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N e p h r o t i c
S y n d r o m e
E v i d e n c e B a s e d
A p p r o a c h
H i s t o r y
• I n c i d e n c e o f 2-7c a s e s
p e r 100 000 c h i l d r e n
• P r e v a l e n c e o f 16
c a s e s p e r 100 000
• 70% o f M C N S p a t i e n t s
a r e y o u n g e r t h a n
5y e a r s
• A r o u n d 60% o f
s t e r o i d -r e s p o n s i v e
• 6 x m o r e c o m m o n i n
• 60–80% o f s t e r o i d -
r e s p o n s i v e
n e p h r o t i c c h i l d r e n
w i l l r e l a p s e a n d
• A b o u t 60% o f t h o s e
w i l l h a v e f i v e o r
m o r e r e l a p s e s .
• A g e o l d e r t h a n 4
y e a r s a t
p r e s e n t a t i o n
• R e m i s s i o n w i t h i n 7–9
p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y
o f i d i o p a t h i c
n e p h r o t i c
s y n d r o m e• M u t a t i o n s i n
s e v e r a l p o d o c y t e
p r o t e i n s
• A p l a s m a f a c t o r m a y
a l t e r g l o m e r u l a r
p e r m e a b i l i t y
• A l t e r e d T -l y m p h o c y t e
r e s p o n s e s
M e c h a n i s m o f
E d e m a
F o r m a t i o n
‘u n d e r f i l l ’
h y p o t h e s i s
o n c o t i c p r e s s u r e
e x c e s s f i l t r a t i o n
h y p o v o l e m i a
h y p o p e r f u s i o n
R A A S
s o d i u m
r e t e n t i
o n
‘o v e r f i l l ’
h y p o t h e s i s
p r i m a r y r e n a l s o d i u
l e a d i n g t o e d e
• J v i s t h e n e t f l u i d
m o v e m e n t b e t w e e n
c o m p a r t m e n t s
• [P c -P i ]: C a p i l l a r y -
i n t e r s t i t i a l
h y d r o s t a t i c
p r e s s u r e
• σ : r e f l e c t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t t o
p r o t e i n s
• [πc - πi ]: o n c o t i c
D e f i n i t i o n
• F R N S
• S D N S
• S R N S
• R e l a p s e
• R e m i s s i o n
ISKDC
Prediction of steroid-sparing agent use
Pediatr Nephrol (2013) 28:631–638
Frequent relapse-free ratio stratified by times for initial remission and first relapse.
Nakanishi K et al. CJASN 2013;8:756-762
©2013 by American Society of Nephrology
D r u g s (S S N S )
• S t e r o i d s V s
C y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e
• c h l o r a m b u c i l a n d
c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e
• i n t r a v e n o u s a n d
o r a l
c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e
• L e v a m i s o l e V s
S t e r o i d s
• C y c l o s p o r i n e V s
C y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e
v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e ,
O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t
6-12 mo n t h s
C y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e
v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e ,
O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t
12-24 mo n t h s
C h l o r a mb u c i l v e r s u s
p r e d n i s o n e /p l a c e b o ,
O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6
mo n t h s
o mp a r i s o n C h l o r a mb u c i
v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e /
l a c e b o O u t c o me R e l a p s e
a t 12 mo n t h s
A l k y l a t i n g a g e n t s
v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e /
p l a c e b o O u t c o me
R e l a p s e a t 6-12 mo n t h s
o r a l
c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e ,
O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6
mo n t h s
o r a l
c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e
O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t
e n d o f s t u d y
o r a l
c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e ,
O u t c o me A d v e r s e
e v e n t s
p l a c e b o , l o w d o s e
p r e d n i s o n e o r n o s p e c i f i c
t r e a t me n t , O u t c o me
R e l a p s e d u r i n g t r e a t me n t
(4-12 mo n t h s )
p l a c e b o l o w d o s e
