2. NAME :- PEDHAVI ABHIJIT NARAYAN
STD :- Sr.B.sc (agriculture)
REGE NO :- AMPU100730
SEMISTER :- VIII (NEW)
COURCE TITLE :- EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME
2015-16
4. Green leafy vegetables are used since ancient periods as source of
food as they contain many nutrients and minerals which are helpful in
maintaining human health. The health and nutrition of expanding
world populations are major upcoming challenges especially in
developing countries.
Leafy vegetables hold an important place in well-balanced diets.
Green leafy vegetables are the cheapest of all the vegetables within the
reach of poor man, being richest in their nutritional value.
5. SPINACH ( palak )
Botanical Name :- Spinacia Oleracea
Family :- Amaranthaceae
Soil & Climate
Although spinach is a winter season crop, It can tolerate frost better than other vegetables. It can also
tolerate warm weather but high temperature leads to premature bolting without giving economic yield. Palak can
be grown on any type of soil possessing good fertility and drainage but sandy loam soil is most suitable. Palak can
tolerate slightly alkaline soil; high yields of better quality greens are produced in neutral soils having a pH of 7.0.
sowing
The main sowing season in plant is from last week of august to second week of November. In hilly region
palak sown from march-may. To improve germination , seeds are soaked in water over night before sowing.
Spacing
line spacing is maintained at 20cm & thinning is done to maintain plant spacing within lines at about 5cm.
Seed Rate
* winter season crop – 10kg(seed)/ha
* summer season crop – 25kg-30kg(seed)/ha
Varieties
1) Pusa bharti (yield 50 ton/ha) 2) All green (yield 12ton/ha) 3) Pusa jyoti (yield 50 ton/ha)
6. Manure & Fertilizer
As palak is a leafy vegetable, it requires more nitrogen for crown growth. 25tonnes of farmyard
manure, along with 87.5kg N & 30kg P2O5 /ha. Apply whole of farmyard manure & P2O5 & half of N at the time
of soil preparation.
Pests and diseases
Leaf blight and white rust are major problems in leafy vegetables cultivation.
Leaf blight (Rhizoctonia spp).
Leaf blight disease is the most severe during rainy season under warm and humid conditions. Symptoms include
appearance of white and irregular spots on leaf lamina making the produce unmarketable
*control of leaf blight is given below
1) Avoid splash irrigation
2) Spray Mancozeb @ 4g/1 of cow dung supernatant as fine droplets. Cover plants thoroughly so that spray
solution reaches under surfaces of leaves also.
7. Irrigation
In case of insufficient soil moisture apply first irrigation immediately after
sowing subsequent irrigation may ne given at an interval of 4-6 days during summer &
10-12 days during winter.
Harvesting
The crop will be ready for harvesting in about 3-4 weeks after sowing.
Subsequent cutting should be taken at an interval of 20-25 days depending upon variety
& seasons.
8. CORIANDER
Botanical Name :- Coriandrum Sativum
Family :- Apiaceae
Soil & Climate
It is a tropical crop and can be grown throughout the year for leaf purposes, but for higher
than grain yield it has to be grown in specific season. A dry and cold weather free from frost,
especially during flowering and fruit setting stage favours good grain production. Cloudy weather
during flowering and fruiting stage favours pest and disease incidences. Heavy rain affects the crop.
Black cotton soils with high retentivity of moisture are best under rainfed conditions.
Sowing
It is mostly grown as a rabi season crop and hence sowing is done between middle of October
and middle of November. an irrigated crop, coriander is raised in June-July and Sep-Oct.
Spacing
For irrigated crop, sowing is generally done in rows spaced at 30-40 cm apart with 15 cm
between hills. Soil depth should not exceed 3.0 cm.
Seed Rate
A seed rate of 10 to 15 kg per hectare is required.
9. Varieties
1) CO-1 (Yield- 500kg/ha) 2) CO-2 (Yield-600-700kg/ha)
3) Sadhana (Yield-1000kg/ha)
Manure & Fertilizer
About 10 tonnes of farm yard manure is applied at the time of last
preparation.
fertilizers may be applied.
