This document discusses soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules have soft, gelatin shells that contain liquid or semisolid fill materials. They are formed, filled, and sealed in a single operation using either a droplet or pressing method. Soft gelatin capsules offer advantages over hard capsules like improved bioavailability and enhanced stability. The shells are made of gelatin, plasticizers, preservatives, colors and flavors. Soft gelatin capsules can be used orally or for other routes of administration.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of dosage forms—techniques used to enclose medicines—in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. The two main types of capsules are:
Hard-shelled capsules, which contain dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets made by e.g. processes of extrusion or spheronization. These are made in two halves: a smaller-diameter “body” that is filled and then sealed using a larger-diameter “cap”.
Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of dosage forms—techniques used to enclose medicines—in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. The two main types of capsules are:
Hard-shelled capsules, which contain dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets made by e.g. processes of extrusion or spheronization. These are made in two halves: a smaller-diameter “body” that is filled and then sealed using a larger-diameter “cap”.
Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
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Capsules. Their Types, manufacturing and packaging.pdfShakeelIjaz3
Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed within either a hard or soft soluble shell, usually formed from gelatin.
The capsule may be considered a container drug delivery system that provides a tasteless and odorless dosage form without need for a secondary coating step, as may be required for tablets. Their availability in a wide variety of colors makes capsules aesthetically pleasing. Gelatin is obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen obtained from the skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals.
Gelatin capsule shells may be hard or soft, depending on their composition.
Hard Gelatin Capsules
Soft Gelatin Capsules
The shells may be composed of two pieces, a body and a cap, or they may be composed of a single piece. hard-shell capsules are two piece capsules whereas soft shell capsules are one piece capsules.
Hard Gelatin Capsules:
Most capsule products manufactured today are of the hard gelatin type.
The community pharmacist also uses hard gelatin capsules in theextemporaneous compounding. The empty capsule shells are made of gelatin, sugar, and water.
Normally, hard gelatin capsules contain 13% to 16% of moisture. However, if stored in an environment of high humidity, additional moisture is absorbed by the capsules, and they may become distorted and lose their rigid shape. In an environment of extreme dryness, some of the moisture normally present in the gelatin capsules is lost, and the capsules may become brittle and crumble when handled. Therefore, it is desirable to maintain hard gelatin capsules in an environment free from excessive humidity or dryness.
Advantages for HGC:
Hard gelatin capsules often have been assumed to have better bioavailability than tablets.
Hard shell capsules allow a degree of flexibility of formulation not obtainable with tablets.
Modern capsule filling equipment makes possible the multiple filling of diverse systems such as beads, granules, small tablets and powders.
Hard gelatin capsules are ideally suited for clinical trials and are widely used in preliminary drug studies. For comparative bioequivalence studies tablets can even be hidden in capsules to ensure the test being blinded.
Disadvantages of HGC:
The number of suppliers of shells is limited.
Filling equipment is slower than tableting.
Generally, hard gelatin capsule products tend to be more costly.
Highly soluble salts (e.g., iodides, bromides, and chlorides) generally should not be dispensed in hard gelatin capsules. Their rapid release may cause gastric irritation owing to the formation of a high drug concentration in localized areas.
Manufcaturing of HGC:
Hard gelatin capsule shells are manufactured in two sections, the capsule body and a shorter cap. The two parts overlap when joined, with the cap fitting snugly over the open end of the capsule body. Some capsule shells are designed to lock in place when closed. Hard gelatin shells are manufactured by a process in which stainless steel mold pins are
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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2. ►Capsules areCapsules are solid dosage forms withsolid dosage forms with
hard or soft shells. They are of varioushard or soft shells. They are of various
shapes and sizes, and contain a single doseshapes and sizes, and contain a single dose
of one or more active ingredients. They areof one or more active ingredients. They are
intended for oral administration.intended for oral administration.
►In capsules the drug is enclosed within hardIn capsules the drug is enclosed within hard
or soft shell.or soft shell.
3. Capsule shells are made of gelatin orCapsule shells are made of gelatin or
other substances, the consistency of whichother substances, the consistency of which
may be modified by the addition ofmay be modified by the addition of
substances such as glycerol or sorbitol.substances such as glycerol or sorbitol.
The shell should disintegrate in theThe shell should disintegrate in the
presence of digestive fluids so that thepresence of digestive fluids so that the
contents are released.contents are released.
The contents should not causeThe contents should not cause
deterioration of the shell.deterioration of the shell.
4. Excipients for productionExcipients for production
of the Capsule shells :of the Capsule shells :
diluents,diluents,
solvents,solvents,
surface-active substances,surface-active substances,
opaque fillers,opaque fillers,
antimicrobial agents,antimicrobial agents,
sweeteners,sweeteners,
colouring matter,colouring matter,
flavouring substances,flavouring substances,
disintegrating agents,disintegrating agents,
glidants,glidants,
lubricants,lubricants,
substances capable of modifying the behaviour of the activesubstances capable of modifying the behaviour of the active
ingredient(s) in the gastrointestinal tract.ingredient(s) in the gastrointestinal tract.