p r e d n i s o n e o r n o
s p e c i f i c t r e a t me n t
O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6-12 mo
C y c l o s p o r i n v e r s u s
p l a c e b o /n o t r e a t me n t
O u t c o me C o mp l e t e
r e mi s s i o n
C y c l o s p o r i n v e r s u s
p l a c e b o /n o t r e a t me n t ,
O u t c o me C o mp l e t e o r
p a r t i a l r e mi s s i o n
c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e
v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e /
p l a c e b o O u t c o me
C o mp l e t e r e mi s s i o n
c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d
e , O u t c o me
C o mp l e t e
r e mi s s i o n
p r e d n i s o n e v e r s u s
p r e d n i s o n e a l o n e
O u t c o me
P r o t e i n u r i a
I V
c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e
O u t c o me C o mp l e t e
o r p a r t i a l
r e mi s s i o n a t 12
w e e k s
I V C P V s T a c i n
S R N S
Kidney International (2012) 82, 1130–1135
T a c r o l i mu s v e r s u s
c y c l o s p o r i n , O u t c o me
T r e a t me n t r e s p o n s e
a t 6 & 12 mo n t h s
v e r s u s
c y c l o s p o r i n ,
O u t c o me A d v e r s e
e v e n t s
v e r s u s
c y c l o s p o r i n ,
O u t c o me A d v e r s e
e v e n t s
v e r s u s I V d e x a me t h a s o n e
a n d o r a l
c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e ,
O u t c o me T r e a t me n t
r e s p o n s e a t 6 mo n t h s
R C T s c o m p a r i n g
c o r t i c o s t e r o i d -
s p a r i n g a g e n t s i n
F R a n d S D S S N S
J Am Soc Nephrol 24: ,June 27 2013S R N
R e d u c e I n f e c t i o n -
a s s o c i a t e d R e l a p s e s i n
F r e q u e n t l y R e l a p s i n g
N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o me
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 63–69, 2011.
L e v a m i s o l e
• L e v a m i s o l e i s a n
a n t h e l m i n t i c d r u g
w i t h
• i m m u n o s t i m u l a t o r y
p r o p e r t i e s .
L e v a m i s o l e (2‚5 m g /k g
o n a l t e r n a t e d a y s )
C y c l o s p o r i n e &
T a c r o l i m u s
• T r e a t s t e r o i d -
r e s p o n s i v e n e p h r o t i c
s y n d r o m e , r e m i s s i o n
c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n 85%
o f p a t i e n t s
• D o s e s o f 5–6 m g /k g
d a i l y
• T r o u g h
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 50–
125 n g /m L
• 20–30% o f p a e d i a t r i c
F S G S p a t i e n t s a r e
• C i c l o s p o r i n
p r e v e n t s T -c e l l
a c t i v a t i o n t h r o u g h
i n h i b i t i o n o f
c a l c i n e u r i n -i n d u c e d
I L 2 g e n e e x p r e s s i o n —
a c r u c i a l e a r l y
e v e n t i n T -c e l l
a c t i v a t i o n .
• C i c l o s p o r i n a l s o
R i t u x i m a b
•c h i m e r i c h u m a n -
m u r i n e m o n o c l o n a l
a n t i b o d y
•b i n d s
s p e c i f i c a l l y t o
t h e C D 20 a n t i g e n
o n p r e -B a n d
m a t u r e B
l y m p h o c y t e s ,
m e d i a t i n g B -c e l l
R i t u x i m a b
• G i v e i n r e m i s s i o n
• >75% g o o d i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e
• S i d e e f f e c t s – a c u t e
r e a c t i o n s
• ~ 75% r e l a p s e w i t h B -c e l l
r e p o p u l a t i o n
• R e s p o n s i v e t o r e p e a t
R i t u x i m a b t r e a t m e n t
• R e -t r e a t a t f i r s t r e l a p s e
• F u r t h e r t r e a t m e n t o n B c e l l
r e -p o p u l a t i o n
• P o s s i b l e M M F r o l e i n
m a i n t a i n i n g r e m i s s i o n o n B
c e l l r e p o p u l a t i o n
Rituximab is a safe and effective long-term
treatment for children with steroid and calcineurin
inhibitor–dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Kidney International advance online publication, 5 June 2013;
F i g u r e 1 T o t a l r i t u x i m a b d o s e d o e s
