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ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING AND
ITS IMPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The community health nurse experiences and many ethical conflicts are existing in health care
delivery system. As we began professional practice, it is essential to understand the law that defines
the nurse’s responsibility and duties. Especially the community health nurse must be very careful
while doing services in the community because; there is a team of people working in the hospital.
Whereas, in the community health nurses are alone and most of the time she is in position of to
implement the services at home. So, she must be more careful and she should have enough
knowledge on legal issues. The purpose of this topic is to analyze traditional ethics and professional
nursing and apply these principles to the practice of community health nursing.
DEFINITIONS
‘’ Ethics is a system of moral principles, and rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular
class of human actions or to a particular group of people.’’
Or
Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with values related to human conduct with respect to the
rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and
ends of such actions.
DEFINITION OF LAW
It is a standard or rules of conduct established and enforced by the Government. These are intended
to protect the public.
SOURCES OF LAW
1. THE CONSTITUTION: it is a system of fundamental laws or principles that governs a nation or
society.
2. STATUTES: laws that govern. It is enacted by the legislative body or legislative law. Laws
passed by council or parliament. For example, nurse practice act.
3. ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES: the rules and regulations established by executive branch of
the government executive officers, mayors are responsible for law enforcement. For
example, INC, Board of Nursing State/ Central level.
4. TORT LAW OR COURT DECISION: judicial and decisional laws are made by the court to
interpret legal issues. Court decisions can be changed, but only with strong justifications. For
example, patients rights / measles vaccination.
2
TYPES OF LAW
1. CRIMINAL LAW: nurses found guilty of intentionally administering fatal dozes of drug to the
patients.
2. CIVIL LAW: one individual sues another for money to compensate the loss. Incarceration-can
is escaped from prison. For example, malpractice cases can be tried in civil courts (monitory
damages can be claimed)
3. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: an individual issued by a state board or council in violation of the
nurse practice act.
SIGNIFICANT LEGISLATIVE ACT
1. SHEPARD TOWNER ACT 1921: grants in aid or funds to the state for administration of
programs to promote the health and welfare of mother and infants (grants in aid for
pregnant mothers).
2. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT 1935: allocation funds on the basis of PH problem, economic need and
need for training for health personnel.
3. HOSPITAL SURVEY AND CONSTRUCTION ACT 1946: nationwide health facilities planning to
the states for hospital/ health centers construction.
4. MCH AMENDMENTS ACT 1963: opened door for improved services to bring down the
perinatal mortality. (Implementation of MCH program.)
5. NONCOMMUNIABLE DISEASE ACT 1965: comprehensive health planning for program
development. For example, cancer control program
6. HEALTH MANPOWER ACT 1968: increased supply of health personnel by providing federal
money to educational institution for construction, training and special projects.
7. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ACT 1970: protection to written against personal injury or illness
resulting from hazards working condition.
LEGAL CONCEPTS
CRIME/TORTS: refers a wrong committed by a person against another person or his/her
property.
CRIME: it is violation punishable by the state.
TORT: it is a gross negligence (e.g. Liquid, Phenol.)
MISDEMEANOR: less serious crime punishable with fines imprisonment for less than 1 year.
FELONY: punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year.
LITIGATION: it is process of bringing and trying a lawsuit.
PLAINTIFF: person or government bringing suit against another is called plaintiff. For
example, mother of terminally ill child threatening to bring charges in the hospital. Court is
the deciding authority.
DEFENDANTS: one being accused a crime in called defendant.
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INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL TORTS
INTENTIONAL TORTS
1. ASSAULT: it is a threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with another person without
that person consent.
2. BATTERY: it is an assault that is carried out with willful angry and violent or negligent
touching of another person’s body or clothes.
Examples:
a. Forcibly removing patient’s clothes.
b. Injection with force or weapon refused by patient.
c. Pushing a patient in floor or in the chair.
3. DEFAMATION: it is an intentional tort makes derogatory remarks about another.
a. Slander: oral defamation of character.
b. Libel: written defamation (petition.)
For example, about patient or co-workers.
4. INVASION OF PRIVACY:
a. All information should be confidential
b. Interacting with family members
c. Avoid unnecessary exposure
d. Checking of all gadgets or machines
e. Carryout research activities
f. Using tape recorder, video or photos
5. FALSE IMPRISIONMENT: a person cannot be legally forced to remain in health centers or
hospital. (unjustified intention)
6. FRAUD: willful and purposeful interpretation or misinterpreting the outcome of procedure
of treatment. (license may be prosecuted under the NP act).
UNINTENTIONAL TORTS
1. NEGLIGENCE: an act of negligence may be enact of omission or commission.
2. Malpractice or negligence
3. LIABILITY: it involves four elements that must be established to prove that malpractice or
negligence has occurred.
4. DUTY AND DOCUMENTATION; execution of safety measures.
5. BREACH OF DUTY: failure to note and report to higher authority about the seriousness.
6. CAUSATION: failure to use appropriate safety measures.
7. DAMAGES: lengthened hospital stay and need for rehabilitation.
COMMON CAUSES OF LEGAL ISSUES
Professional negligence e. g. ignoring the seriousness.
Practicing medicine without license in community.
Obtaining nursing license by fraud or allowing others to use your license
Felony conviction for any offence.
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Participating in criminal abortion, e.g. quacks.
Not reporting substandard medicine or nursing care.
Providing patient care while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
Giving narcotics without an order.
Falsely holding oneself as family practitioner or nurse practitioners.
PROFESSIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF NURSING PRACTICE
Every state has ‘’ nurse practice act’’ that protects the public define the legal scope.
Nurse practice act- violation of rule can result in disciplinary action. For example,
medication, IPPI vials.
Standards- guidelines issued by councils-qualification, standards, rules and regulation, e.g.
unrecognized courses.
Credentialing- the ways in which professional competence is ensured and maintained
Three processes can be used
a. ACCREDITATION: education program is evaluated and recognized by National
Accreditation Board.
b. LICENSURE: the state determines certain requirement to practice as nurse. (e.g.
negligence, malpractice, wrong treatment and alcoholism)
c. CERTIFICATION: entry level competence. Specific knowledge and experience in
specified areas needed. All the certificates cannot be registered (e.g. nursing asst
course.)
