This document provides information about volcanoes and geothermal potential in the Lesser Sunda Islands, which includes the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara. It discusses three active volcanoes on Bali - Mount Agung, Mount Batur, and Mount Abang. It provides details on the eruptive history, location, and characteristics of eruptions for each volcano dating back to 1804. It also includes maps showing the distribution of eruption deposits from Mount Agung in 1963 and the hazard zone around Mount Agung.

1. Peta Gunung api & Potensi Geothermal
Kep. Sunda Kecil
( l NTB, NTT)
(Bali, )
ARMSTRONG F. SOMPOTAN
20207004

2. Peta Gunung Api Indonesia
gp

4. Kepulauan Sunda Kecil
(Lesser Sunda Islands)
Kepulauan Sunda Kecil atau
sekarang bernama Kepulauan Nusa
Tenggara adalah gugusan pulau-pulau
di sebelah timur Pulau Jawa,
dari Pulau Bali di sebelah barat, hingga
Pulau Timor di sebelah timur
mencakup 3 popinsi; Bali, NTB, NTT
The Global Volcanism Program database for Lesser Sunda
Islands currently contains 29 Holocene volcanoes,
sorted below in geographical (volcano number) order

5. Peta G
P t Gunung Api Kep. Sunda Kecil
A iK S d K il

6. BALI
Pulau Bali adalah bagian dari Kepulauan Sunda Kecil
sepanjang 153 km dan selebar 112 km sekitar 3,2 km
dari Pulau Jawa. Secara astronomis, Bali terletak di
8 25 23
8°25′23″ Lintang Selatan dan 115°14′55″ Bujur Timur
115 14 55
yang mebuatnya beriklim tropis seperti bagian Indonesia
yang lain.

7. Bali terkenal dengan pesona pariwisatanya, tapi bukan cuma pantai,
pasir putih dan sinar mataharinya Bali juga memiliki pegunungan yang
putih, mataharinya.
menawan dengan hutan dan danaunya, seperti yang ada di kawasan
Bedugul, Tabanan. Juga jauh di bawah permukaan tanah di perut bumi
kawasan ini ada berkah lain yang tersembunyi, yakni energi panas
bumi (geotermal) yang bisa diolah menjadi listrik.
Bali terdapat 3 Gunung api aktif yang terletak di bagian utara, sedangkan bagian selatan adalah dataran rendah yang dialiri sungai 2.

8. GUNUNG AGUNG
Bali (Indonesia)
Location:
Kec. Rendang, Kab. Karangasem
Volcano Number: 0604-02
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 1964
Summit Elevation:
S it El ti 3142 m 10,308 feet
10 308 f t
Latitude: 8.342°S 8°20'30quot;S
Longitude: 115.508°E 115°30'30quot;E

9. Gambar 1. Panorama kawasan puncak dan kawah Gunung Agung dilihat dari udara, memperlihatkan karakteristik bentuk
kawah dari gunung api komposit dengan kawah terbuka (foto: I.S. Sutawidjaja, 2006).

10. Gunung Agung adalah titik tertinggi di
Bali setinggi 3 142 m Gunung berapi
3.142 m.
ini terakhir meletus pada 18 Feb 1963
s/d 27 Jan 1964.
Peta kawasan rawan bencana G. Agung

11. G b 2Pt Sb
Gambar.2 Peta Sebaran Produk Erupsi Gunung Agung, 1963 (Zen, 1964) dan
P d kE iG A (Z d
Peta Isopak Abu Letusan Gunung Agung, 1963 (Kusumadinata).

12. Eruptive History
(
(G. Agung)
g g)
Start Date: 1963 Feb 18 Stop Date: 1964 Jan 27
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 5 Pyroclastic flow(s)
Lava flow(s)
Lava Volume: 1.0 x 108 m3 Fatalities
Damage (land, property, etc.)
Tephra Volume: > 1 x 109 m3 Mudflow(s) (lahars)
Evacuation
Start Date: 1843 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1821 Mar 16
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1808 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption

13. GUNUNG BATUR
Location: Kec. Kintamani Kab. Bangli Bali (Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-01
Volcano Type: Caldera
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 2000
Summit Elevation: 1717 m 5,633 feet
Latitude : 8.242°S 8°14'30quot;S
Longitude: 115.375°E 115°22'30quot;E

14. • Gunung Batur merupakan sebuah gunung berapi aktif yang memiliki kaldera berukuran 13,8 x 10 km dan
merupakan salah satu yang terbesar dan terindah di dunia (van Bemmelen, 1949).
• Pematang kaldera tingginya berkisar antara 1267 m - 2152 m.
g gg y
• Di dalam kaldera I terbentuk kaldera II yang berbentuk melingkar dengan garis tengah lebih kurang 7 km.
• Dasar kaldera II terletak antara 120 - 300 m lebih rendah dari dasar Kaldera I(Undak Kintamani). Di dalam
kaldera tersebut terdapat danau yang berbentuk bulan sabit yang menempati bagian tenggara yang
panjangnya sekitar 7,5 km, lebar maksimum 2,5 km, kelilingnya sekitar 22 km dan luasnya sekitar 16 km2
yang yang dinamakan Danau BaturBatur.
• Kaldera Gunung Batur diperkirakan terbentuk akibat dua letusan besar, 29.300 dan 20.150 tahun yang lalu
yang menghasilkan bencana yang dahsyat di bumi.

