its about the artificial stomach on which many scientists are working on.

1. ARTIFICIAL STOMACH
A step towards the treatment of stomach cancer and ulcers

2. STOMACH
 The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the
digestive system which functions as an important
organ of the digestive tract and mainly involved in the
second phase of digestion.
 Stomach is the main food storage tank of the body.
 The stomach is prone to many diseases like peptic
ulcers, dyspepsia, gastritis, gastro paresis, diarrhoea,
crohn’s diseases, cancers, obesity related diabetes
etc. Of all the above most severe and common
problems include ulcers and stomach cancer mainly
caused by helicobacter pylori.

3. STATISTICS OF THE STOMACH CANCER
 Globally stomach cancer is the fifth leading
cause of cancer and the third leading cause
of death from cancer making upto 7%of
cases and 9% of deaths.
 Other statistics are as follows:

4. STEM CELLS AND ITS IMPORTANCE
 For all the diseases either for drug discovery or
treatment stem cells is widely being used. Stem
cells are undifferentiated biological cells that
can differentiate into specialized cells and can
divide to produce more stem cells. Other details
about stem cells are as follows:

5. ARTIFICIAL STOMACH DISCOVERY
 Stem cells were used to grow miniature organs,
including kidneys and windpipes but stomachs
were more difficult to grow because scientists
didn’t understand exactly how to grow them
from stem cells.
 But now scientist Jim wells and his team have
been able to create functional 3-D stomach
tissues which present new opportunities for drug
discovery, modelling early stages of stomach
cancer and studying some of the underpinnings
of obesity related diabetes.

6. IMPORTANCE OF THE MINI STOMACHS
 These mini stomachs are capable of being
used for the clinical trials of various newly
developed drugs and may even be used as a
treatment itself by the way of tiny grated
patches that would grow over ulcerated
stomachs.
 Presently animals like mice; rabbits etc are
being used for clinical trials

7. DISADVANTAGES OF USING ANIMALS OVER
THE MINI STOMACHS
 The stomachs of these animals do not
completely resemble the human stomach
 Observing the interaction of bacteria with the
linings of the stomach is quite difficult when
using the animals like mice
 Ethical issues related to scarifying animals

8. ARTIFICIAL MINI STOMACHS DEVELOPMENT
 The researchers were able to grow the non specific stem
cells into stomach tissue by mimicking the step-by-step
development that was studied in embryos. Upon
comparing the side-by-side development of the artificial
stomachs with that of the actual stomach of the mice it
was found to be similar.
 This stomach like organoids took a span of one month to
develop from stem cells but didn’t pass the embryonic
stage of development. These grew to be about pea size
and not more due to lack of blood and oxygen supply. And
had the same structure of the lining of original stomach.

9. STEPS FOR CULTIVATION OF ARTIFICIAL MINI
STOMACHS
 Researchers added a cocktail of proteins including
Noggin to 3days old stem cells, and timed doses of
retinoic acid, a compound in vitamin A was given.
 After nine days, the cells were left to grow in a protein
bath.
 At 34 days, the resulting organoids were only a few
millimetres in diameter and had neither blood cells,
immune cells, nor the ability to process food or secrete
bile.
 But their gland structures and each marker of their
development paralleled development in the control
tissues, which the team obtained from mice.

10. USE OF ARTIFICIAL STOMACH
 For the study of interaction of bacteria with the lining
of the mini stomach H.pylori was allowed to come in
contact with the mini stomachs and was found that
the growth was same as in the original stomach. This
thus proved to be useful in new drug discoveries for
dreadful diseases like stomach cancer and ulcers
 Trials are going on to grow personal stomach tissue
to patch up the ulcers in stomach of humans. This
adding of patches to replace ulcers was found
successful in mice and research is being carried out
for humans.

11. CONCLUTION
 These artificial mini stomachs would help us
test the different ways in which disease
causing H.pylori reacts with the stomach
linings of patient and enable us to give the
appropriate treatment.
 And after some years there are chances that
we may be able to patch up the ulcers in the
stomach thus having maximum scope of
curing the diseases.