CLIENTS RIGHTS AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE
CLIENTS RIGHTS
It is one of the earliest recognitions of clients rights concerning health were made by the national
convention of the 1973. Undergoing the theme of basic human rights, the leaders of the revolution
declared that there should only be one patient to a bed in hospitals and hospital beds were to be
placed at least 3 feet apart(Annas,1978). This kind of direction by a government or legislating body in
the recognition and assertion of clients right has continued to be prominent in consideration of
thought to health and the right to health care as extensions of basic human rights such as rights to
informed consent to refuse treatment or to privacy have apparently been aided by consumer groups
and health care providers.
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS RELATED TO HEALTH
American Hospital Association was studied and issued the results of its study, entitled ‘’ the Patient’s
bill of rights.’’ The document says that the traditional physician- patient relationship takes on a new
dimension when care is rendered within organizational structure.’’ The basic rights includes the
following:
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1. Considerate and respectful care
2. Obtain complete medical information
3. Receive information necessary for giving informed consent
4. Refine treatment
5. Consideration of privacy
6. Confidential treatment of personal information and medical records
7. Request services
8. Information on other institution and individuals related to care and treatment
9. Refuse participation in research projects
10. Expect reasonable continuity of care
11. Examination and explanation of financial changes
12. Know institutional regulations
SOCIETAL OBLIGATIONS
The ‘Presidents’ commission for the study of ethical problems reached several conclusions
concerning current patterns of access to health care and made significant recommendations for
changes. The commission concludes that:
1. Society has an ethical obligation to ensure equitable access to health care for all.
2. The societal obligation is balanced by individual obligation.
3. Equitable access to health care requires that all citizens be able to secure an adequate level
of 1.
4. When equity occurs through the operation of private forces, there is no need for
government involvement, but the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that society obligation
is met, through a combination of public and private sector arrangements, rest with the
federal government.
5. The cost of achieving equitable access to health care ought to be shared family
6. Efforts to certain nursing health care costs are important but should not focus on limiting
the attainment of equitable access for the least well served portion of the public.
PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
In response to client’s rights, health care professionals incur particular duties or responsibilities
which are supported by professional code of ethics and are correlative to basic liberty rights of
patients.
PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS
Professional code of ethics is statements encompassing rules that apply to persons in professional
role there are some professional ethics
1. Professional etiquette good manners based on loyalty.
2. Knowing the lines of authority and responsibility.
3. Each person should be treated with dignity.
4. When death occurs, they need empathy, support and understanding. More practice is
needed in an isolated area.
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5. Should know what others are doing and be faithful in supporting each other.
6. Coordinate with all.
7. Have partnership and cooperate with physician.
8. Good communication based on giving and receiving.
9. The nurse relates in the community as a worker and to improve health standards.
10. The nurse relates in the community as a worker and to improve health standards
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH
Relationships of ethical rules, principles and theories
Rules state that certain actions are to be performed because they are right (or wrong). An example
would be that ‘’ nurses always ought to tell the truth to the clients.’’ Principles are more abstract
than rules and serve as the foundation of rules. For example, the ethical principle of autonomy is
the foundation for such rules as ‘’ always informed consent’’, tell the truth, and protect the privacy
etc. theories however are collection of principles and rules. They provide theoretical foundations for
deciding what to do when principles or rules conflict. Ethical principles simply suggest which ethical
principle will more likely to happen generally when moral decisions have to be made.
PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICIENCE
It states ‘’we ought to do good and prevent or avoid doing harm.’’ It includes the idea that
beneficence is a duty to help others gain what is of benefit to them but does not carry the obligation
to risk one’s own welfare or interiors in helping others.
Application of theories in community health
The principle of beneficence can be applied for:
1. Balancing harms and benefits to client population
2. In the use of cost benefit analysis in decisions affecting client population
COST BENEFICIAL ANALYSIS
It is a specific application of the principle of beneficence. To measure the benefits and costs of
alternative approaches to a problem or to decide how to distribute health program funds.
PRINCIPLES OF AUTONOMY: autonomy refers to freedom of action, as chosen by an individual
person who are autonomers and capable of choosing and acting on plans they themselves have
decided on.
Application in community health nursing principle of autonomy is applied in community health
through considerations with:
1. RESPECT FOR PERSONS: the client should be given a choice or even considered in a
treatment plan. The elderly have the right to determine their life and health plans as they
have the capacity to do so.
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2. THE PROTECTION OF PRIVACY: since the relationship between client and nurse is built on
trust, the nurse has a responsibility to protect the privacy of clients and their families as for
as clients health is concerned.
3. THE PROVISION OF INFORMED CONSENT: the elements are essential for adequate informed
consent information, comprehension and willingness. Informed consent is not valid without
all elements and no contract between client and nurse is ethically acceptable without valid,
informed consent.
4. FREEDOM OF CHOICE INCLUDING TREATMENT REFUSAL: in community health nursing,
respect for the client’s or guardian’s right to refuse treatment may depend on nurse
judgment of the competency of the client to make such choices.
5. THE PROTECTION OF DIMINSHED AUTONOMY: the person who is having diminished
autonomy whether from physical or psychological incapacities or immaturity are not
considered purely to be autonomous persons. Yet respect for the principle of autonomy
requires that practitioner recognize when persons back the capacity to act autonomously
and therefore an entity to protection in health care delivery.
PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
It claims that equals should be treated equally and those who are unequal should be treated
differently according to their differences.
Application as theories in community health: different theories may be may be appealed in deciding
how to distribute health care resources. These theories include:
1. ENTITLEMENT THOERY: the entitlement theory claims that everyone is entitled to
whatever they get in the natural lottery at birth and there is no responsibility for
government or its agencies to improve the lot of those less fortunate than others. In this
theory, inequalities between individuals in matters of health, position and wealth are
tolerated. Only aggression or harms against others and the unjust acquisition of goods are
prohibited.
2. UTILITARIAN THOERY: this theory of justice claims that the best way to distribute resources
among citizenry is to decide how expenditures or the use of resources will achieve the
greatest net of good and serve the largest number of people. In this theory the needs and
wants of some individuals will not be satisfied, and they may indeed, be harmed in this
process. This would be considered unfortunate but this is distributing resources so that, the
greatest good for greatest number is achieved.
3. MAXIMIN THOERY: this theory of justice first identifies the least advantaged number of
community. For example, the economically poor, the elderly the mentally retarded and
children under one year of age and decides they might be benefited rather than deciding or
greatest not aggregate benefit. Obviously this will create problems in case of limited
resources. Thus, it is possible that technologically advancement and the development of
more sophisticated health care goods cannot be made widely available to the public in times
of limited economic resources. The result is that interest and needs in matters of health may
not be satisfied within the system of justice.
