5G Technology Tutorial

5G Technology Tutorial
© 2019 Nokia1 5G Technology Public A tutorial for IP engineers • Paresh Khatri • 27 February 2019
2 © Nokia 2019 • Motivations and use cases • Radio evolution • RAN functional splits • 5G Next Generation Core (NGC) • Content Distribution • Dimensioning 5G networks: methodology • Dimensioning example Public Agenda
3 © Nokia 2019 Motivations and use cases Public
4 © Nokia 2019 Generations of mobile technology Public # of subscribers (= human or machine) amountoftraffic/sub/month 2G 3G 4G 4G the visual experience 3G Start of mobile broadband2G all about audio & TXT ?
5 © Nokia 2019 Use-Case Delivered by Network Slice Application Category Examples Cost Sensitivity Deploy- ment Throughpt (bps) Latency (RTT) Reliability UL DL E2E Appl. Network Mobile Broadband ∙ Smartphones in dense urban ∙ Corporate mobile office Medium mass 10-50M 100- 300M 50-200ms 15-25ms Medium - High Fixed Wireless Access ∙ 5G for residential homes ∙ Wireless SOHO/VPN High targeted 100-200M 1-5G 150-200ms 1-20ms High Event experience ∙ Immersive VR360 ∙ AR gaming Medium targeted 1-5G 1-100M 5-50ms 1-5ms Medium - High In -Vehicle Entertainment ∙ Private cars ∙ Public transport Medium mass 1k-1M 5-100M 150-200ms 1-20ms Medium-High Critical automation ∙ Collaborative robots/drones ∙ Electrical grid tele-protection Low mass 1-10M 1M 5-50ms 1-5ms High/Very High Tele-operation ∙ Video-based remote control ∙ Video w/haptic remote cntrl Medium targeted 1-10M 1M 50-150ms 1-25ms High/Very High Highly interactive AR ∙ Co-present Mixed Reality ∙ 360o volumetric video AR/MR Medium targeted 1-100M 5-100M 50-100ms 1-10ms Medium Mass sensor arrays ∙ Agriculture field sensors ∙ Smart city sensors & meters Very High mass 1k-1M 1k-1M 1-2s 200- 500ms Medium-Low Diverse range of use cases Industries: • Manufacturing • Seaports, Mining • Agriculture • Utilities • Smart Cities Consumers: • Mobile Broadband • Events • Entertainment • SoHo/Homes (8 Slice Types x 5 Slice Specifics) per industry x 1000 industries = 40.000 simultaneous optimizations maturity Public
6 © Nokia 2019 LTE limitations for certain use caseslimitations for Industries Consumers IoT Density 1000x Peak Rates 100x Network Latency 10x Service Intro -93% Data Volume 1000x Reliability +90% BTS Energy -80% (idle, no connected users) Mobility 500km/ h LTE 5G10msà1ms 4à5 9’s 90 days à 90 min 1Kà1M/km2 100Mbpsà10Gbps 10Gb/s/km2à10 Tb/s/km2 Use-Case LTE possible ? LTE limitations Mobile Broadband √ DL Tput Fixed Wireless Access √ reliability, DL Tput, cost Event experience - latency, UL tput In -Vehicle Entertainment √ DL Tput, high mobility Critical automation - latency, reliability Tele-operation √ reliability, latency Highly interactive AR - latency, UL Tput Mass sensor arrays √ cost sensitivity Public
7 © Nokia 2019 Why 5G ? Public More efficient network: - Support many more users - Offer higher data rates - More consistent user experience - Higher connection densities - Wider network coverage - More efficient signaling - Prolong device battery life - More distributed user plane # of subscribers (= human or machine) amountoftraffic/sub/month 2G 3G 4G 5G 4G the visual experience 3G Start of mobile broadband2G all about audio & TXT 5G will be about federation & touch 5G will change the world of mobile networking - combining low latency, a very short transit, a high availability, high reliability with a high level of security