Irrigated crop 15:40:20Kg/ha NPK as basal and 15 kg N at 30DAS,
Rainfed crop 20:30:20 kg NPK/ha
Pests and diseases
At the seedling stage coriander is often attacked by the leaf eating
caterpillars and semi-loopers and at the flowering stage by the aphids. Spraying the
crop with methyl demeton (0.05 %) is recommended to control aphids but at
flowering stage the use of any insecticide would kill the bee population affecting
pollination in the crop.
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) is a serious disease Spraying wettable sulphur
0.25 % or 0.2 % solution.
10. Irrigation
First irrigation is given 3 days after sowing and thereafter at 10 – 15 days
interval depending upon the soil moisture available in the soil.
Harvesting
The crop will be ready for harvest in about 90 -110 days depending upon
the varieties and growing seasons. In certain varieties, harvesting 50% leaves at 60
days 75 days may be done which will fetch additional income but without affecting the
grain yield. Harvesting has to be done when the fruits are fully ripe and start changing
from green to brown colour.
11. FENUGREEK
Botanical Name :- Trigonella Foenum
Family :- Fabaceae
Soil & Climate
* Good soil of medium texture is required. Tolerated pH range is 5.3 to 8.2.
* Prepare soil by adding plenty of composted organic material.
* Add a ration of lime if the soil is acid.
* A sunny, well-drained position and adequate water is required.
Sowing
Broadcasting –direct seed of Fenugreek under good conditions is recommended in
medium black soils well drained .Thin broadcasting is more applicable for it.
Spacing
* Land preparation- It cultivated in flat bed this should be in size 3 X 2 m.
Fenugreek cultivated by broadcasting in flat bed at 20-25 cm distance in line.
Seed Rate
* 25 to 30 kg/ha.
12. Varieties
1) Kasoori (Yield- 7-8ton/ha)
2) Fenugreek No-47 (Yield- 7-8ton/ha)
Manure & Fertilizer
20 ton/hectare well rotten FYM or compost should incorporated at the time of land
preparation
Top dressing
For good quality of fenugreek leaves nitrogen plays a vital role.
20 kg of Nitrogen (43 kg of Urea)/ha. – At Starting
20 kg of Nitrogen (43 kg of Urea)/ha. – After 15 days weeding
Pests and diseases
Aphids, Leaf minor are major pest infesting Fenugreek. Aphids are black colored and
infested the tip of leaf and sucking green
Irrigation
The irrigation system must ensure uniform distribution and no wastage of water.
Fenugreek can be irrigated by surface-irrigation system.
There are several methods viz. flooding from ditch, check basin, ring and basin, border strip
and furrow.
13. Harvesting
Take out whole plants for fresh use in salads when they are about 5
cm (2 inches) high (cut off the roots)
14. AMARANTHUS
Botanical Name :- Amaranthus Spp
Family :- Amaranthaceae
Soil & Climate
Amaranthus is widely distributed in both tropical and sub tropical regions. Leaf
amaranth is a warm season crop adapted to hot humid climatic conditions. It is grown
throughout the year in tropics and in autumn, spring and summer seasons in temperate regions.
Amaranth comes up well in well drained loamy soil rich in organic matter. The ideal is pH is 5.5-
7.5 but there are types which can come up in soils with pH as high as 10.0.
Sowing & Spacing
The land, after thorough ploughing and leveling, is made into shallow trenches / basins
of 50-60 cm width and convenient length. Well decomposed farmyard manure is applied in
trenches and thoroughly incorporated in soil by digging. 20-25 days old seedlings, already raised
in nursery, are transplanted in trenches at 20-25 x 10-15 cm spacing.
Seed Rate
* 450-500 g/ha.
15. Varieties
1) Pusa Kirti (Yield- 55ton/ha)
2) Pusa Kiran (Yield- 35ton/ha)
3) Arka Suguana (Yield- 17-18ton/ha)
Manure & Fertilizer
20-25 tonnes of FYM and 50:25:20 kg NPK/ha are recommended as basal dose.