6. Type of capsules depend onType of capsules depend on
plasticizer contentplasticizer content
and technological principleand technological principle
1. Hard-Shell Gelatin Capsules;1. Hard-Shell Gelatin Capsules;
2. Soft- Gelatin Capsules2. Soft- Gelatin Capsules
((softgelssoftgels););
7. Soft gelatin capsules (softgels) are hermetically
sealed one-piece capsules containing a liquid or
a semisolid fill.
Soft capsules are usually formed, filled, and
sealed in one operation.
8. 8
SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE
Definition:-
Soft Gelatin capsules are one piece, hermetically
sealed, soft gelatin shells containing a liquid, a
suspension, or a semisolid.
Soft gelatin is mainly composed of gelatin,
plasticizers, preservative, colouring and
opacifying agents, flavoring agents and sugars.
9. 9
Plasticizer and Gelatin ratio
In soft gelatin capsule the amount of plasticizers used is
more
In soft gelatin capsule the plasticizer and gelatin ratio is
0.8 : 1
In hard gelatin capsule the plasticizer and gelatin ratio is
0.4 : 1
11. Advantages
of soft-gelatin capsules
1. Improved bioavailability, as the drug is presented in a
solubilized form.
2. Enhanced drug stability.
3. Consumer preference regarding ease of swallowing,
convenience, and taste can improve compliance.
4. Offer opportunities for product differentiation via colour,
shape, and size and product line extension.
5. The softgels can be enteric coated for delayed release.
They are popular for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and
nutritional products.
12. Hard capsules have shells consisting of two
prefabricated cylindrical sections that fit
together.
One end of each section is rounded and closed,
and the other is open. The contents of hard
capsules are usually in solid form (powder or
granules).
13. In the manufacture of capsules,
measures are taken to:
ensure that the active ingredient(s) when
present in solid state form have appropriate
solid-state properties such as particle-size
distribution and polymorphic form;
ensure that mixing with excipients is carried
out in a manner that ensures homogeneity;
minimize the degradation of the active
ingredient(s);
minimize the risk of microbial contamination;
minimize the risk of cross contamination.
14. Stage of capsules production:
1. Preparing of gelatin
solutions.
2. Preparing of gelatin
shells.
3. Hard-gelatin
capsule filling.
4. Packing and
labeling.
1. Preparing of gelatin
solutions.
2. Preparing and filling
of soft-gelatin
capsules.
3. Packing and
labeling.
16. Droplet method
1. Container with
medicines substance
2. Hoper with
medicines substance
3. Container with
gelatin solution
4. Conical nozzle
5. Pulsater
6. Cooler
7. Container with
Vaseline oil
17. Characteristic of Droplet
method
It is based on formation of spherical
gelatinous drop filled with a solution or
suspension of medicinal substance at
simultaneous drop dosage of medicinal
substance solution followed by subsequent
cooling of heated gelatinous mass in cool
liquid petrolatum. As the result joinless
spherical gelatious capsule with elastic
shell is formed.
18. Droplet method
1. Container with
medicines substance
2. Hoper with
medicines substance
3. Container with
gelatin solution
4. Conical nozzle
5. Pulsater
6. Cooler
7. Container with
Vaseline oil
19. Pressing method
Preparing of an initial gelatinous
tape, placing it into metal plates
and rolls having deepening holes
resembling half of the capsules.
While heating gelatin fills this
mould. Drug is fed into a hollow
in a gelatinous tape, then this
half of a capsule is joined with
another one formed and filled in
the same way. Obtained
capsules have a horizontal weld.
20. Pressing (rotate die)
method
The glycerol – gelatin solution is heated
and pumped onto two chilled drums-1
to form two separate ribbons-2, which
form each half of the softgel.
The ribbons are lubricated and fed into
the filling machine, forcing the gelatin
to adopt the contours of the die.
The fill-4 is manufactured in a separate
process and pumped in, and the
softgels are sealed by the application
of heat and pressure.
Once cut from the ribbon (5), they are
tumble - dried and conditioned at
20 % relative humidity.
21. APPLICATION OF SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE:
The pharmaceutical applications of soft
gelatin capsules are:
as an oral dosage form
as a suppository dosage form
as a specialty package in tube form, for
human and veterinary use, single dose
application for topical, ophthalmic, and
rectal ointments.
21
22. Difference between Hard and Soft Gelatin
Capsule
Features Hard Gelatin Capsule Soft Gelatin Capsule
Structure Composed of two parts-
1) Body, 2) Cap
Composed of a Single part.
Composition
of Shell
Composed of gelatin
blends, dyes ,
plasticizers and water.
Gelatin, plasticizers and
water
State of
Medicament
s
Only solid medicaments
are enclosed
Solid, semi-solid
medicaments are enclosed
Shape and
Size
Capsule shell is
cylindrical
Capsule shell may be
round, oblong, oval
23. Difference between Hard and Soft Gelatin
Capsule
Features Hard Gelatin Capsule Soft Gelatin Capsule
Thickness Less thicker Thicker
Routes of
administration
Only orally Oral, Opthalmic,
Suppository
Sealing Not completed sealed Completely sealed
Manufacturing Can be made by hand,
semiautomatic or
automatic machine.
Not by hand.