n o t s e e m t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h
i n i t i a l c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e
G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c
s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s
N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115
Permission obtained from Springer ©
Prytula, A. et al. Pediatr. Nephrol. 25, 461–468 (2010)
T a b l e 1 T i m i n g o f c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e
f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t o f
S R N S w i t h r i t u x i m a b
G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c
s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s
N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115
T a b l e 2 T i m i n g o f r e l a p s e f o l l o w i n g
t r e a t m e n t o f S R N S w i t h r i t u x i m a b
G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c
s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s
N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115
S u m m a r
y
I d i o p a t h i c N S
S p e c t r u m : f r o m M C D
t o F S G S
80-90 % MCD
~90 % Steroid Sensitive - PROGNOSTIC
Multiple aetiologies
Non Infrequently Frequently Steroid Steroid
Relapsing Relapsing Relapsing Dependent Resistant
P r o g r e s s o f I N S
i n c h i l d h o o d
• ~ 80% m i n i m a l
c h a n g e
d i s e a s e
• >90% s t e r o i d
r e s p o n s i v e
• >70%
r e l a p s i n g
c o u r s e
• 80% l o n g t e r m
r e m i s s i o n
d u r i n g
c h i l d h o o d
• m o r t a l i t y
r a t e s
• P u b l i s h e d
C h i l d h o o d
N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o m e
– B i o p s y
I n d i c a t i o n s
• S y s t e m i c d i s e a s e
• E x t r e m e s o f a g e
– U n d e r 1 y e a r
– O l d e r c h i l d
• L o w c o m p l e m e n t
• G r o s s h a e m a t u r i a
• P e r s i s t e n t
h y p e r t e n s i o n
• I m p a i r e d r e n a l
f u n c t i o n
• S t e r o i d u n r e s p o n s i v e
a t 4-8 w e e k s
E V A L U A T I O N O F
C H I L D R E N WI T H
N E P H R O T I C
S Y N D R O M EU r i n a l y s i s ;
f i r s t m o r n i n g U p /c ;
s e r u m e l e c t r o l y t e s ,
s e r u m u r e a n i t r o g e n ,
c r e a t i n i n e , a n d g l u c o s e ,
c h o l e s t e r o l l e v e l ;
s e r u m a l b u m i n l e v e l ;
c o m p l e m e n t 3 l e v e l ;
a n t i n u c l e a r a n t i b o d y l e v e l
(f o r
c h i l d r e n a g e d 10 y e a r s o r w i t h
a n y o t h e r s i g n s o f s y s t e m i c
l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s )
h e p a t i t i s B , h e p a t i t i s C , a n d
H I V s e r o l o g y i n h i g h -r i s k
p o p u l a t i o n s ;
p u r i f i e d p r o t e i n d e r i v a t i v e
I n i t i a l T h e r a p y
f o r C h i l d h o o d
N e p h r o t i c
S y n d r o me• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g
p e r d a y f o r 6 w e e k s
(m a x i m u m : 60 m g );
t h e n p r e d n i s o n e 1.5
m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e
d a y s f o r 6 w e e k s
(m a x i m u m : 40 m g );
• N o s t e r o i d t a p e r i s
r e q u i r e d a t t h e
c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s
I n f r e q u e n t -
R e l a p s e
T h e r a p y
• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g
p e r d a y u n t i l u r i n e
p r o t e i n t e s t
r e s u l t s a r e
n e g a t i v e o r t r a c e
f o r 3 c o n s e c u t i v e
d a y s ;t h e n p r e d n i s o n e
1.5 m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e
d a y s f o r 4 w e e k s
R e l a p s i n g
N e p h r o t i c
S y n d r o me T h e r a p y
O p t i o n s• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g
p e r d a y u n t i l
p r o t e i n u r i a
n o r m a l i z e s f o r 3
d a y s ,1.5 m g /k g o n
a l t e r n a t e d a y s f o r 4