Under pulling out method, 20 kg N should be top dressed twice during subsequent pulling out of
seedlings. For clipping varieties, a still higher dose of 75:25:25 NPK/ha is advisable.
Pests and diseases
Leaf blight and white rust are major problems in amaranth cultivation.
Leaf blight (Rhizoctonia spp).
Leaf blight disease is the most severe during rainy season under warm and humid
conditions. Symptoms include appearance of white and irregular spots on leaf lamina making
the produce unmarketable.
control of leaf blight is given below:
• Sow resistant green amaranth variety, CO-1 during rainy season
• Spray Mancozeb @ 4g/1 of cow dung supernatant as fine droplets. Cover plants thoroughly
so that spray solution reaches under surfaces of leaves also.
16. Irrigation
Grain amaranth is a drought tolerant crop, but leaf amaranth requires frequent
irrigation to keep soil moist. Frequency of irrigation depends on soil.
Harvesting
Amaranth is harvested early in the morning by pulling out or by clipping. In the
first method, grown up plants are pulled out at 30, 45 and 55 days after sowing, along with
roots, washed and sent to market in small bundles.
In multi-cut method, first clipping or cutting is done 25-35 days after sowing.
Subsequent cuttings are made at weekly intervals in Chhotti Chaulai and 10 days intervals in
Badi Chaulai.
17. RADISH
Botanical Name :- Raphanus Sativus L.
Family :- Brassicaceae
Soil & Climate
Being a root crop, radish requires loose and friable soil, rich in organic
matter.
Ideal temperature for growth and development of quality roots in radish is 10-15.5oC.
Though it can tolerate high temperature, roots develop pungency under hot weather.
Sowing
temperate radish tolerates frost, it is successfully grown between September and
January in plains. Tropical types are sown from middle of September onwards. If sowing is
done later than November, it bolts earlier.
Spacing
European types will be ready in 25-30 days and are sown at a closer spacing of 5-
10 cm x 3 cm.
18. Seed Rate
10-12 kg/ha.
Varieties
1) Kashi Sweta (Yield- 45ton/ha)
2) Pusa Himani (Yield- 32ton/ha)
3) CO-1 (Yield- 9-10ton/ha)
Manure & Fertilizer
Radish is a quick growing crop, hence the soil should be highly rich in plant
nutrients. Add farmyard manure 25-40 tonnes, nitrogcn 18-50 kg in the form of ammonium
sulphate, phosphorus 50 kg in the form of superphosphate and potash 50 kg in the form of muriate
of potash for one hectare of the field.
Pests and diseases
Aphids are the most serious pests of radish.
Control - Spraying Malathion 50% in the ratio of one litre in 1000 litres of water gives
sufficient high percentage of kill with a residual effect of 2- 3 weeks.
19. Alternaria blight
This disease is caused by Alternaria raphonic. Symptoms usually first appear on the leaves in the
form of yellowish, slightly raised I spots or Iesions.
Copper oxychloride (0.5 to 0.75%), Maneb (0.2%), or Zineb (0.25%) or Blitox 50 can be used as spray
Irrigation
It is necessary that enough of soil moisture is available to help uniform seed germination and
growth of the plant. If sufficient soil moisture is not available at the time of sowing, the first irrigation
is given immediately after sowing. It is advantageous in case of light soils but it hinders the
germination in heavy soils.
Harvesting
Depending upon the cultivars, the roots become ready for harvesting in about 25-35 days
after sowing. Early and rapid maturing European cultivars reach harvest maturity in 25-30 days after
sowing. They become bitter and pithy if the harvesting is delayed. In India, harvesting is done
manually.
20. Result & Conclusion
Spinach It is found commonly two diseases i.e. Leaf spot caused by
Alternaria spinaciae and wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
spinaciae.
Fenugreek It is found commonly three diseases i.e. Leaf spot caused by
Alternaria alternata wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum and powdery
mildew caused by Erysiphae polygoni.
The isolation from the infected leafy vegetables samples were carried out
on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium.
Mancozeb showed better results in MIC i. e. ranged from 100g/ml to
800g/ml in vitro and in case of in vivo studies, it was ranged from 400g to
1500g/ml of three tested fungi.