8 © Nokia 2019 5G: Built to address new requirements Public 10 years battery life 100 Mb/s whenever needed Ultra Reliable, Low Latency Communication, (uRRLC, cMTC) 10x- 100x more devices 10,000x more traffic M2M ultra low cost >10 Gb/s peak data rates <1 ms radio latencyMassive machine communication Extreme Mobile Broadband Critical machine communication 10x data rates 3x spectral efficiency 5x energy efficiency 10x lower IoT power 10x lower latency 20 Gb/s >10 bps/cell/Hz <1 kWh/TB <10 µWh per tx <1 ms Changes vs LTE Targets Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Massive MTC (mMTC) MTC = Machine Type Communication
9 © Nokia 2019 Use Case : Extreme Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Public HD Video & Virtual Reality VR :requires Motion to Photon latency of 5-7ms Transport Networking ManagementAccess Ultra-broadband VR Gaming High-throughput Low latency VR 4K Massive MIMO 3D beamforming Small cells DISTRIBUTED CENTRALIZED Cloud RAN Data layerPacket core functions Packet core functions
10 © Nokia 2019 Advantage Use Case : Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) Public Resilient, secure low-latency communication Resilient, secure low-latency comms Critical comms Intrusion detection Manufacturing and process automation Ultra-low latency at scale <1ms; 99.999% reliability Inherent security by dedicated network slices Single company network for all kinds of industrial applications Wireline connections today >90% DISTRIBUTED CENTRALIZED Cloud RAN Data layerPacket core functions Packet core functions Sensor Customized for the factory needs Sensor Sensor Private edge cloud network slice for discrete manufacturing and process automation EDGE
11 © Nokia 2019 Latency evolution with 5G Low E2E latency enables a new generation of latency critical services Impacts on Transport: • Reduce number of hops, especially of radio links • More fiber: xWDM, xPON • Low latency design for fronthaul and backhaul domains • Distribute functions to the access and edge (MEC), requiring more routing capabilities • Network Slicing & SDN for dynamic mapping of U- plane traffic to dedicated (and distributed) edge clouds Mission-critical services, e.g. in V2X or industrial applications Moving virtual networks Central cloud based > 50 ms latency Mobile Edge LTE » 10-20 ms 5G Edge » 1-5 ms 5G D2D » 1 ms 5G 5G AP2 5G Application servers Multi Access Edge Cloud computing Native D2D Core Cloud Radio Aggregation CoreUEs (> 50ms) » 2.5-5ms » 10-20 ms » 1-2.5 ms» 1ms
© 2018 Nokia12 What makes 5G different ? (1) Public mMIMO Massive MIMO Beamforming New Spectrum cmWave solid area (< 30 GHz) mmWave local area (e.g. 70-90 GHz) 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 10 GHz 90 GHz 10 cm 1m Below 6GHz wide area (<6.5GHz) LTE-M Wider Spectrum Allocations From 10s of MHz to 100s of MHz (even GHz) 50403020 60 8070 GHz 5G Latency Optimized Architecture Optimized frame structure for low signaling and optimized scheduling
