University lesson on Translation Approach techniques

1. Translation Procedures: The technical Component of the Translation Process Presentation by Dr. ANGELO PIZZUTO

4. Distinguishing Factual Knowledge and Procedural Knowledge Factual knowledge is the knowledge of special fields Special terminology Resources available Foreign languages Factual knowledge is essential but not enough. Translators also need procedural knowledge. Procedural knowledge relates to some kind of method or procedure to help the translator in seizing the meaning of the ST and re-expressing that meaning in the TT.

10. 1. Borrowing It is used: To overcome a gap or lacuna (a new technical process, a new concept) -> Dumping (trade law). There is no equivalent in Italian Create stylistic effect -> chic, déjà vu To recreate the flavor of the source language (SL) -> Margaritas, tortillas, Pisco sour, sushi, sauerkraut, spaghetti, In the legal field, Latin expressions * are an excellent example of borrowing that have been made through time . Prima facie, nolo contendere, pro se. Generally, borrowings enter a language through translation, and just as with false friends (false cognates) the translator should strive to look for the equivalents in the SL that convey the meaning of the SL more advantageously. *A great number of Latin expressions have evolved differently in the various languages. Beware of spelling, among other things. DIRECT TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

17. Types of transposition Adverb-> verb I only defended myself. (Back-translation -> I did nothing but defend myself.) Adverb-> noun I wrote to you early this year . (Back-translation -> I wrote to you at the beginning of the year) Adverb-> adjective He lives precariously (Back-translation -> He leads a precarious life) OBLIQUE TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

19. 5. Modulation A variation of the form of the message obtained by a change in the point of view. Although the main characteristic of modulation is a change of point of view, it may involve also a change of grammatical categories. It is used when the other techniques would generate a text that is grammatically correct, but unsuitable, not idiomatic, or awkward. OBLIQUE TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

20. Modulation can be: Free It is not difficult to show (Back-translation -> it is easy to show) Remember -> (if it fits the context better) (Back-translation -> Remember; do not forget) Lexicalized (fixed by use, listed in dictionaries) or Compulsory Dress rehearsal (Back-translation -> General rehearsal) OBLIQUE TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

31. 2. Paraphrasing Translation does not mean explaining or commenting on a text, or writing it in our own way. “Paraphrasing, according to Vásquez-Ayora, ´cannot be a translation method because using it the text loses its characteristics. Too many explanations destroys the conciseness of the work and makes it subject to the same distortions of its counterpart – literal translation.´” Other taxonomies (categorizations) of translation techniques