15. Gambar.3 Panorama Kaldera Batur memperlihatkan tebing dinding kaldera (latar belakang), kerucut aktif
Gunung Batur (tengah) dan danau Batur di bagian kanan. (foto: I.S. Sutawidjaja)
kanan IS

16. Gunung Batur telah berkali-kali meletus. Kegiatan letusan G. Batur yang tercatat
dalam sejarah dimulai sejak tahun 1804 dan letusan terakhir terjadi tahun 2000.
Sejak tahun 1804 hingga 2005, Gunung Batur telah meletus sebanyak 26 kali.
Adapun letusan yang terjadi tanggal 2 Agustus dan berakhir 21 September 1926
membuat aliran lahar panas menimbun Desa Batur dan Pura Ulun Danu Batur.

17. Eruptive History
(G. Batur)
Start Date: 1999 Mar 15 Stop Date: 2000 Jun (?) Start Date: 1972 Jan 19 Stop Date: 1972 Mar
Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Records
Central vent eruption Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
p y ( )
Explosive eruption Explosive eruption
(VEI):
(VEI) 1 Area of Activity: Batur III
Start Date: 1998 Jul 4 ± 3
Stop Date: 1971 Aug 25 (on or
Stop Date: Unknown
Start Date: 1971 Mar 11
days
after)
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
p
Records Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Explosive eruption
(VEI): 1
Stop Date: 1994 Aug 14 (on
Start Date: 1994 Aug 7 Start Date: 1970 Jan 5 ± 4 days Stop Date: 1970 Jan 15
or after)
Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Flank (excentric) vent
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 1 Area of Activity: SW flank (1963 Explosive eruption
Lava flow(s) (?)
Area of Activity: Batur III vent)
Start D t
St t Date: 1976 M 26
Mar Stop D t
St Date: 1976 M 26
Mar Start Date: 1968 Jan 23 Stop Date: 1968 Feb 15
Eruption is UNCERTAIN
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Eruptive Characteristics:
Phreatic explosion(s) (?)
Records
(VEI): 1?
Flank (excentric) vent
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Start Date: 1974 Mar 12 Stop Date: 1974 Apr
p p Explosive eruption
Lava V l
L Volume: 5.2 x 106 m3
2
Lava flow(s)
Dating Technique: Historical
Area of Activity: SW flank (Batur III)
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption Start Date: 1966 Apr 28 Stop Date: Unknown
(VEI): 2
Lava flow(s)
Dating Technique: Historical
g q
Area of Activity: Batur III
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Start Date: 1973 Stop Date: Unknown
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Flank (excentric) vent
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive
Area of Activity: SW flank (west of Explosive eruption
Records Characteristics: Unknown
1965 vent)

18. Start Date: 1965 Aug 18 Stop Date: 1965 Dec Start Date: 1923 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Flank (excentric) vent
Volcanic Explosivity Index
p y Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 1 (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Lava flow(s) (?)
Area of Activity: SW flank (near Area of Activity: Batur II
Damage (land, property, etc.)
Batur III) Start Date: 1922 Aug 30 Stop Date: Unknown
Start Date: 1963 Sep 5 Stop Date: 1964 May 10
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
p
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption
Records Volcanic Explosivity Index
Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Radial fissure eruption
(VEI): 2
Start Date: 1921 Jan 29 Stop Date: 1921 Apr 17
Explosive eruption
Lava Volume: 4.1 x 107 m3
Lava flow(s) Dating Technique: Historical
Tephra Volume: > 5.1 x 105 m3
Damage (l d property, etc.)
D (land, t t) Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Area of Activity: SW, W flanks
Evacuation Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
(near Batur III, Butus)
(VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1926 Aug 2 Stop Date: 1926 Sep 21
Area of Activity: SW flank Lava flow(s)
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: (Batur II)
Records Flank (excentric) vent
Start Date: 1905 Stop Date: Unknown
Volcanic Explosivity Index Radial fissure eruption
Eruptive Characteristics:
(VEI): 2 Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical
Central vent eruption
Lava Volume: 2.1 x 107 m3 Lava flow(s) Records
Flank (excentric) vent
Tephra Volume: > 1.8 x 106 m3 Lava lake eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
p p
Area of Activity: SW flank below Damage (land, property, etc )
(land property etc.) (VEI): 2
Lava flow(s)
Batur III Evacuation Area of Activity: Batur I, Batur
Damage (land, property,
Start Date: 1925 Jan 5 ± 4 days Stop Date: 1925 Jan 5 ± 4 days II, Batur III
etc.)
Dating Technique: Historical
Start Date: 1904 Stop Date: Unknown
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical
Volcanic E l i it I d
Vl i Explosivity Index C t l vent eruption
Central t ti
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
(VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index Flank (excentric) vent
Area of Activity: Batur II
(VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1924 Mar Stop Date: 1924 Mar (?)
Area of Activity: West caldera Lava flow(s)
Dating Technique: Historical floor (Gunung Anti)
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
(VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Batur II

19. Start Date: 1897 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1888 May 30 Stop Date: 1888 May 31
Dating Technique: Historical Records
g Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Radial fissure eruption
Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: SE flank of Batur I Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 1854 Apr 28 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1849 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 1847
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics: Unknown
Start Date: 1821 Mar 16 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1804 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Batur I Explosive eruption

20. GUNUNG BRATAN
G. Bratan memiliki caldera dengan lebar 11 x 6 km
Location: Bali (Indonesia)
(Tjatur caldera / the Buyan-Bratan volcanic
Volcano Number: 0604-003
complex) yang didalamnya terdapat tiga caldera
Volcano Type: Caldera
lakes,
lakes yaitu Several post-caldera stratovolcanoes
Volcano Status: Holocene
straddle di rim bagian selatan; the largest post-
Last Known
caldera cone, Batukau, 10 km SW. Dan Tapak and
Unknown
Eruption:
Lesong cones yang termuda dan terbentuk akibat
Summit Elevation: 2276 m 7,467 feet
letusan G. Batur sekitar <23,000 tahun lalu.
Latitude: 8.28°S 8°17'0quot;S
Adapun caldera Buyan-Bratan sangat berpotensi
Longitude: 115.13°E 115°8'0quot;E
sebagai area Geothermal.

