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PLAN 4003: Urban Form & Design
Week 3: Public Parks in Urban Design
Anuradha Mukherji
Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
- Production centralized in cities as factories
concentrated in urban areas
- Factory system – needs raw materials,
labor, markets
- Increased mechanization
- Based on intense use of resources – coal,
iron ore, lumber, petroleum
- City of factory, smokestacks, steam engines
Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co., Youngstown, Ohio, 1910
These images are attributed to Haines Photo Co. @ 1919 (PD-US-1923) and Seattle Engineering Co. (PD-US-1923)
Seattle Railroad, 1900
Pittsburg, Pennslyvania, 1902
This image is attributed to T.M. Fowler & James B. Moyer. (PD-US-1923)
Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 1939
This image is attributed to BASF – The Chemical Company @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Urban Tenements
This image is in the public domain (PD-US-1923)
CRISES IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
- Increased urban population & rapid
urbanization
- Health impacts on workers exposed to toxic
metals and chemicals
- Poor housing, lack of sanitation, lack of
clean water, poor diet, endemic disease
- Environmental crises – contamination of
water, land and air - massive pollution
discharge – hazardous environment
WATER POLLUTION
- Pollution – residential waste (human &
animal); commercial waste (factories &
businesses)
- Factories sited next to rivers or bays - textile,
chemical, iron, steel need water for
production process – used water put back
- Meat plants flush carcasses; processing
and packaging plants dump glues, gums,
dyes, fertilizer, sausage casings, brushes
LAND POLLUTION
- Factory – garbage, ashes, scrap metals,
slag disposed on open lots
- Household waste, urine, feces and animal
carcasses dumped on streets
- Horse manure and urine littered streets
- Collection and disposal of solid waste
uncoordinated and privatized
- No public system, only wealthy could afford
AIR POLLUTION
- Factory – smoke pollution by product of
coal consumption
- Factory – released chemicals: chlorine,
ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane,
hydrosulfuric acid
- Soot from smokestacks and locomotives
- Smoke equated with progress, growth, jobs
and economic prosperity, science was not
able to link public health to air pollution
PLANNING RESPONSE
- County in the city / city in the country
- Urban parks movement
- Garden city movement
- Urban renewal through urban design - Paris
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
Frederick Law Olmstead, 1895
Portrait by John Singer Sargent (1856-1925)
URBAN PARKS MOVEMENT
- Urban parks formalized as public space or
recreational area
- Response to worsening urban conditions
- Links with public health
- Aligned with democratic ideals, open to all
- Parks for the public
- Move away from formalized, rationalized
geometric designs, more organic instead
- Parks as the ‘lungs of the city’, bringing clean
air and sunlight into dirty grimy industrial city
- Parks provided recreational opportunities and
an ‘outlet’ for the stresses of city life
Central Park, New York City (Designed by Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux, 1858, 843 acre)
This image is attributed to H.Q. Roosevelt @ 2012 (www.rsvlts.com)
Central Park, New York City (Designed by Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux, 1858, 843 acre)
Hester Street, New York City, 1902
This image is attributed to Snapshots of The Past @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0)
Central Park, New York City
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
The Mall, Central Park, New York City, 1902
This image is attributed to Snapshots of The Past @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0) and the public domain (PD-US-1923)
Central Park Map, New York City, 1870
This image is attributed to Landscape-Photo.net @ 2011 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
The Mall, Central Park, New York City
Literary Walk, Central Park, New York City
This image is attributed to Rex Boggs @ 2011 (CC BY-ND 2.0)
Emerald Necklace Park System Plan, Boston, (Olmstead Archives, 1894)
This image is attributed to National Park Service Olmstead Archives (PD-US-1923)
Emerald Necklace Park System, Boston
This image is attributed to Department of Conservation and Recreation
Riverside, Illinois, Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
Garden City – Self sufficient unit
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
IDEA OF THE GARDEN CITY
- Ebenezer Howard – Town-Country Magnet
- Overcrowding an urban ill
- Cities attractive due to higher wages and
social opportunities, recreation
- Hardship in cities – high rents, prices, long
work hours, commuting distance, isolation
and alienation, health hazards
- Rural life beautiful - offers land, fresh air,
water, sunshine
- Rural less compelling – dull and lack of
economic opportunities
- Combining features of urban and country
life to achieve balanced lifestyles and best
of both
- Self contained garden cities of 30,000
people around a larger central city
- Cities with higher wages, regular jobs and
healthier environments
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City (Reorganization of the City)
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
- Elements – zoning and
greenbelts
- Zoning – division of land
for different uses
- Green belts – ‘buffer’
zones between distinct
land uses
- Housing and community
facilities away from
factory and
manufacturing areas
Green Machines – Industrial, Technical, Utopian
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
- Boulevards - 120 feet from
center to periphery, dividing
city into six parts
- Central garden with civic
institutions around – town
hall, library, theatre,
museum, hospital
- Shopping area separated by
green belt (central park)
followed by housing
- Grand avenue occupied by
schools and churches
- Outer ring comprised of
factories, ware-houses,
dairies, markets, coal yards
- Circled by the railway line
- Agriculture farm holdings
beyond, ready market close
by for the urban farmer
- City managed by citizens
Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Jonathan Billinger @ 2008 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Toby Bradbury @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Town Center, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to littlebitmanky @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Townhall, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2006 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Railway Station, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2006 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Library & Museum, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2005 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Bill Boaden @ 2011 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Meadow Way, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
This image is attributed to Christopher Hilton @ 2011 (CC BY-SA 2.0)

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Urban Form and Design - Public Parks in Urban Design

  • 1. PLAN 4003: Urban Form & Design Week 3: Public Parks in Urban Design Anuradha Mukherji Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning
