Knowledge Management Series

1. CHAPTER 2
Kimiz Dalkir
2005
KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
CYCLE

2. A little knowledge that act is worth
infinitely more than much knowledge
that is idle
- Khalil gibran -
KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
CYCLE

3. OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the impotance of individual, group, & organization
knowledge management (create, capture, share, codify,
access, applied, reuse)
2. Compare the major KM cycle (Zack, McElroy, Wiig, &
Bukowits and Williams)
3. Define the key step in each process of KM cycle
4. Identify the challenge & benefit of each KM cycle phase
5. Describe the way integrated KM cycle combine the
advantages of other KM model
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4. WHAT KM PROCESS DOES
 Identify knowledge and knowledge resources in
organization
 Transform valuable knowledge into explicit form codification
 Disseminate thru practices, sharing, networks
 Use for decision making, problem solving, choosing the
best practices for every situation
 Store as knowledge repository in organization memory
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5. MAJOR APPROACHES
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Zack KM cycle - 1996
Bukowits and Williams KM cycle - 2000
McElroy KM cycle - 2003
Wiig KM cycle – 1993
Dalkir Integrated cycle - 2005
My Own KM Cycle - 2013
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6. A COMPARISON
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7. SIKLUS KM ZACK
 Basic concept
 Research and knowledge about the design of physical product
can be extended into the intellectual realms to serve as the basis
of the KM cycle
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8. SIKLUS KM ZACK
 KM cycle primarily ceating higher value-added to leverage
knowledge, at each steps
• Ex : From the basic data, we can identify trend and
repackaged knowledge (value), then it can be use to help
dec. Making
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9. SIKLUS KM ZACK
 Compose of technolgy, facilities, & process for
manufacturing product/service
 Viewed as repository comprise of information content &
structure
 Content is unique
 Structure that can easily identify, extract, & manage different
knowledge (sifting & modification)
• Labelling, indexing, linking, cross-referencing
 Repository become foundation for the firm to create the
family of information & knowledge
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10. SIKLUS KM ZACK
 Aquisition (data/informatoin gathering)
 Breadth, depth, scope, credibility, accuracy, timelines, relevance,
cost, exclusivity, quality
 Refinement (value added information)
 Migrating, restructuring, relabelling, integrating, cleaning up,
sifting, interpret, standarizing,
 Creating more readily useable knowledge
 Store/retrieve
• A bridge between upstream aquisition, refinement, &
downstream stages of generation
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11. SIKLUS KM ZACK
 Distribution
 How to deliver product to end user,
 Medium of delivery, timing, frequency, form
 Present/Use
 How the product support the work of the end user
 Is the refinering to create value added match the need
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12. SIKLUS KM BUKOWITZ
 KM process framework  The way the organization create,
generate, maintain, and deploye a strategically correct
stock of knowledge to create value
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13. SIKLUS KM BUKOWITZ
 GET : seek information, deal with enormous info, match info
need, know the resources, cybraryan.
 USE : combine information to innovate, apply in decision
making & problem solving
 LEARN : experiences to create competitive advantage, using
organizational memory (lesson learned – best practise)
 CONTRIBUTE : post what is learned to the public knowledge
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14. SIKLUS KM BUKOWITZ
 ASSESS :
Deals with individuals, groups and organization level.
Assessment means the review of intellectual or corporeal assets
(e.g. Information, knowledge) against the future needs of
individuals, groups and organizations.
Evaluate & map intellectual capital, define mission critical
knowledge, compare with the future need
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15. SIKLUS KM BUKOWITZ
 BUILD / SUSTAIN : develop new intellectual capital or
sustain the old one to keep organization viable & competitive
 DIVEST : is the knowledge still worth to keep or better of
transfer to outside
Obtaining patents, spinning off companies, outsourcing work,
terminating a training program and/or employees,
replacing/upgrading technologies, and ending partnerships,
alliances, or contracts
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16. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
 Knowledge life cycle consists of the processes of knowledge
production and knowledge integration, with a series of
feedback loops to organizational memory, beliefs, and
claims and the business-processing environment
 Knowledge held subjectively in the mind of individual &
group, & objectively in explicit form
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17. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
Mind of
individual/group
Org
knowledge
Explicit
 Using knowledge in the business process result in :
Match expectation  store & reuse
Failing  adjust
Successive failure  reject & create new knowledge
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18. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
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19. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
 hh
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20. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
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21. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
 hh
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22. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
 Knowledge Integration
 Process by which organization introduce new knowledge claim to
its operating environment and retire the old one
 Conducted thru teaching, training, sharing, & others activities
which communicate the understanding of new knowledge to the
worker (replace or integrate with the old knowledge)
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23. SIKLUS Mc ELROY
 Positive side 
 Clear description of how to evaluate knowledge