21. NTB
Nusa Tenggara Barat terdiri dari empat pulau
utama yaitu :
• Pulau Lombok
• Pulau Sumbawa
• Pulau Moyo
• Pulau Sangeang
Di Provinsi NTB Terdapat 3 Gunung api aktif yang terletak di 3 pulau utama; Lombok, Sumbawa, Sangeang.

23. Citra satelit Pulau Lombok

24. GUNUNG RINJANI
Location: Lombok Island (NTB / Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-04
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 2004
S
Summit Elevation:
it El ti 3726 m 12,224 feet
12 224 f t
Latitude: 8.42°S 8°25'0quot;S
Longitude: 116.47°E 116°28'0quot;E

25. Gunung Rinjani
merupakan gunung berapi
kedua tertinggi di Indonesia
dengan ketinggian 3.726 m
dpl serta merupakan
gunung favorit bagi pendaki
Indonesia karena keindahan
pemandangannya.
pemandangannya

26. Di sebelah barat kerucut Rinjani
terdapat kaldera dengan luas
sekitar 3.500 m × 4.800 m,
memanjang kearah timur. Di
j k h ti
kaldera ini terdapat Segara
Anak (segara= laut/danau. Dengan
warna airnya yang membiru, danau ini
membiru
bagaikan anak lautan, karena itulah
disebut quot;Segara Anakquot;) seluas
11.000.000 m persegi dengan
p g g
kedalaman 230 m. Air yang
mengalir dari danau ini
membentuk air terjun yang
sangat indah, mengalir
melewati jurang yang curam.
Di Segara Anak banyak
terdapat ikan mas dan mujair
d ik d ji
sehingga sering digunakan
untuk memancing.

27. Bagian selatan danau ini disebut
dengan Segara Endut.
Di sisi timur kaldera terdapat
p
Gunung Baru (Gunung Baru Jari)
yang memiliki kawah berukuran
170m×200 m dengan ketinggian
2.296 - 2376 m dpl. Gunung kecil
ini terakhir meletus pada tahun
2004.

28. Rinjani saat meletus pada tahun 1994

29. Eruptive History
(G. Rinjani)
Start D t
St t Date: 2004 O t 1
Oct Stop D t
St Date: 2004 O t 5 ( or after)
Oct (on ft )
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Flank (excentric) vent
Area of Activity: Summit and NE flank of Barujari
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1995 Sep 12
Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruption is UNCERTAIN
Explosive eruption (?)
Start Date: 1994 Jun 3 Stop Date: 1994 Nov 21
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3? Pyroclastic flow(s)
Lava flow(s)
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Fatalities
Mudflow(s) (lahars)
Start Date: 1966 Mar 28 Stop Date: 1966 Aug 8
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1
Central vent eruption
Lava Volume: 6.6 x 106 m3
Explosive eruption
Tephra Volume: 2 x 104 m3
Lava flow(s)
Area of Activity: East side of Barujari (2250 m)
Start Date: 1965 Sep p Stop Date: Unknown
p
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0 Flank (excentric) vent
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Lava flow(s) (?)

30. Start Date: 1909 Nov 30 Stop Date: 1909 Dec 2
Start Date: 1953 Oct 15 ± 45 days Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records Records Central vent eruption
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0? Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Mudflow(s) (lahars)
Start Date: 1906 Apr 29 Stop Date: Unknown
Start Date: 1949 Stop Date: 1950
D ti Technique: Hi t i l
Dating T h i Historical
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0 Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: NW flank of Gunung Flank (excentric) vent
(VEI): 1? Explosive eruption
Barujari Lava flow(s)
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari
Start Date: 1944 Dec 25 Stop Date: 1945 Jan 1 (?)
Start D t
St t Date: 1901 J 1Jun Stop D t
St Date: 1901 J 2Jun
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records Dating Technique: Historical
Central vent eruption Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Flank (excentric) vent Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Crater lake eruption Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari
Explosive eruption
Lava Volume: 7 4 x 107 m3
7.4
Start Date: 1900 Nov 30 Stop Date: 1900 Dec 2
Lava flow(s)
Lava dome extrusion Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics:
Area of Activity: NW flank of Barujari
Damage (land, property, Records Central vent eruption
(Rombongan)
etc.) Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari
y g j Lava flow(s)
()
Start Date: 1941 May 30
y
Stop Date: 1884 Aug 10 ± 1
Eruption is UNCERTAIN
Start Date: 1884 Aug 8
Eruptive Characteristics:
day
Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Rinjani summit Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Start Date: 1915 Nov 4
Central vent eruption
Stop Date: Unknown
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Start Date: 1847 Sep 10 Stop Date: 1847 Sep 12
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Dating Technique: Historical
Central vent eruption Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Explosive eruption Central vent eruption
p
Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
(Segara Munjar) Area of Activity: Gunung Barujari