© 2018 Nokia13 What makes 5G different ? (2) Public RAN functional splits L1 PHY L2 RLC L2 MAC L2 PDCP L3 RRC 4G C-RAN PHY split RF BBU RRH Circuit-based fronthaul L1 H-PHY L2 RLC L2 MAC L2 PDCP L3 RRC RF L1 L-PHY BBU RU Packet-based fronthaul 5G new C-RAN RF L1 L-PHY RU Fronthaul-LL 5G Cloud-RAN Cloud-based NFV L2 PDCP L3 RRC CU L2 RLC L2 MAC DU L1 H-PHY BBU split processing Fronthaul-HL (aka F1) nRT L2 + L3 RT L1 + L2 Fronthaul-LL Content Distribution (CUPS) Central DCRegional DCEdge Cloud User Plane Functions gNB gNB - DU HL fronthaul High latency UPF eMBB, IoTuRLLC UPF Low latency Control Plane Functions AMF IMS UDM NEF NRF PCFSDL SMF eMBBHybrid Access UPF UPF Compute and caching MEC CDN XYZ Backhaul
14 © Nokia 2019 Radio evolution Public
15 © Nokia 2019 Different 5G spectrum ranges for different use cases Public 3 key spectrum ranges have emerged Low band < 3 GHz Mid-band 3 – 6 GHz mmWaves > 24 GHz Spectrum range • 600 MHz (n71) • 700 MHz (n28) • 900 MHz (n81) • 1800 MHz (n80) • 3.4-3.6 GHz (n78) • 3.6-3.8 GHz (n77) • 4.5-4.9 GHz (n79) • 26 GHz (n257) • 28 GHz (n258) • 39 GHz (n260) Bands • Deep indoor • >1 km • Same grid as LTE1800 • ~1 km • Hot spots • Line of sight • 100 m Coverage ~100 Mbps ~1 Gbps ~10 Gbps Peak Data rates FDD 2x10 MHz TDD <100 MHz TDD <1 GHz Bandwidth • Deep indoor coverage for e.g. MTC • Supplementary UL eMBB coverage • Coverage layer for MBB • 5G eMBB coverage on LTE grid • Major commercial 5G launches are expected in this spectrum range (JPN, KRN, CHN, EUR) • Extreme data rates for e.g. VR in local areas like stadiums • Used in US due to lack of 3-6 GHz Use Cases Datarate Cellrange
16 © Nokia 2019 On Latency, Throughput, Synchronization, and Programmability Impacts of the Progressive Radio Evolution on the Transport Network Public Density 10-20 BTS/km2 10-20 BTS/km2 20-50 BTS/km2 20-50 AP/km2 150-300 AP/km2 Throughput: MHz & bps 20Mhz (2x2) N x 100Mbps 20 + 20 + 20Mhz / 256QAM ~1Gbps LAA / LWA > 1Gbps N x Gbps Up to 20Gbps Transport impact • Microwave • Fiber • Latency: 10-20ms • Freq sync (except TDD) • MW (few hops) • Fiber for MBH and FH (optionally) • Latency: 5-10ms • Phase & time (CA, CoMP) • Short MW hops (E- Band) • Fiber for MBH and FH • 2.5-5ms • Phase & time (CA, CoMP, eICIC) • Short MW hops (E- Band, W/D Band) • Fiber for MBH and FH • Latency: 1-4msec midhaul; few ms (use cases dependent) • More stringent phase & time • Short MW hops Fiber for MBH and FH • Leveraging xPON • Latency: 1-2.5msec; few ms (use cases dependent) • Phase & time (some new features might come) Topology & architecture RAN Mainly D-RAN D-RAN / C-RAN CloudRAN w/ Ethernet FH CloudRAN w/ Ethernet FH, SDN & SON, network slicing CloudRAN & massive small cells, SDN & SON, network slicing Sub-6GHz cm & mm waves
17 © Nokia 2019 Not just MIMO… massive MIMO Public MIMO: Multiple Input, Multiple Output • Spatial multiplexing technique that allows reuse of time- and frequency-domain resources within a single cell • Multiple streams transmitted simultaneously. Theoretical throughput gain proportional to number of streams. • 2x2 and 4x4 widely deployed for LTE mMIMO: massive MIMO • Extends the concept of MIMO to a larger number of transmitters and receivers (+=16 antenna elements). • For low band, achieves higher data rates. • For high bands, allows higher transmission distances.
