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Thinking
and Reasoning

2. Thinking
-manipulating mental representations
for any purpose

3. Concept
-mental representation of a category;
that is an internal portrait of a class
of objects, ideas or events that share
common properties
Category
-set of entities that are grouped
together

5. Hierarchy of Concepts
a. Superordinate level- an abstract level
in which members of a category
share few common features
b. Basic level- the broadest level at
which objects share common
attributes that are distinctive of the
concept
c. Subordinate level- more specific
attributes are shared by members of
a category

6. Heuristics
(cognitive shortcuts)

7.  Representative heuristic- people
categorise by matching the similarity
of an object or incident to a prototype
but ignore information about its
probability of occurring

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 Availability heuristic- people
essentially assume that events they
can recall are typical

9. Kinds of thinking

10. 1.Directed thinking- involves conscious
manipulation of representations

11. a. Critical thinking
- crucial evaluation or judgment of
something

12. b. Creative thinking
-involves the ability to produce new
forms

13. c. Brainstorming
-involves group of people to solve a
problem in free environment

14. d. Reasoning
- logical thinking or thinking with
objectives

15. Kinds of Reasoning
 Inductive reasoning- from particular
to general

16.  Deductive reasoning- from general to
specific

17. Syllogism- kind of deductive reasoning
consists of two (major and minor)
premises that lead to logical
conclusion

18.  Analogical reasoning- process by
which people understand a novel
situation in terms of a familiar one.

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2. Associative thinking- involves thinking
outside our awareness
a. Autistic thinking (daydreaming)- extreme
preoccupation with one’s own thoughts and
fantasies
b. Nightdreaming- is due to unconscious
impulses and it aims to satisfy a drive
c. Eidetic Imagery (Photographic minds)uncommonly vivid imagery

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Ariadne Cara Santos
Karen Camille Fabella