31. Pulau Sumbawa

32. • P. Sumbawa terletak di jalur gunung api (volcanic belt) orogen Sunda.
Sepanjang jalur ini banyak terdapat pemunculan manifestasi panas bumi,
yang mengidentifikasikan adanya potensi energi panas bumi Potensi ini
bumi.
apabila di kelola secara baik dan terencana akan bisa menghasilkan energi
listrik.
• Lokasi potensi Geothermal itu terpusat di Hu’u-Daha Kabupaten Dompu
Hu u-Daha, Dompu,
Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, dimana beberapa penyelidik terdahulu
menyebutkan bahwa terdapat manifestasi panas bumi berupa mata air
panas dan batuan alterasi.
• Geologi regional, P. Sumbawa merupakan bagian busur gunung api Banda.
Akibat gejala tektonik banyak terbentuk struktur-struktur lipatan, sesar dan
kelurusan vulkanik yang mempunyai arah timurlaut-baratdaya dan
timurlaut baratdaya
baratlaut-tenggara (Bemmelen, 1949).
• Batuan gunungapi yang ada di sini berumur Miosen Bawah dan pada
bagian atasnya diendapkan aluvium dan endapan pantai yang berumur
Resen.
• Di bagian utara pulau ini terdapat gunung Tambora

33. GUNUNG TAMBORA
Sumbawa Island
Location:
(NTB / Indonesia)
Volcano
0604 05
0604-05
Number:
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano
Historical
Status:
Last Known
1967 ± 20 years
Eruption:
Summit
2850 m 9,350 feet
Elevation:
Latitude: 8.25°S 8°15'0quot;S
Longitude: 118.00°E 118°0'0quot;E

34. Gunung Tambora meletus dengan sangat
dasyatnya pada tahun 1815 hingga
menewaskan 92.000 orang.
Karena kedasyatannya hingga tercatat
dalam sejarah dunia. Kehebatan
letusannya tercatat sekitar 6 j t k li
lt t t t kit juta kali
kekuatan bom atom. Gunung ini memiliki
garis tengah sekitar 60 km pada ketinggian
2850 m dpl Pada tahun 1815 sebelum
dpl.
terjadi letusan dasyat, gunung ini
diperkirakan memiliki ketinggian sekitar
4.000 meter.
4 000 meter
Letusan yang maha dasyat telah membentuk
kawah dengan lebar sekitar 6 km, dengan
km
kedalaman 1.110 meter. Menyebarkan sekitar
150 km3 debu, hingga mencapai kejauhan
1.300
1 300 km mencakup Jawa tengah dan
Kalimantan. Dalam jarak sekitar 900 km dari
tempat letusan, berjatuhan debu setebal 1
cm.
cm Bongkahan letusan melayang hingga
mencapai ketinggian 44 km.

35. Gambar . Panorama kaldera Tambora dilihat dari udara, memperlihatkan sisa kehebatan letusan tahun 1815, membentuk
kaldera dengan diameter 6-7 km, dengan kedalaman lebih dari 1000 – 1300 m (foto: M. Halbwach).

36. Peta isopach endapan abu hasil erupsi Gunung
Tambora tahun 1815, memperlihatkan sebaran
endapan jatuhan piroklastika dan ketebalannya
(dalam centimeter), menurut Self drr.

37. Table I. Comparison of selected volcanic eruptions
N. hemisphere
Column
Eruptions Year VEI summer anomaly Fatalities
height (km)
(°C)
79 A.D.
Mount Vesuvius 6 ? unlikely
align=quot;centerquot; | 30
Taupo 181 51 7 ? unlikely
Baekdu 969 25 6–7 ? ?
Kuwae 1452 ? 6 −0.5 ?
Huaynaputina 1600 46 6 −0.8 ≈1400
Tambora 1815 43 7 −0.5 > 71,000
Krakatau 1883 25 6 −0.3 36,600
Santamaría 1902 34 6 no anomaly 7,000–13,000
Katmai 1912 32 6 −0.4 2
Mt. St. Helens 1980 19 5 no anomaly 57
El Chichón 1982 32 4–5 ? > 2,000
Nevado del Ruiz 1985 27 3 no anomaly 23,000
Pinatubo 1991 34 6 −0.5 1202
Source: Oppenheimer (2003),[4] and Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program for VEI.[22]

38. Eruptive History
(G. Tambora)
Start Date: 1812 Stop Date: 1815 Jul 15 (?)
Start Date: 1967 ± 20 years Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical
Central vent eruption
Records
Dating Technique: Historical Explosive eruption
Records Pyroclastic flow(s)
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Fatalities
Central vent eruption
(VEI): 0
Volcanic Explosivity Index Damage (land, property,
Lava flow(s)
(VEI): 7 etc.)
Area of Activity: NE part of
y p
Tsunami (giant sea
caldera floor
Tephra Volume: 1.6 x 1011 m3 waves)
Caldera collapse
Start Date: 1880 ± 30 years Stop Date: Unknown
Evacuation
Start Date: 740 AD ± 150 years Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics:
DatingTechnique: Radiocarbon
Central vent eruption Central vent eruption
(uncorrected)
Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2 Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 3050 BC (?) Stop Date: Unknown
Lava d
L dome extrusion
ti
Eruptive Characteristics:
Area of Activity: SW part of
Dating Technique: Radiocarbon Central vent eruption
caldera (Doro Afi Toi)
(uncorrected) Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1819 Aug Stop Date: Unknown Pyroclastic flow(s)
Start Date: 3910 BC ± 200 years Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Central vent eruption Dating Technique: Radiocarbon Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption (uncorrected) Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Pyroclastic flow(s)
(VEI): 2