18 © Nokia 2019 Assumptions: Impact of wider channels Public Doing the numbers # Downlink layers: 16 64T64R at base station Configuration Average Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz) Downlink 2x2 MIMO 3.69 Downlink 4x4 MIMO 6.00 Example: Frequency Range: 3.5GHz Bandwidth: 100MHz Average Sector Throughput (2x2): 369Mbps Average Sector Throughput (4x4): 600Mbps Peak DL Throughput (2x2) 4875Mbps Peak DL Throughput (4x4) 9750Mbps
19 © Nokia 2019 RAN functional splits Public
20 © Nokia 2019 High-level view of a mobile network Public Mobile Core MME, S/PGW GGSN, SGSN Radio Access Network (RAN) Internet BBURRH “Traditional” Mobile backhaul networkBBURRH UEs Base Stations Mobile Core
21 © Nokia 2019 Network migration to centralised RAN Public Distributed RAN (D-RAN) Distributed base station Antenna Fiber Backhaul RRH BBU 10s of meters • RRHs near antenna reducing loss/power • IP/Eth backhaul • Centralisation of BBU • May involve BBU pooling (coordinated RAN) • Fronthaul Centralised RAN (C-RAN) Centralised base station Antenna Fiber RRH kilometers Central BBU Fronthaul Traditional RAN Traditional base station Antenna Coax Radio/ BBU Backhaul • Conventional Base Station (including RF, digital, Transmission, Batteries, etc.)
22 © Nokia 2019 4G-LTE/LTE-A Transport Network Architecture Public Distributed RAN • Mobile backhaul (MBH) interconnects cell sites (RRH + BBU) and mobile core - for control plane (CP) and user plane traffic (UP) traffic • Inter-eNodeB protocols (i.e., X2) communicate through MBH. • Latency between eNodeBs can vary, depending on MBH design (i.e. hub&spoke vs. ring) – this may impact LTE-A capabilities such as Inter-Cell Interference Control (ICIC), Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP), etc. Mobile Core MME, S/PGW Distributed RAN Internet BBURRH “Traditional” Mobile backhaul network BBURRH Hub & spoke Ring RRH – Remote Radio Head BBU – Baseband Unit Centralized RAN • BBUs belonging to same cluster are co-located (BBU hotel) • This reduces the latency between BBUs, which enhances LTE-A capabilities (eICIC, CoMP, etc.) • BBU and RRH are connected via point-to-point fronthaul using CPRI/OBSAI protocols over optical technology (CWDM, DWDM) BBU hotel RRH RRH Centralized RAN Mobile backhaul network Mobile fronthaul
23 © Nokia 2019 CPRI, OBSAI Traditional fronthaul protocols Public CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface, most commonly used protocol for fronthaul today OBSAI: Open Base Station Architecture Initiative Inflexible networking; limited to availability of fiber Low efficiency of transmission (high inefficiency) High consumption of transport resources (wavelengths, fiber, etc.) Limited OAM and protection capabilities Main features of CPRI Network transport shortcomings L L L L Traditional CPRI = low efficiency, inflexibility and poor scalability RRH BBU CPRI OBSAI Mainly point-to-point connection High bandwidth SDH-alike transmission mode Traffic independent, antenna-dependent