w e e k s , a n d t h e n t a p e r
o v e r 2 m o n t h s b y 0.5
m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e
d a y s (t o t a l : 3– 4
• O r a l
c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e
2m g /k g p e r d a y f o r 12
w e e k s (c u m u l a t i v e
d o s e :168 m g /k g )
• M y c o p h e n o l a t e
m o f e t i l 25 t o 36 m g /k g
p e r d a y (m a x i m u m : 2
g /d a y ) d i v i d e d t w i c e
d a i l y (B I D ) f o r 1 t o 2
y e a r s w i t h a t a p e r i n g
S t e r o i d -
D e p e n d e n t
N e p h r o t i c
S y n d r o me T h e r a p y• G l u c o c o r t i c o i d s a r e
p r e f e r r e d i n t h e
a b s e n c e o f
s i g n i f i c a n t s t e r o i d
t o x i c i t y
• S e c o n d a r y
a l t e r n a t i v e s s h o u l d
b e c h o s e n o n t h e b a s i s
o f r i s k /b e n e f i t r a t i o
• C y c l o s p o r i n e A 3 t o 5
m g /k g p e r d a y d i v i d e d
B I D
• T a c r o l i m u s 0.05 t o 0.1
• F o r p a t i e n t s w h o
h a v e f a m i l i a l f o r m s
o f n e p h r o t i c
• s y n d r o m e ,
i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i v e
t r e a t m e n t i s
i n e f f e c t i v e ;
• d e f i n i t i v e
t r e a t m e n t r e q u i r e s
r e n a l
s u g g e s t i n g a
d i a g n o s i s o t h e r
t h a n i d i o p a t h i c
M C N S• A g e <1 y e a r
• P o s i t i v e f a m i l y
h i s t o r y
• E x t r a r e n a l d i s e a s e
(a r t h r i t i s , r a s h ,
a n e m i a )
• C h r o n i c d i s e a s e
• S y m p t o m s d u e t o
i n t r a v a s c u l a r v o l u m e
e x p a n s i o n
Cochrane review conclusions
• Effective second line therapy
• Alkylating agents
• Levamisole
• Cyclosporin
– No data to support one agent over another
• Ineffective therapies
• Azathioprine
• Mizoribine

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Nephrotic Syndrome

  • 1. N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o m e E v i d e n c e B a s e d A p p r o a c h
  • 2. H i s t o r y • I n c i d e n c e o f 2-7c a s e s p e r 100 000 c h i l d r e n • P r e v a l e n c e o f 16 c a s e s p e r 100 000 • 70% o f M C N S p a t i e n t s a r e y o u n g e r t h a n 5y e a r s • A r o u n d 60% o f s t e r o i d -r e s p o n s i v e • 6 x m o r e c o m m o n i n
  • 3. • 60–80% o f s t e r o i d - r e s p o n s i v e n e p h r o t i c c h i l d r e n w i l l r e l a p s e a n d • A b o u t 60% o f t h o s e w i l l h a v e f i v e o r m o r e r e l a p s e s . • A g e o l d e r t h a n 4 y e a r s a t p r e s e n t a t i o n • R e m i s s i o n w i t h i n 7–9
  • 4. p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f i d i o p a t h i c n e p h r o t i c s y n d r o m e• M u t a t i o n s i n s e v e r a l p o d o c y t e p r o t e i n s • A p l a s m a f a c t o r m a y a l t e r g l o m e r u l a r p e r m e a b i l i t y • A l t e r e d T -l y m p h o c y t e r e s p o n s e s
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. M e c h a n i s m o f E d e m a F o r m a t i o n
  • 8. ‘u n d e r f i l l ’ h y p o t h e s i s o n c o t i c p r e s s u r e e x c e s s f i l t r a t i o n h y p o v o l e m i a h y p o p e r f u s i o n R A A S s o d i u m r e t e n t i o n
  • 9. ‘o v e r f i l l ’ h y p o t h e s i s p r i m a r y r e n a l s o d i u l e a d i n g t o e d e
  • 10. • J v i s t h e n e t f l u i d m o v e m e n t b e t w e e n c o m p a r t m e n t s • [P c -P i ]: C a p i l l a r y - i n t e r s t i t i a l h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e • σ : r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t t o p r o t e i n s • [πc - πi ]: o n c o t i c
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. D e f i n i t i o n • F R N S • S D N S • S R N S • R e l a p s e • R e m i s s i o n
  • 14.