39. GUNUNG SANGEANG API
Location: Sangeang Island (NTB / Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-06
Volcano Type: Complex volcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 1988
S
Summit Elevation:
it El ti 1949 m 6,394 feet
6 394 f t
Latitude: 8.20°S 8°12'0quot;S
Longitude: 119.07°E 119°4'0quot;E

40. Eruptive History
(G. Sangeang api)
Start Date: 1985 Jul 30 Stop Date: 1988 Feb Start Date: 1956 Dec Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical
Records
Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption
p
Records
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
Phreatic explosion(s)
Volcanic Explosivity Index
(VEI): 1
Pyroclastic flow(s)
(VEI): 3
Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1955 Stop Date: Unknown
Lava Volume: 4 x 107 m3
Mudflow(s) (lahars)
Area of Activity: Doro Api Dating Technique: Historical
Evacuation Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Central vent eruption
St t Date: 1966 F b 28
Start D t Feb Stop D t
St Date: 1966 N
Nov Volcanic Explosivity Index
Phreatic explosion(s)
(VEI): 1
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Start Date: 1954 Nov 4 Stop Date: Unknown
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical
(VEI): 2 Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Central vent eruption
Stop Date: 1965 Dec 1 ± 30 Volcanic Explosivity Index
Start Date: 1964 Jan 29 Explosive eruption
days (VEI): 2
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Start Date: 1954 Apr 26 Stop Date: Unknown
Records Central vent eruption
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption
Records
R d
Central vent eruption
(VEI): 2 Lava flow(s)
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
Lava Volume: 3 x 106 m3 Lava dome extrusion
(VEI): 2
Area of Activity: Doro Api Evacuation
Stop Date: 1953 May 15 (on or
Start Date: 1953 Mar 19
Start Date: 1958 Stop Date: Unknown
after)
Dating T h i
D ti Technique: Hi t i l
Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical
Records
Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption
Records
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
(VEI): 1?
Lava flow(s)
(VEI): 3
Start Date: 1957 Stop Date: Unknown Mudflow(s) (lahars)
( )( )
Area of Activity: Doro Api
Evacuation
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Phreatic explosion(s)
(VEI): 1

41. Start Date: 1927 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1912 Apr Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
p
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1911 Feb 13 Stop Date: 1911 Mar 2
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
C l i
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Doro Api
Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 1860 Sep 11 Stop Date: 1860 Oct
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1821 Mar 23 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating T h i
D ti Technique: Hi t i l R
Historical Records
d
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1715 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1512 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
g q
C t l vent eruption
Central t ti
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3^
Explosive eruption

42. NTT
Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) terdiri atas
tiga pulau b
l besar yakni Flores, Sumba d
k l b dan
sebagian Pulau Timor serta pulau-pulau lain
yang lebih kecil seperti Komodo, Kepulauan Alor
dan Solor, Roti, Sabu, dll. Wilayah ini merupakan
wilayah vulkanis memiliki alam yang berbukit-
bukit dengan iklimnya yang kering.
Di Provinsi NTT terdapat 23 gunung api aktif
yang tersebar di pulau Fl
b l Flores, L bl
Lomblen,
adonara, komba, pantar.

43. • P. Flores merupakan bagian dari busur vulkanik Banda yang terdiri dari
batuan vulkanik berumur Kenezoik Atas yang berselingan dengan batuan
vulkanogenik dan batuan sedimen karbonatan (Hamilton 1979)
(Hamilton, 1979).
• Menurut Koesoemadinata (1981) batuan tertua terdiri dari batuan sedimen
Tersier dari Formasi Kiro, Nangapada dan Formasi Bari.
• Formasi Kiro terdiri dari lava berumur Miosen Tengah, menjemari dengan
Formasi Nangapada.
• Formasi Nangapada sendiri menjemari dengan Formasi Bari.
• Pulau Flores terdapat 15 gunung api aktif; jumlah ini hanya dapat disaingi
oleh Sumatera dan Jawa.

44. GUNUNG WAI SANO
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-07
Volcano Type: Caldera
Volcano Status:
Vl S Holocene
Hl
Last Known Eruption: Unknown
Summit Elevation: 903 m 2,963 feet
Latitude: 8.72°S
8 72°S 8°43'0quot;S
Longitude: 120.02°E 120°1'0quot;E

45. GUNUNG RANAKAH
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-09
Volcano Type: Lava domes
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 1991
S
Summit Elevation:
it El ti 2100 m 6,890 feet
6 890 f t
Latitude: 8.62°S 8°37'0quot;S
Longitude: 120.52°E 120°31'0quot;E

46. Eruptive History
(G. Ranakah)
Start Date: 1991 Mar (on or before) Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Eruptive Characteristics:
p
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Anak Ranakah
Start Date: 1987 Dec 28 Stop Date: 1989 Apr (in or after)
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Flank (excentric) vent
Explosive eruption
Lava Volume: > 1.6 x 107 m3 Pyroclastic flow(s)
Lava flow(s)
Tephra Volume: 9.3 ± 0.3 x 106 m3 Spine extrusion
Evacuation
Area of Activity: Anak Ranakah

47. GUNUNG INIERIE
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-10
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Radiocarbon
Last Known Eruption: 8050 BC (?)
Summit Elevation: 2245 m 7,365 feet
Latitude: 8.875°S 8°52'30quot;S
Longitude: 120.95°E 120°57'0quot;E

48. Eruptive History
(G. Inieri)
Start Date: 8050 BC (?) Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (uncorrected)
Area of Activity: NE side (Wolo Bobo)
E ti Ch
Eruptive Characteristics:
t i ti Flank (
Fl k (excentric) vent
ti ) t
Explosive eruption

49. GUNUNG INIELIKA
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-11
Volcano Type: Complex volcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 2001
Summit Elevation: 1559 m 5,115 feet
Latitude: 8.73°S 8°44'0quot;S
Longitude: 120.98°E 120°59'0quot;E

50. Eruptive History
(G. Inielika)
Start Date: 2001 Jan 11 Stop Date: 2001 Mar
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Phreatic explosion(s)
Area of Activity: Summit crater complex
Start Date: 1905 Nov Stop Date: 1905 Nov
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
Phreatic explosion(s)
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Damage (land, property, etc.)