  • 2. THE INDUSTRIAL CITY - Production centralized in cities as factories concentrated in urban areas - Factory system – needs raw materials, labor, markets - Increased mechanization - Based on intense use of resources – coal, iron ore, lumber, petroleum - City of factory, smokestacks, steam engines
  • 3. Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co., Youngstown, Ohio, 1910 These images are attributed to Haines Photo Co. @ 1919 (PD-US-1923) and Seattle Engineering Co. (PD-US-1923) Seattle Railroad, 1900
  • 4. Pittsburg, Pennslyvania, 1902 This image is attributed to T.M. Fowler & James B. Moyer. (PD-US-1923)
  • 5. Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 1939 This image is attributed to BASF – The Chemical Company @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
  • 6. Urban Tenements This image is in the public domain (PD-US-1923)
  • 7. CRISES IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY - Increased urban population & rapid urbanization - Health impacts on workers exposed to toxic metals and chemicals - Poor housing, lack of sanitation, lack of clean water, poor diet, endemic disease - Environmental crises – contamination of water, land and air - massive pollution discharge – hazardous environment
  • 8. WATER POLLUTION - Pollution – residential waste (human & animal); commercial waste (factories & businesses) - Factories sited next to rivers or bays - textile, chemical, iron, steel need water for production process – used water put back - Meat plants flush carcasses; processing and packaging plants dump glues, gums, dyes, fertilizer, sausage casings, brushes
  • 9. LAND POLLUTION - Factory – garbage, ashes, scrap metals, slag disposed on open lots - Household waste, urine, feces and animal carcasses dumped on streets - Horse manure and urine littered streets - Collection and disposal of solid waste uncoordinated and privatized - No public system, only wealthy could afford
  • 10. AIR POLLUTION - Factory – smoke pollution by product of coal consumption - Factory – released chemicals: chlorine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrosulfuric acid - Soot from smokestacks and locomotives - Smoke equated with progress, growth, jobs and economic prosperity, science was not able to link public health to air pollution
  • 11. PLANNING RESPONSE - County in the city / city in the country - Urban parks movement - Garden city movement - Urban renewal through urban design - Paris
  • 12. This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) Frederick Law Olmstead, 1895 Portrait by John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) URBAN PARKS MOVEMENT - Urban parks formalized as public space or recreational area - Response to worsening urban conditions - Links with public health - Aligned with democratic ideals, open to all - Parks for the public - Move away from formalized, rationalized geometric designs, more organic instead - Parks as the ‘lungs of the city’, bringing clean air and sunlight into dirty grimy industrial city - Parks provided recreational opportunities and an ‘outlet’ for the stresses of city life
  • 13. Central Park, New York City (Designed by Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux, 1858, 843 acre) This image is attributed to H.Q. Roosevelt @ 2012 (www.rsvlts.com)
  • 14. Central Park, New York City (Designed by Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux, 1858, 843 acre)
  • 15. Hester Street, New York City, 1902 This image is attributed to Snapshots of The Past @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0)
  • 16. Central Park, New York City This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
  • 17. The Mall, Central Park, New York City, 1902 This image is attributed to Snapshots of The Past @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0) and the public domain (PD-US-1923) Central Park Map, New York City, 1870
  • 18. This image is attributed to Landscape-Photo.net @ 2011 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) The Mall, Central Park, New York City
  • 19. Literary Walk, Central Park, New York City This image is attributed to Rex Boggs @ 2011 (CC BY-ND 2.0)
  • 20. Emerald Necklace Park System Plan, Boston, (Olmstead Archives, 1894) This image is attributed to National Park Service Olmstead Archives (PD-US-1923)
  • 21. Emerald Necklace Park System, Boston This image is attributed to Department of Conservation and Recreation
  • 22. Riverside, Illinois, Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
  • 23. Garden City – Self sufficient unit This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) IDEA OF THE GARDEN CITY - Ebenezer Howard – Town-Country Magnet - Overcrowding an urban ill - Cities attractive due to higher wages and social opportunities, recreation - Hardship in cities – high rents, prices, long work hours, commuting distance, isolation and alienation, health hazards - Rural life beautiful - offers land, fresh air, water, sunshine - Rural less compelling – dull and lack of economic opportunities - Combining features of urban and country life to achieve balanced lifestyles and best of both - Self contained garden cities of 30,000 people around a larger central city - Cities with higher wages, regular jobs and healthier environments
  • 24. Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City (Reorganization of the City) This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT - Elements – zoning and greenbelts - Zoning – division of land for different uses - Green belts – ‘buffer’ zones between distinct land uses - Housing and community facilities away from factory and manufacturing areas
  • 25. Green Machines – Industrial, Technical, Utopian This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923) - Boulevards - 120 feet from center to periphery, dividing city into six parts - Central garden with civic institutions around – town hall, library, theatre, museum, hospital - Shopping area separated by green belt (central park) followed by housing - Grand avenue occupied by schools and churches - Outer ring comprised of factories, ware-houses, dairies, markets, coal yards - Circled by the railway line - Agriculture farm holdings beyond, ready market close by for the urban farmer - City managed by citizens
  • 26. Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)
  • 27. Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Jonathan Billinger @ 2008 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • 28. Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Toby Bradbury @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
  • 29. Town Center, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to littlebitmanky @ 2005 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
  • 30. Townhall, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2006 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • 31. Railway Station, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2006 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • 32. Library & Museum, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Robin Hall @ 2005 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • 33. Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Bill Boaden @ 2011 (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • 34. Meadow Way, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, Great Britain This image is attributed to Christopher Hilton @ 2011 (CC BY-SA 2.0)