1.
1. List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex
arc.
2. List an example of a reflex.
3. What is the difference between a reflex and
a voluntary reaction?

2.
1. Cerebral
Hemispheres
2. Diencephalon
3. Brain stem
4. Cerebellum

3.
 L & R hemispheres
 Corpus callosum: large fiber tract; connects 2
hemispheres
 Lobes: major regions (named for cranial bones)
 ParietalParietal, frontalfrontal, occipitaloccipital, temporaltemporal
 Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissue
 Sulci (sulcus) = shallow grooves
 Fissures = deeper grooves, separate large
regions of brain
 Motor & sensory function: opposite hemispheres

4.
 Grey matter
 “Executive suite”  conscious mind

5.
3 main structures:
1. Thalamus: relay station for incoming info
2. Hypothalamus:
A. Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion)
B. Emotional response (limbic system)
C. Body temperature regulation
D. Regulate food intake
E. Sleep-wake cycles
F. Control endocrine system  pituitary gland at base
3. Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)

6.
 Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival
 3 regions:
1. Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex
2. Pons: breathing
3. Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP, breathing,
swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

7.
 Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal
muscle activity

8.
 Meninges: connective tissue covering CNS structures
 Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid mater
(web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain)
 Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or
viral infection
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect
NS from trauma
 Lumbar (spinal) tap – test for infection, tumors,
multiple sclerosis

9.
 Bacterial  antibiotics
 Herpes meningitis  antiviral meds
 IV fluids
 Prevention: vaccines for bacterial infections (HiB)

10.
NO:
 Urea
 Toxins
 Proteins
 White blood cells
 Bacteria
 Most drugs
YES:
 Water
 Glucose
 Amino acids
 Gases
 Fat-soluble substances
 Some drugs:
anesthetics, alcohol,
nicotine