51. GUNUNG EBULOBO
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-12
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 1969
S
Summit Elevation:
it El ti 2124 m 6,968 feet
6 968 f t
Latitude: 8.82°S 8°49'0quot;S
Longitude: 121.18°E 121°11'0quot;E

52. Eruptive History
(Ebulobo)
Start Date: 1969 Feb 27 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2?
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1941 Aug 23 ± 8 days Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0? Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 1938 May Stop Date: 1938 Jun
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Unknown
Start Date: 1924 Nov Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
upt e C a acte st cs
D ti Technique: Hi t i l R
Dating T h i Historical Records
d
Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Pyroclastic flow(s)
Start Date: 1910 Apr 10 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1888 Stop Date: Unknown
D ti Technique: Hi t i l R
Dating T h i Historical Records
d E ti Ch
Eruptive Characteristics:
t i ti
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1830 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Lava flow(s)

53. GUNUNG IYA
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-13
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 1969
Summit Elevation: 637 m 2,090 feet
Latitude: 8.897°S 8°53'48quot;S
Longitude: 121.645°E 121°38'42quot;E

54. Eruptive History
(G. Iya)
Start Date: 1871 Sep 1 Stop Date: Unknown
Start Date: 1971 Jun Stop Date: 1971 Jun
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
p y
(VEI): 1
( ) Phreatic explosion(s) (?)
p ()()
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2
Start Date: 1969 Jan 27 Stop Date: 1969 Jan 30
Start Date: 1868 May 4 Stop Date: Unknown
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical Flank (excentric) vent Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Records Explosive eruption Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Volcanic Explosivity Index Pyroclastic flow(s) Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2
(VEI): 3 Fatalities
Area of Activity: Crater II Damage (land, property, Start Date: 1867 Jan Stop Date: Unknown
(upper SW flank) etc.) Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
p
Evacuation Records
Central vent eruption
Start Date: 1953 Sep 4 Stop Date: 1953 Sep 5 Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2
Dating Technique: Historical
Start Date: 1844 May Stop Date: Unknown
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index
o ca c p os ty de Explosive e upt o
p os e eruption Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
(VEI): 2? Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Start Date: 1888 Dec Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2
Eruptive
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Start Date: 1671 (?) Stop Date: Unknown
Characteristics: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical
Start Date: 1882 Stop Date: Unknown Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption
Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index
Records Explosive eruption
Central vent eruption (VEI): 3^
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption St t Date: 1559
Start D t
(VEI): 2
Eruptive
Eruption is UNCERTAIN
Characteristics: Unknown

55. SUKARIA CALDERA
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
( )
Volcano Number: 0604-14
Volcano Type: Caldera
Volcano Status: Fumarolic
Last Known Eruption: Unknown
Summit Elevation: 1500 m 4,921 feet
Latitude: 8.792°S 8°47'30quot;S
Longitude: 121.77°E 121°46'0quot;E

56. GUNUNG KELIMUTU
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-16
Volcano Type: Complex volcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 1968
Summit Elevation: 1639 m 5,377 feet
Latitude: 8.77°S 8°46'0quot;S
Longitude: 121.82°E 121°49'0quot;E

57. Gunung Kelimutu memiliki
tiga buah danau kawah di
puncaknya. Danau ini dikenal
d
dengan nama Danau Tiga
D Ti
Warna karena memiliki tiga
warna yang berbeda.

58. Eruptive History
(G. Kelimutu)
Start Date: 1968 Jun 3 Stop Date: 1968 Jul 29
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Crater lake eruption
Area of Activity: Tiwu Nua Muri Explosive eruption
Phreatic explosion(s)
Start Date: 1938 May Stop Date: 1938 Jun
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Phreatic explosion(s)
Start Date: 1865 ± 5 years Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Phreatic explosion(s) (?)

59. GUNUNG EGON
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-18
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 2005
Summit Elevation: 1703 m 5,587 feet
Latitude: 8.67°S 8°40'0quot;S
Longitude: 122.45°E 122°27'0quot;E

60. Eruptive History
(G. Egon)
Start Date: 2005 Feb 6 Stop Date: 2005 Feb 27
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Radial fissure eruption
Area of Activity: Summit and southern flank Explosive eruption
Evacuation
Start Date: 2004 Jul 3 Stop Date: 2004 Sep 16 (?)
E
Eruptive Ch
i Characteristics:
ii
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Evacuation
Start Date: 2004 Jan 29 Stop Date: 2004 Feb 5 (?)
Eruptive Characteristics:
Central vent eruption
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Explosive eruption
Volcanic E l i it I d (VEI): 1
Vl i Explosivity Index (VEI)
Fatalities
Evacuation
Start Date: 1907 Sep 28
Eruption DISCREDITED
Area of Activity: (confused with 1907 Lewotobi eruption)
Start Date: 1888 Stop Date: 1892
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption

