Babesia.ppt by Dr.Armia Naguib

1. Babesia
Dr.Armia&N

2. 


After showing this Presentation we
will able to know all species of
Babesia
In this Presentation we will study the
life cycle & pathogenies of Babesia
And we will able to make
analysis,prevention and treatment of
Babesiosis
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
2

3. Content
 Transmission&patho
Introduction
 Babesia species
genesis&cinical
feeding
 Babesiosis
 Analysis
Breed resistance to
 Prevention
Babesiosis
Life cycle of Babesia
 treatment
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
3

4. INTRODUCTION








The genus Babesia belongs to
the phylum : Apicomplexa
class
: Sporozoasida
order
: Eucoccidiorida
suborder : Piroplasmorina
family
: Babesiida
eg 1 - Babesia bovis
2 - B. bigemina
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
4

5. Babesia Species
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
5

6. Babesiosis

Babesiosis is caused by intraerythrocytic
protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia
that infect a wide range of domestic and
wild animals and occasionally man.

The disease is tick transmitted and
distributed worldwide.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
6

7. 
The major economic impact of
babesiosis is on the cattle industry

the two most important species in
cattle, Babesia bovis and B. bigemina
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
7

8. Breed resistance to babesiosis


Bos indicus breeds almost invariably
experience milder clinical symptoms
to primary B. bovis infections than
Bos taurus breeds
compared transmission rates of B.
bovis in Bos taurus and in threeeighths to half of Bos indicus
crossbred cattle in Australia
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
8

9. 

concluded that in an environment
unfavourable for tick survival,
stocking with Bos indicus or Bos
indicus
crossbred cattle will, over several
seasons, almost lead to the
disappearance of the ticks.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
9

10. 
B. bigemina is usually of lower
pathogenicity than B. bovis

There is some ambiguity in the literature
concerning the relative susceptibility of Bos
indicus and Bos taurus breeds to this
parasite, but most studies conclude that
Bos indicus are muchmore resistant
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
10

11. Life cycle of Babesia

Some species of Babesia
(in particular B. microti) that naturally
infect small rodents like the white-footed
mouse can also infect humans

B. microti is transmited by infected Ixodes
ticks (dear ticks)
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
11

12. 
Most transmission occurs along the
North-Eastern seaboard and
infection rates can be relatively high
locally

The epidemiological risk factors are
very similar to Lyme disease
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
12

13. 
People who are elderly or immunecompromised (including in particular people
without a spleen) are most likely to show
severe disease

Heavy RBC infection in severe cases can lead
to acute respiratory failure, congestive heart
failure and other complications with a
mortality rate of 5-10%
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
13

14. 
Many infections likely go undiagnosed,
about a third of the infections are
asymptomatic

Most infected show mild disease with
general malaise and fatigue and fever
and chills
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
14

15. 
Thin smear of venous blood
showing
pleomorphism of Babesia
trophozoites (arrows) in RBCs
8 November 2013
Babesiosis can
be treated with
antibiotics that
target the
apicoplast and/or
the parasite
mitochondrion
Prepared by Armia Naguib
15

16. 8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
16

17. 8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
17

18. Transmission, Clinical Findings,
and Pathogenesis

Babesia sporozoites are transmitted
to humans mostly by the bite of the
Ixodes nymph and occasionally by
the adult tick.

In the infected nymph, the organism
migrates to the salivary gland.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
18

19. 

The nymph then seeks a blood meal
and infects another rodent or human
by injecting sporozoites into the
bloodstream.
The sporozoites enter the
erythrocytes, possibly by binding to
the C3 in the circulation and attaching
to the erythrocytic C3b receptors,
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
19

20. 


The sporozoites undergo asexual
budding into 4 merozoites,
followed by perforation of the RBC
membrane,leading to hemolysis.
The merozoites then infect other
RBCs; the parasites become
trophozoites and can divide by
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
20

21. 
.and can divide by binary fission,
creating the ring forms and tetrads
seen in erythrocytes on stained blood
smears.

Usually, 1% to 10% ofthe RBCs are
parasitized
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
21

22. 
However, up to 85% parasitemia has
been noted.

The disease is mild to asymptomatic

there is a risk of asymptomatic donors
transmitting the disease to recipients
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
22

23. Analysis of Babesia bovis infectioninduced gene expression changes in
larvae from the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) microplus
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
23

24. Background:

Cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne and
sudisease of cattle that has severe
economic impact on cattle producers
throughout the world’s tropical
btropical countries
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
24

25. 
the most severe form of the disease is
caused by the apicomplexan, Babesia
bovis, and transmitted to cattle through
the bite of infected cattle ticks of the
genus Rhipicephalus
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
25

26. Methods:


Total RNA was isolated for both
uninfected and Babesia bovis-infected
larval samples
Subtracted libraries were prepared by
subtracting the B. bovis-infected material
with the uninfected material, thus
enriching for expressed genes in the B.
bovis-infected sample.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
26

27. 

Expressed sequence tags from the
subtracted library were generated,
assembled, and sequenced.
To complement the subtracted library
method, differential transcript
expression between samples was
also measured using custom highdensity microarrays
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
27

28. Results


Ticks were allowed to feed on a B. bovisinfected splenectomized calf and on an
uninfected control calf.
RNA was purified in duplicate from
whole larvae and subtracted cDNA
libraries were synthesized from
Babesiainfected larval RNA.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
28

29. 

subtracting with the corresponding
uninfected larval RNA. One thousand
ESTs were sequenced from the larval
library and the transcripts were
annotated.
We used a R. microplus microarray
designed from a R. microplus gene
index, BmiGI Version 2, to look for
changes in gene expression
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
29

30. 
that were associated with infection of
R. microplus larvae.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
30

31. 


Prevention consists of avoiding tick
habitats during the tick-biting season,
protective clothing, and use of
diethyltoluamide insect repellent or
permethrin spray.
Inspection of petsfor ticks and
removal of ticks with tweezers are
appropriate
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
31

32. 
The standard regimen for the
treatment of Babesia infection
consists of a combination of
antibiotics, clindamycin and quinine.

This regimen is fairly effective for most
cases of Babesia infection.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
32

33. 

However, with high levels of
parasitemia (more than 10%), marked
hemolysis occurs.In these cases,
there is a role for the blood bank in
treatment.
The standard regimen of clindamycin
and quinine frequently causes adverse
reactions.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
33

34. 
An alternative treatment with
atovaquone and azithromycin was
noted to be as effective and
associated with significantly fewer
adverse effects.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
34

35. Referances
1)
2)
3)
AGBEDE, R. I. S., KEMP, D. H. &
HOYTE, H.M. D. (1986).
Heekin et al. Parasites & Vectors
2012, 5:162
http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/
content/5/1/162
Babes V. Sur l’hemoglobinurie bacterienne
boeuf. Comptes Rendus de Acad Sci III.
1888;107:692-694.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
35

36. 4) Gelfand, JA. Babesia. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE,
Douglas RG, et al, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and
Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious
Diseases. 5th ed. New York, NY Churchill
Livingstone; 2000:2899-2902.
8 November 2013
Prepared by Armia Naguib
36