  • 15. ISKDC
  • 16.
  • 17. Prediction of steroid-sparing agent use Pediatr Nephrol (2013) 28:631–638
  • 18.
  • 19. Frequent relapse-free ratio stratified by times for initial remission and first relapse. Nakanishi K et al. CJASN 2013;8:756-762 ©2013 by American Society of Nephrology
  • 20. D r u g s (S S N S ) • S t e r o i d s V s C y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e • c h l o r a m b u c i l a n d c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e • i n t r a v e n o u s a n d o r a l c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e • L e v a m i s o l e V s S t e r o i d s • C y c l o s p o r i n e V s
  • 21. C y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e , O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6-12 mo n t h s
  • 22. C y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e , O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 12-24 mo n t h s
  • 23. C h l o r a mb u c i l v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e /p l a c e b o , O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6 mo n t h s
  • 24. o mp a r i s o n C h l o r a mb u c i v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e / l a c e b o O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 12 mo n t h s
  • 25. A l k y l a t i n g a g e n t s v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e / p l a c e b o O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6-12 mo n t h s
  • 26. o r a l c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e , O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6 mo n t h s
  • 27. o r a l c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t e n d o f s t u d y
  • 28. o r a l c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e , O u t c o me A d v e r s e e v e n t s
  • 29. p l a c e b o , l o w d o s e p r e d n i s o n e o r n o s p e c i f i c t r e a t me n t , O u t c o me R e l a p s e d u r i n g t r e a t me n t (4-12 mo n t h s )
  • 30. p l a c e b o l o w d o s e p r e d n i s o n e o r n o s p e c i f i c t r e a t me n t O u t c o me R e l a p s e a t 6-12 mo
  • 31. C y c l o s p o r i n v e r s u s p l a c e b o /n o t r e a t me n t O u t c o me C o mp l e t e r e mi s s i o n
  • 32. C y c l o s p o r i n v e r s u s p l a c e b o /n o t r e a t me n t , O u t c o me C o mp l e t e o r p a r t i a l r e mi s s i o n
  • 33. c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e / p l a c e b o O u t c o me C o mp l e t e r e mi s s i o n
  • 34. c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e , O u t c o me C o mp l e t e r e mi s s i o n
  • 35. p r e d n i s o n e v e r s u s p r e d n i s o n e a l o n e O u t c o me P r o t e i n u r i a
  • 36. I V c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e O u t c o me C o mp l e t e o r p a r t i a l r e mi s s i o n a t 12 w e e k s
  • 37. I V C P V s T a c i n S R N S Kidney International (2012) 82, 1130–1135
  • 38.
  • 39. T a c r o l i mu s v e r s u s c y c l o s p o r i n , O u t c o me T r e a t me n t r e s p o n s e a t 6 & 12 mo n t h s
  • 40. v e r s u s c y c l o s p o r i n , O u t c o me A d v e r s e e v e n t s
  • 41. v e r s u s c y c l o s p o r i n , O u t c o me A d v e r s e e v e n t s
  • 42. v e r s u s I V d e x a me t h a s o n e a n d o r a l c y c l o p h o s p h a mi d e , O u t c o me T r e a t me n t r e s p o n s e a t 6 mo n t h s
  • 43. R C T s c o m p a r i n g c o r t i c o s t e r o i d - s p a r i n g a g e n t s i n F R a n d S D S S N S
  • 44. J Am Soc Nephrol 24: ,June 27 2013S R N
  • 45. R e d u c e I n f e c t i o n - a s s o c i a t e d R e l a p s e s i n F r e q u e n t l y R e l a p s i n g N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o me Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 63–69, 2011.