4. EQUALITARIAN THOERY: the equalitarian theory of justice claims that justice requires the
‘’ equality of net welfare for individuals.’’ In this theory, the distribution of good in
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community takes the needs of all citizens into equally. Thus everyone would have to claim to
an equal amount of all goods and resources, including health care. It requires
a. Establishing priorities for the distribution of basic goods and health services in the
community.
b. Determining which population or individuals shall obtain available health goods and
nursing services.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN DECISION MAKING
1. RESPECT: treating people as unique or equal
2. AUTUNOMY: freedom of choice and exercise of people’s right- for careful consideration.
3. BENEFICENCE: doing good or benefitting others (accessible to all).
4. NON-MALFEASANCE: avoiding and preventing harm to others.
5. JUSTICE: irrespective of age, sex, caste, urban or rural- equal treatments.
6. FIDELITY: Keeping promises should be kept confidential. If not, may lose faith and interest.
7. VERACITY: telling the truth-actual information.
NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES
Practice within scope of nurse practice acts.
Observe agency policies and procedures.
Establish standards by using evidence based practice.
Always prefer patient’s welfare.
Be aware of relevant law and understand limits.
Practice within the area or individual competence.
Upgrade technical skills by attending continuing nursing education and seeking certification.
Following the standards of care and referral services.
Ensure patient safety.
Proper action for needs and problems and appropriate treatment.
Monitor the program and proper reporting.
Verify the medication errors and reactions.
LEGAL SAFEGUARDS OF CH NURSES
1. INFORMED CONSENT: granted freedom, written or oral form (procedures, expected
outcome, complication, side effects, and alternative treatment.
2. CONTRACTS: exchange of promises between two parties. Agreement may be written
or oral(e.g. patient and his family and health care team)
3. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: policies, legal procedures, up-to date knowledge.
4. COMPETENT PRACTICE: it is most important and most legal safeguard. Institutional
policies and procedures should be adopted.
5. RESPECTING INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS: developing rapport and working relationship with
the community. Keeping careful documentation of every activity.
6. PATIENT FAMILY EDUCATION: discuss with family members. Tentative plans
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7. EXECUTING PHYSICIAN ORDER: attempt to get order in writing/verbal order.
8. DOCUMENTATION: actual , accurate, complete and essential.
9. ADEQUATE STAFFING: under staffing is a problem that will reduce quality of care.
10. RISK MANAGEMENT PROGARM: identify analysis and treat the condition avoid taking
risk.
11. INCIDENT, VARIANCE, AND OCCURRENCE PROGRAM: incident program for quality
improvement for our safety.
12. SENTINEL EVENTS: expected to play in a critical role in sentinel event( death or any
other incident)
13. BILL OF RIGHTS: quality of care, decision making, privacy and financial information
14. GOOD SAMITARIAN LAWS: laws are designed to protect health practitioners while
giving care in emergency situations.
15. STUDENT LIABILITY: legal responsibilities of student nurses include careful
preparation by instructors.
LEADERSHIP ROLES AND MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ASSOSIATED WITH LEGAL ISSUES
Serves as role model by nursing care.
Updates of knowledge and skills in field of practice.
Reports substandard nursing care to higher authority.
Respectful relationship, caring and honest and reducing the possibilities of future
lawsuit.
Prioritizes patient’s right and welfare of the family.
Demonstrate vision risk taking and energy in determining appropriate legal
boundaries.
Increases knowledge, regarding sources of law that affects nursing practice.
Minimize the risk using appropriate equipment and products.
Monitor and supervise subordinates increases staff awareness of intentional
torts to see that written protocols, policies, and procedures to reduce liability.
Provides educational and training for staff on legal issues affecting nursing
practice.
APPLICATION OF ETHICS TO COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE
THE PRIORITY OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
In community health nursing, ethical principles direct and guide nursing actions with individuals and
aggregate groups. The professional ethic, in general, places a greater emphasis on the observance of
the principles of autonomy and beneficence than the principles of justice in most nursing actions.
The ethical principle of beneficence is given slightly less emphasis in the code for nurses. The
principle of justice is not strongly emphasized in the professional code of ethics. it is noted in passing
that nursing practice is not influenced by age, sex, race, color, personality or other personal
10
attributes or individual differences in customs, beliefs, or attributes. The cod estates that ‘’ nursing
care is delivered without disease detection and prevention and in health maintenance.
ACCOUNTABILITY IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Moral accountability in nursing practice means that nurses are answerable for how they promote,
protect, and meet the health needs of clients while respecting individual rights to self-determination
in health care. In community health nursing, where the greater emphasis is on aggregates rather
than individual clients, moral accountability means being answerable for how the health of
aggregate groups justice are still important in community health nursing. Yet they are less important
than the principle of beneficence .in community health nursing the emphasis of the professional
ethic is slanted toward benefit to aggregates, which implies following a rule of utility in planning,
implementing, and evaluating community health nursing services.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Expanded role of nurse has increased the legal accountability of the nurse practitioner who is
certified to function as an independent care giver. Thus, there is a current and future need for
periodic assessment of the moral and legal requirements of accountability in community health
nursing services. There is also the need to determine how existing programs and services will be
evaluated to determine the effectiveness of various nursing services in meeting accountabily
requirements. There is task that has yet to be accomplished by today’s community health nursing
leaders
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SCOPE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE
WHAT IS COMMUNITY HEALTH?
‘’Community health refers to the health status of the members of the community, to the problem
affecting health and to the totality of health care provided for the community.’’
COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE
Community health practice is application of community health concepts to prevent diseases and
promote health and efficiency and prolong life of people at large through organized community
efforts.
It implies making systematic assessment and diagnosis of health status of people and their problems,
planning and implementing comprehensive health care services for the entire community with their
active co-operation and participation.
In community health practice, the whole community is the client and its objective is to provide need
based comprehensive health care services which include primary level prevention i.e. health
promotion and provide specific protection; secondary level prevention i.e. early diagnosis and
treatment and control of further spread of diseases; tertiary level prevention i.e. control of disabilities
and rehabilitation; evaluation research and training and education of health personnel.
Community health practice requires the skills of many different disciplines e.g. Nursing, Medicine,
Social Work, Nutrition, Preventive medicines, Epidemiology, Biostatics, Demography, Engineering etc.
functioning together as demographic team.
so that they are knowledgeable and skillful. They need to acquire knowledge about community’s
epidemiological aspects of health problems, health planning, administration and delivery system that
they are knowledgeable and skillful. They need to acquire knowledge about community’s
epidemiological aspects of health problems, health planning, administration and delivery system.