24 © Nokia 2019 Challenges of using today’s (*) fronthaul technology in 5G Public • CPRI is a bandwidth-hungry and highly inefficient protocol • New radio options (e.g., MIMO, spectrum aggregation) impose high-gigabit speeds, severely limiting fronthaul implementation by fiber availability at cell sites • For operators who are using third-party transport this may severely limit the capabilities in the radio layer in 5G • Example: 64T64R MIMO with 100 MHz requires 400 Gb/s for CPRI (uncompressed) Backhaul 5G radio • Massive MIMO • new RAT • mmWAVE IP speed: A few Gb/s RU Tens to hundred+ of Gb/s per RU C-RANCell site4G 5G IP speed: 150 Mb/s CPRI fronthaul explosion CPRI interface Backhaul 2.45 Gb/s per RRH CPRI interface RRH 2-antenna 20 MHz@700 MHz to 3.8 GHz Packet core Packet core 5G core EPC DU BBU BBU pool (*) CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface, most commonly used protocol for fronthaul today OBSAI: Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
25 © Nokia 2019 Network Architecture options for 5G RAN RU – Radio Unit BBU – Base Band Unit CU – Centralized Unit DU – Distributed Unit RT fronthaul (Ethernet, CPRI) NRT fronthaul (Ethernet) RF L1 L-PHY 5G Cloud D-RAN Cloud-based NFV L2 PDCP L3 RRC CU L2 RLC L2 MAC L1 H-PHY nRT L2 + L3 5G D-RAN L1 PHY L2 RLC L2 MAC L2 PDCP L3 RRC RF BBU RU RF L1 L-PHY L2 RLC L2 MAC L1 H-PHY Cloud-based NFV L2 PDCP L3 RRC RF L1 L-PHY L2 RLC L2 MAC L1 H-PHY RF L1 L-PHY RF L1 L-PHY L2 RLC L2 MAC L1 H-PHY RF L1 L-PHY CORE 5G Cloud C-RAN @ Local Hotel DU RT L1 + L2 DU RT L1 + L2 RU Packet-based fronthaul Public
26 © Nokia 2019 5G RAN Functional Splits Emergence of Fronthaul and Midhaul Data Centers / Peering CPRI/OBSAI Fronthaul (FS-LL) Midhaul (F1 interface) (FS-HL) Backhaul IP Router Metro Optical POM Ethernet/IP Head-end IP Router Core IP Router Optical DWDM Optical C/DWDM 1 Mobile EDGE Cloud (CU) Microwave Microwave Remote Radio (RU) Real Time Ethernet Low Layer split (e.g. eCPRI) Baseband (DU) In-band mmWave Low Latency Ethernet/IP BBU – Base Band Unit RU – Radio Unit CU – Centralized Unit DU – Distributed Unit How much to dimension ? How much to dimension ? How much to dimension ? Public
27 © Nokia 2019 Low-layer split The higher the split, the lower the requirement CPRI/OBSAI Fronthaul (FS-LL) Optical C/DWDM Remote Radio (RU) Real Time Ethernet Low Layer split (e.g. eCPRI) Baseband (DU) Low Latency Ethernet/IP BBU – Base Band Unit RU – Radio Unit CU – Centralized Unit DU – Distributed Unit How much to dimension ? 236 236 eCPRIThroughput(Gbps) 20 <10 User/ Down User/ Up Split IU (Option 7-2) User/ Up Control/ Up 20 <10 Split IID (Option 7-2) User/ Down Control/ Down <4 <10 Split ID (Option 7-3) User/ Down Control/ Down 1.5* <<1 Split D (Option 6) User/ Up Control/ Up 3* <<1 User/ Down Control/ Down Basic Assumptions: 100MHz 8x4 MIMO (w/ 2 streams per uplink layer) 64 Antennas TTI: 1ms Modulation: 256QAM *3Gbps downlink from MAC layer *1.5Gbps uplink to MAC layer Split E (Option 8 - CPRI) Public
28 © Nokia 2019 5G Next Generation Core (NGC) Public
29 © Nokia 2019 Standalone (SA) & Non-standalone (NSA) 5G Deployment Options NR (5G) LTE/eLTE (4G) Standalone (SA) Non-standalone (NSA)* NR radio cells Directly used by 5G device for control and user planes Used as a secondary carrier, under the control of LTE base station Core choice 5G next-gen core (5GCN) which may also anchor IRAT mobility with LTE 4G EPC or 5G next-gen core (5GCN) Operator perspective Simple, high performance overlay Leverages existing 4G deployments Network vendor perspective Independent RAN product Requires tight interworking with LTE End user experience Peak bitrate set by NR Dedicated Low Latency transport Peak bitrate is sum of LTE and NR Latency impacted if routed via LTE NR NRLTE Public
