integrated units.
45. Functional tool classification
T o ol t yp e
E x am ples
P la n ning to ols
P ERT too ls, estim at ion to ols , sprea dshe et s
E d it ing to ols
Te x t e di tors , d ia gram e d itors , w ord proc essors
C h an ge ma na g em en t too ls
R e qu irem en ts trac e ab ili ty to ol s, ch an g e c o ntro l s yste m s
C o nfig uratio n m an ag em en t to ols
V er sion m an ag e m e nt s ystems , sys te m b uild in g t oo ls
P ro to ty ping to ols
V er y h ig h-le v el la n gu ag es , us er in te rfa ce g en er a to rs
M e th od -su pp ort too ls
D esig n e di tors , d ata d ic tio n arie s, co d e g en er a to rs
La n gu ag e -p ro ce ssi ng to ols
C om pile rs , inter pr ete rs
P ro gram a na lysis to ols
C ro ss re fe ren ce g en er a to rs , s ta tic a na lysers , d yn am ic an al ys er s
Te stin g t oo ls
Te st d a ta g en er a to rs, file co mp ar a to rs
D eb u gg in g too ls
Inter a ct ive de b ug ging s ystems
D oc um en tat ion to ols
P ag e l a yo ut prog rams , i ma ge e dito rs
R e -e n gine e ring to ols
C ro ss-r efer e nc e s ystems , p ro gram re-s truc turin g s ystem s
46. Activity-based tool classification
Re -eng ineering t ools
Testing tools
Debugg
ing tools
Pr og r am analysis tools
La nguage- pr ocessing
t ools
Met hod suppor
t t ools
Pr otot yping tools
Configurat ion
m anagem ent t ools
Change m anagem ent t ools
Docum entat ion t ools
Edit ing tools
Planning tools
Specif ication
Design
I mplem entat ion
V ificat ion
er
and
Validat ion
47. CASE integration
Tools
•
Workbenches
•
Support individual process tasks such as design
consistency checking, text editing, etc.
Support a process phase such as specification
or design, Normally include a number of
integrated tools.
Environments
•
Support all or a substantial part of an entire
software process. Normally include several
integrated workbenches.
48. Tools, workbenches, environments
CASE
t echnolo g y
Wor kbenches
Tools
Edit ors
Com pile rs
File
com pa r a t or s
Anal ysis and
design
Mult i-m et hod
w or kbenches
Single- met hod
w or kbenches
Environment s
I nt eg r at ed
en vironment s
Pr o gr am ming
Pr ocess- centr ed
en vironment s
T
esting
Ge ner al- pur pose
w or kbenches
La ngua ge- specif ic
w or kbenches