SCOPE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE
The community health nursing practice encompasses: the goals and aim of community health
services, the priority practices/services, the focus of these priority practices and practice levels.
1. THE GOALS AND AIM
Community health nursing, which is nursing aspect of organized community health practice, is
committed to the goals and aims of community health. The goals of community health are to
promote and preserve health, to restore health when it is impaired, minimize suffering and distress
and to promote quality living. These goals can be achieved by providing comprehensive health and
nursing services as mentioned to the entire community and by working with individual, families and
groups in the community with an aim of self care. Self care is an appropriate strategy. It makes
individual self dependent in promoting and preserving their own health, preventing diseases and
health problems, controlling their illness and health problems and restoring their health. Self care
activities include practice of wholesome personal habits and life style, following of specific
protective measures, reporting early when sickless, undertaking treatment and precautions for
spread of disease to others and for occurrence of relapse.
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2. THE PRIORITY PRACTICES
The community health priority practices are based on the concept of levels of prevention. These are as
follows:
PRIMARY LEVEL OF PREVENTION: it is in the prepathogenesis phase of disease or health problems
and includes all those measures which promote general health and wellbeing of people and protect
them from specific diseases and health problems e.g. healthful living, environmental sanitation,
wholesome diet, immunization and control of air pollution etc.
SECONDARY LEVEL OF PREVENTION: includes all those measures which help in arresting the disease
process, restore health and control further spread of disease e.g. early diagnosis and treatment,
health education, immunization of population at risk, safe disposal and disinfection of infected
excrements, infected equipments and supplies etc.
TERTIARY LEVEL OF PREVENTION: includes all those measures which help in minimizing suffering ,
reducing or limiting the impairments and disabilities and promoting adjustment to disabilities, medical
rehabilitation, vocational, social, and psychological rehabilitation etc. in community health practice,
highest priority is given to primary level preventive measures because these measures promote health
and prevent diseases and health problems and less emphasis is given to secondary and tertiary level
prevention at the primary level infrastructure
3. THE FOCUS AND PRACTICE LEVEL
Community health nursing which is aspect of organized community health practice is committed to
goals of community health i.e. to promote and preserve health, to restore health when impaired, to
minimize discomforts and to promote quality skills. It helps in achieving these goals by providing
comprehensive health and nursing care services to the entire community. Thus community is the
focus of community health nursing services.
Nurses in the community work with individuals, families and groups and lay major emphasis on
primary health care and less emphasis on secondary and tertiary level of health care. The aim of such
care is to make individual, family and community self reliant in dealing with their own health problem
in the long run. The scope of community health nursing practice determines the modes of delivery of
health care services and its approaches.
MODES OF DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES AND NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Two modes of delivery of health services are identified by ANA, 1980. These include
1. SERVICE TO INDIVIDUAL , FAMILIES AND GROUPS
The community health nurses work with individuals, families and groups in the community and
provide direct health care service to promote health, prevent disease and injury, to apply therapeutic
measures, to reduce or minimize discomforts and restore health and promote quality living. The
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ultimate aim of such care is to develop competencies for self care. This is attained through
appropriate application of nursing interventions related to comprehensive health care which are as
follows:
SUPPLEMENTAL INTERVENTIONS: supplemental interventions are those actions which the individuals /
families are not able to do for themselves and the nurse does for them but educate them and prepare
them to do for them e.g. care of child with high fever or any other problem.
FACILITATIVE INTERVENTIONS: these are those interventions which will help to remove barriers which
interfere with to providing self care. The barriers could be related to resources available, cultural
practices and environmental conditions e.g. helping family to procure or develop resources, creating
awareness regarding harmful cultural practices etc.
DEVELOPMENTAL INTERVENTIONS: these include education, supervision, guidance and counseling to
help individuals and families gain knowledge and develop competencies to promote and preserve
their health problems, seek medical care, give care when required and restore health.
SERVICES TO THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE: These modes of delivery of health care services include
services which are planned to deal with various aspects of community that affect the health of entire
community. In this, community health nurse works with community and its subgroups, help them
recognize their health problems, set priorities, help them utilize and develop their resources, self help
groups etc. such services ultimately affect the health of individuals, families and groups within the
community.
Role of community health is not limited only to sick but has equal responsibility to prevent the disease
and to preserve and promote the health of people.
1. Home care: nursing practice is applied in meeting the health needs of communities, families and
individual s in their normal environment such as at home.
2. Nursing homes: community health team which provides nursing care, treatment to the the sick and
health counselling given in nursing homes.
3. MCH and family planning: the public health nurse plays a major role in the MCH and family
planning services. it comprises antenatal, postnatal and child health services.
4. School health nursing: school health nurse provides services to promote and protect the health of
school children. she provides services like early detection of diseases, immunization, first aid and
dental health, maintenance of health records, school sanitation, health education, follow up and
referral services.
14
5. Health care services: the purpose of health care services is to improve the health status of
population. It aims at mortality and morbidity reduction, increase in expectation of life, decrease in
population growth rate, improvement in nutritional status, provision in basic sanitation, health,
manpower requirements and resource development an certain other parameters such as food
production, literacy rate, and levels of poverty.
6. Industrial nursing services: the nursing services at industrial area include periodic health checkups,
care of sick, first aid, health counseling, industrial sanitation, and safety, organization of services to
women and children, rehablitaion of the ill and disabled workers and administration.
7. Domiciliary nursing services: community health nurse focused at domiciliary nursing services
includes maternity services health supervision and disease prevention and service for illness and
accidents.
8. Geriatric nursing services: community health nurse should take care of old people in the
community. The need of geriatric nursing care is different and they need more care than the younger
age groups.
9. Mental health nursing services: this includes early diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation,
psychotherapy, use of modern psychotropic drugs, and after care services.
10. Rehabilitation services: community health nurse provides care, in rehabilitation units. Nursing is an
important component in the rehabilitation of the disabled.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Guliani K.K, (2005), ‘’COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING’’, 1st
Edition, Kumar publication, Delhi. Page
no. 17, 34-37.
2. Kamalam S,(2012), ‘’ESSENSTIALS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE’’, 2nd
Edition, Jaypee Brothers
publications, New Delhi. Page no. 615-629
3. I Clement, (2009), “ BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING”, 1st
Edition, jaypee
Publishers, New Delhi. Page No. 10-11.