30 © Nokia 2019 3GPP LTE and 5G: Coexistence and interworking scenarios Public Option 3: NSA LTE+NR under EPC Option 1: SA LTE under EPC Option 4: NSA NR+LTE under 5GC Option 2: SA NR under 5GC Option 5: SA LTE under 5GC Option 7: NSA LTE+NR under 5GC SA: StandAlone NSA: Non StandAlone EPC LTE NR 5GC eLTE 5GC NR EPC LTE eLTENR 5GC eLTE 5GC NR
31 © Nokia 2019 Evolution of 3GPP standards 1998-2018 Mobile packet-switched core networking Public GERAN UTRAN 3GPP Rel. 98 - Rel. 7 PS Domain (1998 – 2007) PDN GGSNMS RNC NodeB PDNE-UTRAN MME SAE-GW UE eNodeB 3GPP Rel. 8 – Rel. 13 Evolved Packet Core (EPC : 2008 - 2016) S11 : GTPv2-C S11-U : GTPv1-U PDN (R)AN AMF UPF UE NR gNodeB 3GPP Rel. 15 5G Core (5GC : 2018 - …) N4 eLTE eNodeB SMF Non 3GPP Interworking BTS BSC PDNE-UTRAN MME S-PGW/ TDF-U UE eNodeB CUPS: Control-User Plane Separation in Rel. 14 Sx S/PGW/ TDF-C SGSN
32 © Nokia 2019 Central DCRegional DCEdge Cloud User Plane Functions 5G system architecture evolution Cloud Native with Control and User Plane Separation gNB gNB - DU HL fronthaul High latency UPF eMBB, IoTuRLLC UPF Low latency Control Plane Functions AMF IMS UDM NEF NRF PCFSDL SMF eMBBHybrid Access UPF UPF Compute and caching MEC CDN XYZ Backhaul Public
33 © Nokia 2019 Serving Diverse Use Cases Requirement at Edge, Regional, and Centralized DC Distributed User Plane Function (UPF) & Multi-access Edge Compute (MEC) Public gNB CU UPF MEC app e.g. CDN gNB RU- DU AMF UDM SMF NEF SDL PCF UPF NRF IMS AMF UDM SMF NEF SDL PCF UPF NRF IMS UPF MEC app e.g. V2X gNB Edge Cloud Site Core Site B Core Site A Cell Site 1msec < E2E RTT < 10msec High latency Anyhaul E2E RTT < 1msec Internet IP Backbone Mobile Anyhaul
34 © Nokia 2019 Content distribution Public
© 2018 Nokia35 Public Distributed traffic injection UPF/AMF /SMF Edge router Aggregation router Access router Core router InternetMacro cells UPF eMBB cache UPF URLLC service IoT service eMBB service Traffic no longer needs to be carried all the way to the core and is increasingly terminated closer to users. 10% of traffic terminated 50% of traffic terminated Remaining 40% of traffic 5% of traffic terminated 20% of traffic terminated Remaining 75% of traffic 10% of traffic terminated 30% of traffic terminated Remaining 60% of traffic
© 2018 Nokia36 Dimensioning 5G networks: methodology Public
37 © Nokia 2019 NGMN Dimensioning Guideline Public Dimensioning Principles Source: “Guidelines for LTE Backhaul Traffic Estimation” by NGMN Alliance (https://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NGMN_Whitepaper_Guideline_for_LTE_Backhaul_Traffic_Estimation.pdf)
38 © Nokia 2019 • Provisioning for a single cell: • should be based on the quiet time peak rate of that cell. • But, when provisioning for a multi-sector base station, it is unlikely that the quiet time peaks will co-incide. The busy time mean, however, will occur in all cells simultaneously • Calculations are based on Peak and Busy Hour Mean values that are dependent on the type and amount of spectrum available. • There are no absolute rules but heuristic rules can be selected and applied (depending on how peak and mean have been defined). Based on NGMN Alliance guidelines: Public NGMN Dimensioning Guideline How do we then dimension ? Lower Bound for N cells = Max (Peak, N x Busy Hour Mean) Source: “Guidelines for LTE Backhaul Traffic Estimation” by NGMN Alliance (https://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NGMN_Whitepaper_Guideline_for_LTE_Backhaul_Traffic_Estimation.pdf)