61. GUNUNG ILIMUDA
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-19
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Fumarolic
Last Known Eruption: Unknown
S
Summit Elevation:
it El ti 1100 m 3,609 feet
3 609 f t
Latitude: 8.478°S 8°28'42quot;S
Longitude: 122.671°E 122°40'16quot;E

62. GUNUNG LEWOTOBI
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-20
Volcano Type:
Vl T Stratovolcanoes
St t l
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 2003
Summit Elevation: 1703 m 5,587
5 587 feet
Latitude: 8.542°S 8°32'30quot;S
Longitude: 122.775°E 122°46'30quot;E

63. Stop Date: 2003 Sep 1 (on or
Eruptive History
Start Date: 2003 May 30
after)
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
(
(G. Lewotobi)
)
Records
Central vent eruption
p
Volcanic E l i it I d
Vl i Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2 Start Date: 1971 Jan Stop Date: Unknown
Damage (land, property, etc.)
Area of Activity: Lewotobi
Evacuation Dating Technique: Historical
Lakilaki
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Start Date: 2002 Oct 12 Stop Date: 2002 Oct 12 (?) Volcanic Explosivity Index
p y Central vent eruption
p
Dating Technique: Historical (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Records Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index Start Date: 1970 Stop Date: Unknown
Central vent eruption
(VEI): 1
Explosive eruption Dating Technique: Historical
Area of Activity: Lewotobi
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Lakilaki
Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
Start Date: 1999 Mar 31 Stop Date: 1999 Jul 1 (?) (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Dating Technique: Historical Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
Records Start Date: 1968 Nov 28 Stop Date: 1969 Feb 2
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index
C t l vent eruption
Central t ti D ti Technique: Hi t i l
Dating T h i Historical
(VEI): 2
Explosive eruption Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Area of Activity: Lewotobi
Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
Lakilaki
(VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Stop Date: 1992 Dec 31 (on or Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
Start Date: 1991 May 11
after)
Start Date: 1939 Dec 17 Stop Date: 1940 Apr 21
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index Central vent eruption
(VEI): 1 Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Evacuation
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
Lakilaki
Stop Date: 1935 Dec 25 (on or
Start Date: 1935 Dec
Start Date: 1990 Jan 28 Stop Date: 1990 Jun
after)
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical
Records
Records
Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics:
E ti Ch t i ti
Vl
Volcanic E l i it I d
i Explosivity Index
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption
(VEI): 1
(VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Lewotobi
Area of Activity: Lewetobi
Lakilaki
Perempuan

64. Start Date: 1869 Jul 7 Stop Date: 1869 Jul 27
Stop Date: 1933 Dec 26 ± 5
Start Date: 1932 May 23
days Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Central vent eruption
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Explosive eruption
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Fatalities
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Explosive eruption
Damage (land, property,
Pyroclastic flow(s)
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki etc.)
Lava Volume: 5 x 105 m3 Lava flow(s)
Lava dome extrusion Start Date: 1868 Jul 13 (on or
Stop Date: Unknown
Area of Activity: Lewotobi L kil ki
A f A ti it L t bi Lakilaki Spine t i
S i extrusion before)
Start Date: 1921 Jan 1 Stop Date: 1921 Dec 20 Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics: Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Explosive eruption
Lava Volume: 2 x 105 m3 Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Perempuan Lava dome extrusion Start Date: 1865 May 4 Stop Date: Unknown
Start Date: 1914 Jun 29 Stop Date: Unknown Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics: Records
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Explosive eruption
p p Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
A
Area of Activity: L
f A ti it Lewotobi L kil ki
t bi Lakilaki
Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1861 May 4 Stop Date: 1861 May 18
Start Date: 1909 Jan 8 Stop Date: 1910 May 26 Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics: Records
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Explosive eruption
Explosive eruption Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki
Lava flow(s) Start Date: 1859 Jul
Start Date: 1907 Sep 28 Stop Date: 1907 Oct 30 Eruption is UNCERTAIN Eruptive
Eruptive Characteristics: Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Characteristics: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Central vent eruption Start Date: 1675 ± 25 years Stop Date: Unknown
Explosive eruption
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava flow(s)
Records Central vent eruption
Fatalities
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3^ Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Damage (land, property,
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Lava flow(s)
etc.)
Start Date: 1889 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Lewotobi Lakilaki Explosive eruption

65. GUNUNG LEROBOLENG
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-21
Volcano Type: Complex volcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 2003
Summit Elevation: 1117 m 3,665 feet
Latitude: 8.358°S 8°21'30quot;S
Longitude: 122.842°E 122°50'30quot;E

66. Eruptive History
(G.
(G Leroboleng)
Start Date: 2003 Jun 26 Stop Date: 2003 Jul 29
Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3
Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1881 Mar 16 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Burak (Kawah XXVII) Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1876 Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records
g q Eruptive Characteristics:
p
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Burak (Kawah XXVI) Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1873 Stop Date: Unknown
p
Dating Technique: Historical Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Central vent eruption
Area of Activity: Burak (
y (Kawah XXIV)) Explosive eruption

67. GUNUNG RIANG KOTANG
Location: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-22
Volcano Type: Fumarole field
Volcano Status: Fumarolic
Last Known Eruption: Unknown
Summit Elevation: 200 m 656 feet
Latitude: 8.30°S 8°18'0quot;S
Longitude: 122.892°E 122°53'30quot;E