15
SEMINAR
ON
TOPIC: SCOPE OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING AND ETHICAL AND
LEGAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
SUBMITTED TO: MISS AMANJOT KAUR (Lecturer)
Swift College of Nursing
SUBMITTED BY: Ranjna Rani
M.Sc. (N) 1ST
Year
DATE: 28/01/2013
16

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Ethical and legal issues in community health nursing and

  • 1. 1 ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION The community health nurse experiences and many ethical conflicts are existing in health care delivery system. As we began professional practice, it is essential to understand the law that defines the nurse’s responsibility and duties. Especially the community health nurse must be very careful while doing services in the community because; there is a team of people working in the hospital. Whereas, in the community health nurses are alone and most of the time she is in position of to implement the services at home. So, she must be more careful and she should have enough knowledge on legal issues. The purpose of this topic is to analyze traditional ethics and professional nursing and apply these principles to the practice of community health nursing. DEFINITIONS ‘’ Ethics is a system of moral principles, and rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or to a particular group of people.’’ Or Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with values related to human conduct with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions. DEFINITION OF LAW It is a standard or rules of conduct established and enforced by the Government. These are intended to protect the public. SOURCES OF LAW 1. THE CONSTITUTION: it is a system of fundamental laws or principles that governs a nation or society. 2. STATUTES: laws that govern. It is enacted by the legislative body or legislative law. Laws passed by council or parliament. For example, nurse practice act. 3. ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES: the rules and regulations established by executive branch of the government executive officers, mayors are responsible for law enforcement. For example, INC, Board of Nursing State/ Central level. 4. TORT LAW OR COURT DECISION: judicial and decisional laws are made by the court to interpret legal issues. Court decisions can be changed, but only with strong justifications. For example, patients rights / measles vaccination.
  • 2. 2 TYPES OF LAW 1. CRIMINAL LAW: nurses found guilty of intentionally administering fatal dozes of drug to the patients. 2. CIVIL LAW: one individual sues another for money to compensate the loss. Incarceration-can is escaped from prison. For example, malpractice cases can be tried in civil courts (monitory damages can be claimed) 3. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: an individual issued by a state board or council in violation of the nurse practice act. SIGNIFICANT LEGISLATIVE ACT 1. SHEPARD TOWNER ACT 1921: grants in aid or funds to the state for administration of programs to promote the health and welfare of mother and infants (grants in aid for pregnant mothers). 2. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT 1935: allocation funds on the basis of PH problem, economic need and need for training for health personnel. 3. HOSPITAL SURVEY AND CONSTRUCTION ACT 1946: nationwide health facilities planning to the states for hospital/ health centers construction. 4. MCH AMENDMENTS ACT 1963: opened door for improved services to bring down the perinatal mortality. (Implementation of MCH program.) 5. NONCOMMUNIABLE DISEASE ACT 1965: comprehensive health planning for program development. For example, cancer control program 6. HEALTH MANPOWER ACT 1968: increased supply of health personnel by providing federal money to educational institution for construction, training and special projects. 7. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ACT 1970: protection to written against personal injury or illness resulting from hazards working condition. LEGAL CONCEPTS CRIME/TORTS: refers a wrong committed by a person against another person or his/her property. CRIME: it is violation punishable by the state. TORT: it is a gross negligence (e.g. Liquid, Phenol.) MISDEMEANOR: less serious crime punishable with fines imprisonment for less than 1 year. FELONY: punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year. LITIGATION: it is process of bringing and trying a lawsuit. PLAINTIFF: person or government bringing suit against another is called plaintiff. For example, mother of terminally ill child threatening to bring charges in the hospital. Court is the deciding authority. DEFENDANTS: one being accused a crime in called defendant.
  • 3. 3 INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL TORTS INTENTIONAL TORTS 1. ASSAULT: it is a threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with another person without that person consent. 2. BATTERY: it is an assault that is carried out with willful angry and violent or negligent touching of another person’s body or clothes. Examples: a. Forcibly removing patient’s clothes. b. Injection with force or weapon refused by patient. c. Pushing a patient in floor or in the chair. 3. DEFAMATION: it is an intentional tort makes derogatory remarks about another. a. Slander: oral defamation of character. b. Libel: written defamation (petition.) For example, about patient or co-workers. 4. INVASION OF PRIVACY: a. All information should be confidential b. Interacting with family members c. Avoid unnecessary exposure d. Checking of all gadgets or machines e. Carryout research activities f. Using tape recorder, video or photos 5. FALSE IMPRISIONMENT: a person cannot be legally forced to remain in health centers or hospital. (unjustified intention) 6. FRAUD: willful and purposeful interpretation or misinterpreting the outcome of procedure of treatment. (license may be prosecuted under the NP act). UNINTENTIONAL TORTS 1. NEGLIGENCE: an act of negligence may be enact of omission or commission. 2. Malpractice or negligence 3. LIABILITY: it involves four elements that must be established to prove that malpractice or negligence has occurred. 4. DUTY AND DOCUMENTATION; execution of safety measures. 5. BREACH OF DUTY: failure to note and report to higher authority about the seriousness. 6. CAUSATION: failure to use appropriate safety measures. 7. DAMAGES: lengthened hospital stay and need for rehabilitation. COMMON CAUSES OF LEGAL ISSUES Professional negligence e. g. ignoring the seriousness. Practicing medicine without license in community. Obtaining nursing license by fraud or allowing others to use your license Felony conviction for any offence.