39 © Nokia 2019 NGMN Dimensioning Guidelines Public Dimensioning per (Radio) Access Site Technology Remark DL CellPeakRate DL CellThptLoaded* BH DL CellAvgRate** BH DL CellAvgRate BH + Transport OH*** DL TriCell AvgRate BH + Transport OH*** GSM EGPRS (MCS-9) 1894 kbps 1894 kbps 974 kbps 1315 kbps 3945 kbps WCDMA 5 codes/cell 3.36 Mbps - - - - 15 codes/cell 13.44 Mbps - - - - 64 QAM (Rel. 7) 20.73 Mbps 6.25 Mbps 3.125 Mbps 5.13 Mbps 15.39 Mbps MIMO (Rel. 7) 26.88 Mbps - - - - DC+64QAM (Rel. 8) 41.61 Mbps 15 Mbps 7.5 Mbps 8.55 Mbps 25.65 Mbps DC+64QAM+MIMO 84 Mbps 16.8 Mbps 8.4 Mbps 9.58 Mbps 28.73 Mbps LTE 20 MHz 150 Mbps 35 Mbps 17.5 Mbps 21.35 Mbps 64.05 Mbps 15 MHz 113 Mbps 26 Mbps 13 Mbps 15.86 Mbps 47.58 Mbps 10 MHz 75 Mbps 18 Mbps 9 Mbps 10.98 Mbps 32.94 Mbps 5MHz 38 Mbps 9 Mbps 4.5 Mbps 5.49 Mbps 16.47 Mbps 3 MHz 23 Mbps 5 Mbps 2.5 Mbps 3.05 Mbps 9.15 Mbps Notes: * CellThroughputLoaded represents peak throughput during busy hour. The value uses average spectral efficiency (dependent on the make). ** CellAvgRate represents average throughput during busy hour. The value uses 0.5 of the CellThroughputLoaded value. *** Transport protocol overhead on the user plane tunnels contributes to the overall dimensioning
40 © Nokia 2019 Dimensioning example Public
41 © Nokia 2019 Dimensioning example Public Network topology POC1 National Core Core1 Core2 Core3 Core4 Agg1 Agg2 CSR PreAgg1 CoreAggregationPre-AggAccess CSR CSR PreAgg2 CSR • 4 CSRs per CSR ring • 8 CSR rings per PreAgg pair • 4 PreAgg pairs per Agg pair • 4 Agg pairs per Core pair • 1 Core pair per city Consider one city: • 2 Core routers • 8 Agg routers • 32 PreAgg routers • 512 CSRs
42 © Nokia 2019 Access Rings Dimensioning inputs 7250 IXR-e CSR CSR CSR CSR PreAgg1 PreAgg2 4 CSRs in a single access ring BWCSR BWCSR-RING Provisioned capacity for CSR ring (BWCSR-RING). Depends on size of ring (number of CSRs being aggregated), assuming all CSRs have a uniform configuration Provisioned capacity for CSR uplink (BWCSR). Based on NGMN guidelines Public Spectrum Holdings: 3G (64QAM Rel7) LTE: 2.1GHz (40MHz) 5G: 3.5GHz (100MHz) 64T64R All sites tri-sectored Configuration Average Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz) 4G Downlink 2x2 MIMO 1.85 4G Downlink 4x4 MIMO 3.00 5G Downlink 2x2 MIMO 3.69 5G Downlink 4x4 MIMO 6.00 Radio Type Peak Throughput (Mbps) Average Throughput (Mbps) 3G 21 5 4G Downlink 4x4 MIMO, 256QAM 780 120 5G Downlink 4x4 MIMO 9750 600
43 © Nokia 2019 Access Rings CSR Uplink Capacity BWCSR = max(PeakTPUT3G-MACRO, PeakTPUT4G-MACRO, PeakTPUT5G-MACRO, NSectors * ! (AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO , AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO , AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO)) where: PeakTPUT3G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 3G traffic (somewhat academic; only relevant for 3G-only sites) PeakTPUT4G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 4G traffic (only relevant for 3G/4G-only sites) PeakTPUT5G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 5G traffic AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO = Average sector throughput per 3G cell AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 4G cell AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 5G cell NSectors = Number of sectors per site Assumption: all 3G/4G/5G macro site deployments are tri-sectored Public 7250 IXR-e CSR CSR CSR CSR PreAgg1 PreAgg2 BWCSR BWCSR = max(21,780, 9750, 3 * ! (5, 120 , 600)) = 9,750 Mbps (9.75 Gbps)