  • 46. L e v a m i s o l e • L e v a m i s o l e i s a n a n t h e l m i n t i c d r u g w i t h • i m m u n o s t i m u l a t o r y p r o p e r t i e s . L e v a m i s o l e (2‚5 m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e d a y s )
  • 47. C y c l o s p o r i n e & T a c r o l i m u s • T r e a t s t e r o i d - r e s p o n s i v e n e p h r o t i c s y n d r o m e , r e m i s s i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n 85% o f p a t i e n t s • D o s e s o f 5–6 m g /k g d a i l y • T r o u g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 50– 125 n g /m L • 20–30% o f p a e d i a t r i c F S G S p a t i e n t s a r e
  • 48. • C i c l o s p o r i n p r e v e n t s T -c e l l a c t i v a t i o n t h r o u g h i n h i b i t i o n o f c a l c i n e u r i n -i n d u c e d I L 2 g e n e e x p r e s s i o n — a c r u c i a l e a r l y e v e n t i n T -c e l l a c t i v a t i o n . • C i c l o s p o r i n a l s o
  • 49. R i t u x i m a b •c h i m e r i c h u m a n - m u r i n e m o n o c l o n a l a n t i b o d y •b i n d s s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e C D 20 a n t i g e n o n p r e -B a n d m a t u r e B l y m p h o c y t e s , m e d i a t i n g B -c e l l
  • 50. R i t u x i m a b • G i v e i n r e m i s s i o n • >75% g o o d i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e • S i d e e f f e c t s – a c u t e r e a c t i o n s • ~ 75% r e l a p s e w i t h B -c e l l r e p o p u l a t i o n • R e s p o n s i v e t o r e p e a t R i t u x i m a b t r e a t m e n t • R e -t r e a t a t f i r s t r e l a p s e • F u r t h e r t r e a t m e n t o n B c e l l r e -p o p u l a t i o n • P o s s i b l e M M F r o l e i n m a i n t a i n i n g r e m i s s i o n o n B c e l l r e p o p u l a t i o n
  • 51.
  • 52. Rituximab is a safe and effective long-term treatment for children with steroid and calcineurin inhibitor–dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome Kidney International advance online publication, 5 June 2013;
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55. F i g u r e 1 T o t a l r i t u x i m a b d o s e d o e s n o t s e e m t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h i n i t i a l c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115 Permission obtained from Springer © Prytula, A. et al. Pediatr. Nephrol. 25, 461–468 (2010)
  • 56. T a b l e 1 T i m i n g o f c l i n i c a l r e s p o n s e f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t o f S R N S w i t h r i t u x i m a b G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115
  • 57. T a b l e 2 T i m i n g o f r e l a p s e f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t o f S R N S w i t h r i t u x i m a b G r e e n b a u m , L . A . e t a l . (2012) C h i l d h o o d n e p h r o t i c s y n d r o m e —c u r r e n t a n d f u t u r e t h e r a p i e s N a t . R e v . N e p h r o l . d o i :10.1038/n r n e p h .2012.115
  • 58. S u m m a r y
  • 59. I d i o p a t h i c N S S p e c t r u m : f r o m M C D t o F S G S 80-90 % MCD ~90 % Steroid Sensitive - PROGNOSTIC Multiple aetiologies Non Infrequently Frequently Steroid Steroid Relapsing Relapsing Relapsing Dependent Resistant
  • 60. P r o g r e s s o f I N S i n c h i l d h o o d • ~ 80% m i n i m a l c h a n g e d i s e a s e • >90% s t e r o i d r e s p o n s i v e • >70% r e l a p s i n g c o u r s e • 80% l o n g t e r m r e m i s s i o n d u r i n g c h i l d h o o d • m o r t a l i t y r a t e s • P u b l i s h e d
  • 61. C h i l d h o o d N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o m e – B i o p s y I n d i c a t i o n s • S y s t e m i c d i s e a s e • E x t r e m e s o f a g e – U n d e r 1 y e a r – O l d e r c h i l d • L o w c o m p l e m e n t • G r o s s h a e m a t u r i a • P e r s i s t e n t h y p e r t e n s i o n • I m p a i r e d r e n a l f u n c t i o n • S t e r o i d u n r e s p o n s i v e a t 4-8 w e e k s