  • 4. 4 Participating in criminal abortion, e.g. quacks. Not reporting substandard medicine or nursing care. Providing patient care while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Giving narcotics without an order. Falsely holding oneself as family practitioner or nurse practitioners. PROFESSIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF NURSING PRACTICE Every state has ‘’ nurse practice act’’ that protects the public define the legal scope. Nurse practice act- violation of rule can result in disciplinary action. For example, medication, IPPI vials. Standards- guidelines issued by councils-qualification, standards, rules and regulation, e.g. unrecognized courses. Credentialing- the ways in which professional competence is ensured and maintained Three processes can be used a. ACCREDITATION: education program is evaluated and recognized by National Accreditation Board. b. LICENSURE: the state determines certain requirement to practice as nurse. (e.g. negligence, malpractice, wrong treatment and alcoholism) c. CERTIFICATION: entry level competence. Specific knowledge and experience in specified areas needed. All the certificates cannot be registered (e.g. nursing asst course.) CLIENTS RIGHTS AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE CLIENTS RIGHTS It is one of the earliest recognitions of clients rights concerning health were made by the national convention of the 1973. Undergoing the theme of basic human rights, the leaders of the revolution declared that there should only be one patient to a bed in hospitals and hospital beds were to be placed at least 3 feet apart(Annas,1978). This kind of direction by a government or legislating body in the recognition and assertion of clients right has continued to be prominent in consideration of thought to health and the right to health care as extensions of basic human rights such as rights to informed consent to refuse treatment or to privacy have apparently been aided by consumer groups and health care providers. BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS RELATED TO HEALTH American Hospital Association was studied and issued the results of its study, entitled ‘’ the Patient’s bill of rights.’’ The document says that the traditional physician- patient relationship takes on a new dimension when care is rendered within organizational structure.’’ The basic rights includes the following:
  • 5. 5 1. Considerate and respectful care 2. Obtain complete medical information 3. Receive information necessary for giving informed consent 4. Refine treatment 5. Consideration of privacy 6. Confidential treatment of personal information and medical records 7. Request services 8. Information on other institution and individuals related to care and treatment 9. Refuse participation in research projects 10. Expect reasonable continuity of care 11. Examination and explanation of financial changes 12. Know institutional regulations SOCIETAL OBLIGATIONS The ‘Presidents’ commission for the study of ethical problems reached several conclusions concerning current patterns of access to health care and made significant recommendations for changes. The commission concludes that: 1. Society has an ethical obligation to ensure equitable access to health care for all. 2. The societal obligation is balanced by individual obligation. 3. Equitable access to health care requires that all citizens be able to secure an adequate level of 1. 4. When equity occurs through the operation of private forces, there is no need for government involvement, but the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that society obligation is met, through a combination of public and private sector arrangements, rest with the federal government. 5. The cost of achieving equitable access to health care ought to be shared family 6. Efforts to certain nursing health care costs are important but should not focus on limiting the attainment of equitable access for the least well served portion of the public. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES In response to client’s rights, health care professionals incur particular duties or responsibilities which are supported by professional code of ethics and are correlative to basic liberty rights of patients. PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS Professional code of ethics is statements encompassing rules that apply to persons in professional role there are some professional ethics 1. Professional etiquette good manners based on loyalty. 2. Knowing the lines of authority and responsibility. 3. Each person should be treated with dignity. 4. When death occurs, they need empathy, support and understanding. More practice is needed in an isolated area.
  • 6. 6 5. Should know what others are doing and be faithful in supporting each other. 6. Coordinate with all. 7. Have partnership and cooperate with physician. 8. Good communication based on giving and receiving. 9. The nurse relates in the community as a worker and to improve health standards. 10. The nurse relates in the community as a worker and to improve health standards ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH Relationships of ethical rules, principles and theories Rules state that certain actions are to be performed because they are right (or wrong). An example would be that ‘’ nurses always ought to tell the truth to the clients.’’ Principles are more abstract than rules and serve as the foundation of rules. For example, the ethical principle of autonomy is the foundation for such rules as ‘’ always informed consent’’, tell the truth, and protect the privacy etc. theories however are collection of principles and rules. They provide theoretical foundations for deciding what to do when principles or rules conflict. Ethical principles simply suggest which ethical principle will more likely to happen generally when moral decisions have to be made. PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICIENCE It states ‘’we ought to do good and prevent or avoid doing harm.’’ It includes the idea that beneficence is a duty to help others gain what is of benefit to them but does not carry the obligation to risk one’s own welfare or interiors in helping others. Application of theories in community health The principle of beneficence can be applied for: 1. Balancing harms and benefits to client population 2. In the use of cost benefit analysis in decisions affecting client population COST BENEFICIAL ANALYSIS It is a specific application of the principle of beneficence. To measure the benefits and costs of alternative approaches to a problem or to decide how to distribute health program funds. PRINCIPLES OF AUTONOMY: autonomy refers to freedom of action, as chosen by an individual person who are autonomers and capable of choosing and acting on plans they themselves have decided on. Application in community health nursing principle of autonomy is applied in community health through considerations with: 1. RESPECT FOR PERSONS: the client should be given a choice or even considered in a treatment plan. The elderly have the right to determine their life and health plans as they have the capacity to do so.
  • 7. 7 2. THE PROTECTION OF PRIVACY: since the relationship between client and nurse is built on trust, the nurse has a responsibility to protect the privacy of clients and their families as for as clients health is concerned. 3. THE PROVISION OF INFORMED CONSENT: the elements are essential for adequate informed consent information, comprehension and willingness. Informed consent is not valid without all elements and no contract between client and nurse is ethically acceptable without valid, informed consent. 4. FREEDOM OF CHOICE INCLUDING TREATMENT REFUSAL: in community health nursing, respect for the client’s or guardian’s right to refuse treatment may depend on nurse judgment of the competency of the client to make such choices. 5. THE PROTECTION OF DIMINSHED AUTONOMY: the person who is having diminished autonomy whether from physical or psychological incapacities or immaturity are not considered purely to be autonomous persons. Yet respect for the principle of autonomy requires that practitioner recognize when persons back the capacity to act autonomously and therefore an entity to protection in health care delivery. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE It claims that equals should be treated equally and those who are unequal should be treated differently according to their differences. Application as theories in community health: different theories may be may be appealed in deciding how to distribute health care resources. These theories include: 1. ENTITLEMENT THOERY: the entitlement theory claims that everyone is entitled to whatever they get in the natural lottery at birth and there is no responsibility for government or its agencies to improve the lot of those less fortunate than others. In this theory, inequalities between individuals in matters of health, position and wealth are tolerated. Only aggression or harms against others and the unjust acquisition of goods are prohibited. 2. UTILITARIAN THOERY: this theory of justice claims that the best way to distribute resources among citizenry is to decide how expenditures or the use of resources will achieve the greatest net of good and serve the largest number of people. In this theory the needs and wants of some individuals will not be satisfied, and they may indeed, be harmed in this process. This would be considered unfortunate but this is distributing resources so that, the greatest good for greatest number is achieved. 3. MAXIMIN THOERY: this theory of justice first identifies the least advantaged number of community. For example, the economically poor, the elderly the mentally retarded and children under one year of age and decides they might be benefited rather than deciding or greatest not aggregate benefit. Obviously this will create problems in case of limited resources. Thus, it is possible that technologically advancement and the development of more sophisticated health care goods cannot be made widely available to the public in times of limited economic resources. The result is that interest and needs in matters of health may not be satisfied within the system of justice. 4. EQUALITARIAN THOERY: the equalitarian theory of justice claims that justice requires the ‘’ equality of net welfare for individuals.’’ In this theory, the distribution of good in