44 © Nokia 2019 Access Rings Access Ring Capacity BWCSR-RING = max(PeakTPUT3G-MACRO, PeakTPUT4G-MACRO, PeakTPUT5G-MACRO, NCSR * NSectors * ! (AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO , AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO , AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO)) where: PeakTPUT3G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 3G traffic (somewhat academic; only relevant for 3G-only sites) PeakTPUT4G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 4G traffic (only relevant for 3G/4G-only sites) PeakTPUT5G-MACRO = Quiet-time peak for 5G traffic AvgSectorTPUT3G-MACRO = Average sector throughput per 3G cell AvgSectorTPUT4G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 4G cell AvgSectorTPUT5G-MACRO = Average sector throughput for 5G cell NSectors = Number of sectors per site NCSR = number of CSRs in the ring Assumption: all 3G/4G/5G macro site deployments are tri-sectored Public CSR CSR CSR CSR PreAgg1 PreAgg2 BWCSR-RING 10GE BWCSR-RING = max(21,780, 9750, 4 * 3 * ! (5, 120 , 600)) = 9,750 Mbps (9.75 Gbps) => minimum of 2 x 10GE ports (ring) BWCSR-RING-AVG = 4 * 3 * ! (5, 120 , 600) = 8,700 Mbps (8.7Gbps)
45 © Nokia 2019 Dimensioning example Public Pre-Aggregation tier CSR PreAgg1 Pre-AggAccess CSR CSR PreAgg2 CSR • 4 CSRs per CSR ring • 8 CSR rings per PreAgg pair CSR CSR CSR CSR . . . ...CSR Ring 1CSR Ring 8 . . . 8 x 10GE Total traffic carried by Pre-Agg pair is: 8.7 Gbps/ring * 8 rings ~ 70Gbps => minimum of 2 x 100GE ports (ring) 8 x 10GE
46 © Nokia 2019 Dimensioning example Public Aggregation tier PreAgg Pre-Aggregation PreAgg • 4 PreAgg pairs per Agg pair . . . Agg1 Agg2 Aggregation PreAgg Ring 1 PreAgg PreAgg 4 x 100GE 4 x 100GE Total traffic carried by Aggregation pair is: 70 Gbps/ring * 4 rings ~ 280Gbps => minimum of 2 x 400GE ports (ring) PreAgg Ring 4
47 © Nokia 2019 Dimensioning example Public Core Agg Agg Aggregation POC1Core 4 x 400GE 4 x 400GE • 4 Agg pairs per Core pair Agg Agg . . . Agg Ring 1 Agg Ring 4 Total traffic carried by Core pair is: 280 Gbps/ring * 4 rings ~ 1,120Gbps (1.12Tbps)
48 © Nokia 2019 Dimensioning example Public Putting it all together POC1 National Core Core1 Core2 Core3 Core4 Agg1 Agg2 CSR PreAgg1 CoreAggregationPre-AggAccess CSR CSR PreAgg2 CSR • 4 CSRs per CSR ring • 8 CSR rings per PreAgg pair • 4 PreAgg pairs per Agg pair • 4 Agg pairs per Core pair • 1 Core pair per city 10GE 8 x 10GE 8 x 10GE 10GE 4 x 100GE 4 x 100GE 4 x 400GE 4 x 400GE
49 © Nokia 2019 • This is just an example of a small network… • In reality: - There may be a mix of different functional splits involving fronthaul and midhaul - Available 5G spectrum may be a lot higher necessitating 25GE/100GE access rings - Number of CSRs in a ring could be higher necessitating 25GE/100GE access rings - Access topology could be hub-and-spoke instead of being linear - There may be a dense layer of small cells for capacity - Distributed UPF will result in a proportional decrease in traffic towards the core - Maximum fill ratios for each link will be applied; in this example, we assume the full capacity is available to be used. Public Dimensioning example Summary

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