The document discusses immigration patterns to the United States in the late 1800s and the challenges of urbanization. It describes how immigrants in the 1800s primarily came from northern and western Europe, while after 1890 they increasingly came from southern and eastern Europe. Upon arrival, immigrants faced difficult journeys and conditions at places like Ellis Island, and had to establish ethnic communities in cities. Rapid urbanization strained housing, transportation, water, sanitation, and caused other issues like crime and fires. Reforms attempted to address these problems through government intervention, settlement houses, and social welfare programs.

1. Immigrants and Urbanization Chapter 15

11. Problems with Urbanization