  • 8. 8 community takes the needs of all citizens into equally. Thus everyone would have to claim to an equal amount of all goods and resources, including health care. It requires a. Establishing priorities for the distribution of basic goods and health services in the community. b. Determining which population or individuals shall obtain available health goods and nursing services. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN DECISION MAKING 1. RESPECT: treating people as unique or equal 2. AUTUNOMY: freedom of choice and exercise of people’s right- for careful consideration. 3. BENEFICENCE: doing good or benefitting others (accessible to all). 4. NON-MALFEASANCE: avoiding and preventing harm to others. 5. JUSTICE: irrespective of age, sex, caste, urban or rural- equal treatments. 6. FIDELITY: Keeping promises should be kept confidential. If not, may lose faith and interest. 7. VERACITY: telling the truth-actual information. NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES Practice within scope of nurse practice acts. Observe agency policies and procedures. Establish standards by using evidence based practice. Always prefer patient’s welfare. Be aware of relevant law and understand limits. Practice within the area or individual competence. Upgrade technical skills by attending continuing nursing education and seeking certification. Following the standards of care and referral services. Ensure patient safety. Proper action for needs and problems and appropriate treatment. Monitor the program and proper reporting. Verify the medication errors and reactions. LEGAL SAFEGUARDS OF CH NURSES 1. INFORMED CONSENT: granted freedom, written or oral form (procedures, expected outcome, complication, side effects, and alternative treatment. 2. CONTRACTS: exchange of promises between two parties. Agreement may be written or oral(e.g. patient and his family and health care team) 3. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: policies, legal procedures, up-to date knowledge. 4. COMPETENT PRACTICE: it is most important and most legal safeguard. Institutional policies and procedures should be adopted. 5. RESPECTING INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS: developing rapport and working relationship with the community. Keeping careful documentation of every activity. 6. PATIENT FAMILY EDUCATION: discuss with family members. Tentative plans
  • 9. 9 7. EXECUTING PHYSICIAN ORDER: attempt to get order in writing/verbal order. 8. DOCUMENTATION: actual , accurate, complete and essential. 9. ADEQUATE STAFFING: under staffing is a problem that will reduce quality of care. 10. RISK MANAGEMENT PROGARM: identify analysis and treat the condition avoid taking risk. 11. INCIDENT, VARIANCE, AND OCCURRENCE PROGRAM: incident program for quality improvement for our safety. 12. SENTINEL EVENTS: expected to play in a critical role in sentinel event( death or any other incident) 13. BILL OF RIGHTS: quality of care, decision making, privacy and financial information 14. GOOD SAMITARIAN LAWS: laws are designed to protect health practitioners while giving care in emergency situations. 15. STUDENT LIABILITY: legal responsibilities of student nurses include careful preparation by instructors. LEADERSHIP ROLES AND MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ASSOSIATED WITH LEGAL ISSUES Serves as role model by nursing care. Updates of knowledge and skills in field of practice. Reports substandard nursing care to higher authority. Respectful relationship, caring and honest and reducing the possibilities of future lawsuit. Prioritizes patient’s right and welfare of the family. Demonstrate vision risk taking and energy in determining appropriate legal boundaries. Increases knowledge, regarding sources of law that affects nursing practice. Minimize the risk using appropriate equipment and products. Monitor and supervise subordinates increases staff awareness of intentional torts to see that written protocols, policies, and procedures to reduce liability. Provides educational and training for staff on legal issues affecting nursing practice. APPLICATION OF ETHICS TO COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE THE PRIORITY OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES In community health nursing, ethical principles direct and guide nursing actions with individuals and aggregate groups. The professional ethic, in general, places a greater emphasis on the observance of the principles of autonomy and beneficence than the principles of justice in most nursing actions. The ethical principle of beneficence is given slightly less emphasis in the code for nurses. The principle of justice is not strongly emphasized in the professional code of ethics. it is noted in passing that nursing practice is not influenced by age, sex, race, color, personality or other personal
  • 10. 10 attributes or individual differences in customs, beliefs, or attributes. The cod estates that ‘’ nursing care is delivered without disease detection and prevention and in health maintenance. ACCOUNTABILITY IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Moral accountability in nursing practice means that nurses are answerable for how they promote, protect, and meet the health needs of clients while respecting individual rights to self-determination in health care. In community health nursing, where the greater emphasis is on aggregates rather than individual clients, moral accountability means being answerable for how the health of aggregate groups justice are still important in community health nursing. Yet they are less important than the principle of beneficence .in community health nursing the emphasis of the professional ethic is slanted toward benefit to aggregates, which implies following a rule of utility in planning, implementing, and evaluating community health nursing services. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Expanded role of nurse has increased the legal accountability of the nurse practitioner who is certified to function as an independent care giver. Thus, there is a current and future need for periodic assessment of the moral and legal requirements of accountability in community health nursing services. There is also the need to determine how existing programs and services will be evaluated to determine the effectiveness of various nursing services in meeting accountabily requirements. There is task that has yet to be accomplished by today’s community health nursing leaders
  • 11. 11 SCOPE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE WHAT IS COMMUNITY HEALTH? ‘’Community health refers to the health status of the members of the community, to the problem affecting health and to the totality of health care provided for the community.’’ COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE Community health practice is application of community health concepts to prevent diseases and promote health and efficiency and prolong life of people at large through organized community efforts. It implies making systematic assessment and diagnosis of health status of people and their problems, planning and implementing comprehensive health care services for the entire community with their active co-operation and participation. In community health practice, the whole community is the client and its objective is to provide need based comprehensive health care services which include primary level prevention i.e. health promotion and provide specific protection; secondary level prevention i.e. early diagnosis and treatment and control of further spread of diseases; tertiary level prevention i.e. control of disabilities and rehabilitation; evaluation research and training and education of health personnel. Community health practice requires the skills of many different disciplines e.g. Nursing, Medicine, Social Work, Nutrition, Preventive medicines, Epidemiology, Biostatics, Demography, Engineering etc. functioning together as demographic team. so that they are knowledgeable and skillful. They need to acquire knowledge about community’s epidemiological aspects of health problems, health planning, administration and delivery system that they are knowledgeable and skillful. They need to acquire knowledge about community’s epidemiological aspects of health problems, health planning, administration and delivery system. SCOPE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE The community health nursing practice encompasses: the goals and aim of community health services, the priority practices/services, the focus of these priority practices and practice levels. 1. THE GOALS AND AIM Community health nursing, which is nursing aspect of organized community health practice, is committed to the goals and aims of community health. The goals of community health are to promote and preserve health, to restore health when it is impaired, minimize suffering and distress and to promote quality living. These goals can be achieved by providing comprehensive health and nursing services as mentioned to the entire community and by working with individual, families and groups in the community with an aim of self care. Self care is an appropriate strategy. It makes individual self dependent in promoting and preserving their own health, preventing diseases and health problems, controlling their illness and health problems and restoring their health. Self care activities include practice of wholesome personal habits and life style, following of specific protective measures, reporting early when sickless, undertaking treatment and precautions for spread of disease to others and for occurrence of relapse.