  • 62. E V A L U A T I O N O F C H I L D R E N WI T H N E P H R O T I C S Y N D R O M EU r i n a l y s i s ; f i r s t m o r n i n g U p /c ; s e r u m e l e c t r o l y t e s , s e r u m u r e a n i t r o g e n , c r e a t i n i n e , a n d g l u c o s e , c h o l e s t e r o l l e v e l ; s e r u m a l b u m i n l e v e l ; c o m p l e m e n t 3 l e v e l ; a n t i n u c l e a r a n t i b o d y l e v e l (f o r c h i l d r e n a g e d 10 y e a r s o r w i t h a n y o t h e r s i g n s o f s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s ) h e p a t i t i s B , h e p a t i t i s C , a n d H I V s e r o l o g y i n h i g h -r i s k p o p u l a t i o n s ; p u r i f i e d p r o t e i n d e r i v a t i v e
  • 63. I n i t i a l T h e r a p y f o r C h i l d h o o d N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o me• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g p e r d a y f o r 6 w e e k s (m a x i m u m : 60 m g ); t h e n p r e d n i s o n e 1.5 m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e d a y s f o r 6 w e e k s (m a x i m u m : 40 m g ); • N o s t e r o i d t a p e r i s r e q u i r e d a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s
  • 64. I n f r e q u e n t - R e l a p s e T h e r a p y • P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g p e r d a y u n t i l u r i n e p r o t e i n t e s t r e s u l t s a r e n e g a t i v e o r t r a c e f o r 3 c o n s e c u t i v e d a y s ;t h e n p r e d n i s o n e 1.5 m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e d a y s f o r 4 w e e k s
  • 65. R e l a p s i n g N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o me T h e r a p y O p t i o n s• P r e d n i s o n e 2 m g /k g p e r d a y u n t i l p r o t e i n u r i a n o r m a l i z e s f o r 3 d a y s ,1.5 m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e d a y s f o r 4 w e e k s , a n d t h e n t a p e r o v e r 2 m o n t h s b y 0.5 m g /k g o n a l t e r n a t e d a y s (t o t a l : 3– 4
  • 66. • O r a l c y c l o p h o s p h a m i d e 2m g /k g p e r d a y f o r 12 w e e k s (c u m u l a t i v e d o s e :168 m g /k g ) • M y c o p h e n o l a t e m o f e t i l 25 t o 36 m g /k g p e r d a y (m a x i m u m : 2 g /d a y ) d i v i d e d t w i c e d a i l y (B I D ) f o r 1 t o 2 y e a r s w i t h a t a p e r i n g
  • 67. S t e r o i d - D e p e n d e n t N e p h r o t i c S y n d r o me T h e r a p y• G l u c o c o r t i c o i d s a r e p r e f e r r e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f s i g n i f i c a n t s t e r o i d t o x i c i t y • S e c o n d a r y a l t e r n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e c h o s e n o n t h e b a s i s o f r i s k /b e n e f i t r a t i o • C y c l o s p o r i n e A 3 t o 5 m g /k g p e r d a y d i v i d e d B I D • T a c r o l i m u s 0.05 t o 0.1
  • 68. • F o r p a t i e n t s w h o h a v e f a m i l i a l f o r m s o f n e p h r o t i c • s y n d r o m e , i m m u n o s u p p r e s s i v e t r e a t m e n t i s i n e f f e c t i v e ; • d e f i n i t i v e t r e a t m e n t r e q u i r e s r e n a l
  • 69. s u g g e s t i n g a d i a g n o s i s o t h e r t h a n i d i o p a t h i c M C N S• A g e <1 y e a r • P o s i t i v e f a m i l y h i s t o r y • E x t r a r e n a l d i s e a s e (a r t h r i t i s , r a s h , a n e m i a ) • C h r o n i c d i s e a s e • S y m p t o m s d u e t o i n t r a v a s c u l a r v o l u m e e x p a n s i o n
  • 70. Cochrane review conclusions • Effective second line therapy • Alkylating agents • Levamisole • Cyclosporin – No data to support one agent over another • Ineffective therapies • Azathioprine • Mizoribine