 Concious decision to integrate knowledge into org. memory or not
 This validation separate KM from document management
 KM focus on process to identify the knowledge content that
is of value to organization and employee
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24. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 Three conditions that need to be present for an organization
to conduct its business successfully:
Business (products/services) and customers
Resources (people, capital, facilities)
Ability to act
 Ability to act intelligently determined and drived by the
knowledge
 Improved knowledge mean we know better about what &
how to do
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25. SIKLUS KM WIIG
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26. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 Although shown to be independent and sequential, it may
perform some of the functions and activities in parallel.
 Cycle back is possible to repeat functions and activities
performed earlier but with a different emphasis and/or level
of detail.
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27. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 BUILDING KNOWLEDGE
Obtain knowledge.
 Analyze knowledge.
• Extracting wha is important
• Abstracting the extracted
• Identifying
• Explain the relation (compare and contrast)
• Verifying that the extracted still correspond with the original
 Reconstruct/synthesize knowledge.
 Codify and model knowledge.
 Organize knowledge.
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28. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 HOLDING KNOWLEDGE
Remembering (internalized)
accumulating knowledge in repositories (stored in org memory),
embedding knowledge in repositories (apply in business),
archiving knowledge (create library)
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29. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 POOLING KNOWLEDGE
Coordinating (form collaborative team)
Assembling (references to facilitate subsequent access & retrieve
Accessing and retrieving knowledge (from expert people &
system)
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30. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 USING KNOWLEDGE
Perform a routine task (make standard products, provide a
standard service, or use the expert network to find out who is
knowledgeable about a particular area).
Survey exceptional situations at hand (determine what the
problem is and estimate potential consequences)
Describe the situation and scope of the problem (identify problem
and show generally how to handle it)
Select relevant special knowledge to handle the situation (identify
who you need to consult with or want to address the problem).
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31. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 USE KNOWLEDGE
Observe and characterize the situation with special knowledge
(make a comparison with known patterns, take a history, & collect
and organize required information to act.
Analyze the situation with knowledge (judge whether it can be
handled internally or whether outside help will be required)
Synthesize alternative solutions with knowledge (identify options
and outline possible approaches).
Evaluate potential alternatives using special knowledge
(determine the risks and benefits of each possible approach)
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32. SIKLUS KM WIIG
 USE KNOWLEDGE
Use knowledge to decide what to do (rank alternatives, select one,
and do a reality check).
Implement the selected alternative—for example, execute the task
and authorize the team to proceed
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33. SIKLUS KM WIIG
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34. INTEGRATED CYCLE
 Three major stage in KM cycle
 Knowledge capture / creation
 Knowledge sharing / dissemination
 Knowledge acquisition / application
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35. INTEGRATED CYCLE
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36. QUESTIONS FOR YOU
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What is the reason for Dalkir to use only four approaches?
What is the strength/advantage of the Bukowiz & William Cycle?
What is the strength/advantage of the Zack Cycle?
What is the strength/advantage of the Wiig Cycle?
What is the strength/advantage of the McElroy Cycle?
What is the KM cycle approach from Dalkir?
Create your own cycle present the result in an attractive ways (audio
video, graphic, flash, and so on)
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37. MY KNOWLDEGE OF CYCLE
Build the
knowledge
Validate the
useability
Apply in the
business
Store
Deliver and
Share for others
to build and apply
Enhance/enrich
for future the
benefit
Systemize for
ease of later use
Evaluate the
relevances
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38. SUMBER INFORMASI
 http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/articles/1010/1010.htm
 http://www.ahg.com/absolutely%20knowledge%20management%20s
ystem.htm
 http://www.prescientdigital.com/articles/content-management/contentmanagement-in-a-knowledge-management-context/
 http://www.lc-stars.com/knowledge.html
 http://peterpaulperez.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/knowledgemanagement-in-the-call-center-industry/
 http://www.ugc.edu.hk/tlqpr01/site/abstracts/098_hui.htm
 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/activities/knowl
edge.htm
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39.  http://www.hcklab.org/research/knowledgemanagement/tacit-explicitknowledge.htm
 http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/KM/ExplicitTacit.htm
 http://serbaserbikm.blogspot.com/2010/07/2-macam-tipe-knowledgeyaitu.html
 http://www.systems-thinking.org/kmbh/kmbh.htm
 http://www.kmnetwork.com/WhatIsKM.html
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40. DRESSED 4 SUCCESS
 Review singkat materi perkuliahan ini minimal 1 kali setiap
minggu.
 Selesaikan penugasan2, baik yang dikumpulkan atau yang tidak.
 Membuat catatan kecil (rangkuman) yang mudah dipelajari saat
menghadapi UTS/UAS (bukan untuk ‘contekan’).
 Setidaknya baca & pahami materi secara lengkap pada buku
panduan utama.
 Perhatikan pokok bahasan yang diberikan penegasan oleh
dosen beserta contoh2-nya.
 Cari materi dari dosen lain dengan pokok bahasan yang sama.
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41. partono67@gmail.com
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