  • 12. 12 2. THE PRIORITY PRACTICES The community health priority practices are based on the concept of levels of prevention. These are as follows: PRIMARY LEVEL OF PREVENTION: it is in the prepathogenesis phase of disease or health problems and includes all those measures which promote general health and wellbeing of people and protect them from specific diseases and health problems e.g. healthful living, environmental sanitation, wholesome diet, immunization and control of air pollution etc. SECONDARY LEVEL OF PREVENTION: includes all those measures which help in arresting the disease process, restore health and control further spread of disease e.g. early diagnosis and treatment, health education, immunization of population at risk, safe disposal and disinfection of infected excrements, infected equipments and supplies etc. TERTIARY LEVEL OF PREVENTION: includes all those measures which help in minimizing suffering , reducing or limiting the impairments and disabilities and promoting adjustment to disabilities, medical rehabilitation, vocational, social, and psychological rehabilitation etc. in community health practice, highest priority is given to primary level preventive measures because these measures promote health and prevent diseases and health problems and less emphasis is given to secondary and tertiary level prevention at the primary level infrastructure 3. THE FOCUS AND PRACTICE LEVEL Community health nursing which is aspect of organized community health practice is committed to goals of community health i.e. to promote and preserve health, to restore health when impaired, to minimize discomforts and to promote quality skills. It helps in achieving these goals by providing comprehensive health and nursing care services to the entire community. Thus community is the focus of community health nursing services. Nurses in the community work with individuals, families and groups and lay major emphasis on primary health care and less emphasis on secondary and tertiary level of health care. The aim of such care is to make individual, family and community self reliant in dealing with their own health problem in the long run. The scope of community health nursing practice determines the modes of delivery of health care services and its approaches. MODES OF DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES AND NURSING INTERVENTIONS Two modes of delivery of health services are identified by ANA, 1980. These include 1. SERVICE TO INDIVIDUAL , FAMILIES AND GROUPS The community health nurses work with individuals, families and groups in the community and provide direct health care service to promote health, prevent disease and injury, to apply therapeutic measures, to reduce or minimize discomforts and restore health and promote quality living. The
  • 13. 13 ultimate aim of such care is to develop competencies for self care. This is attained through appropriate application of nursing interventions related to comprehensive health care which are as follows: SUPPLEMENTAL INTERVENTIONS: supplemental interventions are those actions which the individuals / families are not able to do for themselves and the nurse does for them but educate them and prepare them to do for them e.g. care of child with high fever or any other problem. FACILITATIVE INTERVENTIONS: these are those interventions which will help to remove barriers which interfere with to providing self care. The barriers could be related to resources available, cultural practices and environmental conditions e.g. helping family to procure or develop resources, creating awareness regarding harmful cultural practices etc. DEVELOPMENTAL INTERVENTIONS: these include education, supervision, guidance and counseling to help individuals and families gain knowledge and develop competencies to promote and preserve their health problems, seek medical care, give care when required and restore health. SERVICES TO THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE: These modes of delivery of health care services include services which are planned to deal with various aspects of community that affect the health of entire community. In this, community health nurse works with community and its subgroups, help them recognize their health problems, set priorities, help them utilize and develop their resources, self help groups etc. such services ultimately affect the health of individuals, families and groups within the community. Role of community health is not limited only to sick but has equal responsibility to prevent the disease and to preserve and promote the health of people. 1. Home care: nursing practice is applied in meeting the health needs of communities, families and individual s in their normal environment such as at home. 2. Nursing homes: community health team which provides nursing care, treatment to the the sick and health counselling given in nursing homes. 3. MCH and family planning: the public health nurse plays a major role in the MCH and family planning services. it comprises antenatal, postnatal and child health services. 4. School health nursing: school health nurse provides services to promote and protect the health of school children. she provides services like early detection of diseases, immunization, first aid and dental health, maintenance of health records, school sanitation, health education, follow up and referral services.
  • 14. 14 5. Health care services: the purpose of health care services is to improve the health status of population. It aims at mortality and morbidity reduction, increase in expectation of life, decrease in population growth rate, improvement in nutritional status, provision in basic sanitation, health, manpower requirements and resource development an certain other parameters such as food production, literacy rate, and levels of poverty. 6. Industrial nursing services: the nursing services at industrial area include periodic health checkups, care of sick, first aid, health counseling, industrial sanitation, and safety, organization of services to women and children, rehablitaion of the ill and disabled workers and administration. 7. Domiciliary nursing services: community health nurse focused at domiciliary nursing services includes maternity services health supervision and disease prevention and service for illness and accidents. 8. Geriatric nursing services: community health nurse should take care of old people in the community. The need of geriatric nursing care is different and they need more care than the younger age groups. 9. Mental health nursing services: this includes early diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation, psychotherapy, use of modern psychotropic drugs, and after care services. 10. Rehabilitation services: community health nurse provides care, in rehabilitation units. Nursing is an important component in the rehabilitation of the disabled. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Guliani K.K, (2005), ‘’COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING’’, 1st Edition, Kumar publication, Delhi. Page no. 17, 34-37. 2. Kamalam S,(2012), ‘’ESSENSTIALS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE’’, 2nd Edition, Jaypee Brothers publications, New Delhi. Page no. 615-629 3. I Clement, (2009), “ BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING”, 1st Edition, jaypee Publishers, New Delhi. Page No. 10-11.
  • 15. 15 SEMINAR ON TOPIC: SCOPE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING AND ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING SUBMITTED TO: MISS AMANJOT KAUR (Lecturer) Swift College of Nursing SUBMITTED BY: Ranjna Rani M.Sc. (N) 1ST Year DATE: 28/01/2013
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