68. Gunung Poco Leok
Subregion Name: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-08
Volcano Type: Unknown
Volcano Status: Fumarolic
Last Known Eruption: Unknown
Summit Elevation: 1675 m 5,495 feet
Latitude: 8.68°S 8°41'0quot;S
Longitude: 120.48°E 120°29'0quot;E
Gunung Ndete Napu
Subregion Name: Flores Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-15
Volcano Type: Fumarole field
Volcano Status: Fumarolic
Last Known Eruption: Unknown
Summit Elevation: 750 m 2,461 feet
Latitude: 8.72 S
8 72°S 8 43 0 S
8°43'0quot;S
Longitude: 121.78°E 121°47'0quot;E

69. GUNUNG PALUWEH
Subregion Name: Lesser Sunda Islands (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-17
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:
Vl St t Historical
Hi t i l
Last Known Eruption: 1985
Summit Elevation: 875 m 2,871 feet
Latitude: 8.32 S
8 32°S 8 19 0 S
8°19'0quot;S
Longitude: 121.708°E 121°42'30quot;E

70. Start Date: 1972 Oct 22 Stop Date: 1973 Jan 16
Eruptive History Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
(G Paluweh)
(G. Records
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 3
Damage (land, property, etc.)
Start Date: 1985 Feb 3 Stop Date: 1985 Feb 3
Area of Activity: Rokatenda
Dating Technique: Historical Start Date: 1963 Dec 31 Stop Date: 1966 Mar 16
Records
Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index Dating Technique: Historical
Central vent eruption Central vent eruption
(VEI): 1 Records
Explosive eruption Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Rokatenda Volcanic Explosivity Index
Pyroclastic flow(s)
(west side of lava dome) (VEI): 2
Lava flow(s)
Lava Volume: 5 x 107 m3
Start Date: 1984 May 9 Stop Date: 1984 May 21 Lava dome extrusion
Area of Activity: Rokatenda
Dating Technique: Historical Fatalities
(1928 crater)
Records Damage (land, property, etc.)
Eruptive Characteristics:
Volcanic Explosivity Index Start Date: 1928 Aug 4 Stop Date: 1928 Sep 25
Central vent eruption
Ce a e e up o
(VEI):
(VEI) 2 Eruptive Characteristics:
Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Rokatenda Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption
(west side of lava dome) Records Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1980 Nov 5 Stop Date: 1981 Sep Volcanic Explosivity Index Lava dome extrusion
(VEI): 3 Fatalities
Eruptive Characteristics:
Lava Volume: 8 x 106 m3 Damage (land, property, etc.)
Dating Technique: Historical Central vent eruption
Tephra Volume: 2 x 107 m3 Tsunami (giant sea waves)
Records Explosive eruption
Area of Activity: Rokatenda Evacuation
Volcanic Explosivity Index Pyroclastic flow(s)
Debris avalanche(s)
(VEI): 2 Lava dome extrusion
Lava Volume: 8.5 x 106 m3 Damage (land, property, Start Date: 1831
Area of Activity: Rokatenda etc.) Eruptive
Eruption is UNCERTAIN
Evacuation Characteristics: Unknown
Start Date: 1973 Oct 27 Stop Date: 1973 Oct 28 Start Date: 1650 ± 50 years Stop Date: Unknown
Dating T h i
D ti Technique: Hi t i l
Historical Dating T h i
D ti Technique: Hi t i l
Historical
Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics:
Records Records
Central vent eruption Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2 (VEI): 3

71. GUNUNG ILIBOLENG
Location: Adonara Island (NTT/Indonesia)
Volcano Number: 0604-23
Volcano Type: Stratovolcano
Volcano Status: Historical
Last Known Eruption: 1993
Summit Elevation: 1659 m 5,443 feet
Latitude: 8.342°S 8°20'30quot;S
Longitude: 123.258°E 123°15'30quot;E

72. Eruptive History
(
(G. ILIBOLENG)
)
Start Date: 1983 May 11 Stop Date: 1984 Apr 13
Start Date: 1993 Jun (?) Stop Date: 1993 Jul
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics:
Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Records
Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption
Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2
(VEI): 1?
Start Date: 1982 Nov 17 Stop Date: 1982 Nov 17
Start Date: 1991 Nov 3 Stop Date: 1991 Nov 15
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics:
p
Eruptive Characteristics: R
Records
d
Records
R d Central vent eruption
Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index
Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption
Explosive eruption (VEI): 2
(VEI): 1
Start Date: 1973 Apr Stop Date: 1974 Apr
Stop Date: 1991 Jun 30 (on
Start Date: 1991 May 8
or after) Eruptive Characteristics:
Dating Technique: Historical
Central vent eruption
Dating Technique: Historical Records
Explosive eruption
Records Eruptive Characteristics: Volcanic Explosivity Index
Damage (land, property,
Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption (VEI): 2
etc.)
(VEI): 1
Start Date: 1951 Stop Date: Unknown
Start Date: 1987 Oct 2 Stop Date: 1987 Oct 2
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical
Eruptive Characteristics: Records Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Central vent eruption Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosive eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Explosive eruption (VEI):
(VEI) 2?
(VEI): 2
Start Date: 1950 Mar Stop Date: 1950 Aug (?)
Start Date: 1986 May 28 Stop Date: 1986 Nov 24
Dating Technique: Historical
Dating Technique: Historical Eruptive Characteristics: Eruptive Characteristics:
Records
Records Central vent eruption Central vent eruption
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Volcanic E l i it I d
Vl i Explosivity Index Explosive
E l i eruption ti Explosive eruption
(VEI): 2
(VEI): 1 Evacuation