2. Public Relations & Research
Research is the beginning of a process that
seeks to bring about a specific objective
You may be familiar with many of PR processes
discussed in other PR courses. For example:
Marston’s RACE model (Research, Action,
Communication, Evaluation)
Hendrix’s ROPE model (Research, Objectives,
Program, Evaluation)
Cutlip, Center & Broom’s four-step process (Defining
PR Problems, Planning & Programming, Taking
Action and Communicating, Evaluating the Program)
3. History of Public Relations
Research
It’s often argued that public relations
practitioners fear research, though
practitioners have always relied on research to
some degree
4. What’s Changing in Modern PR
Research?
1. Modern PR strives to deliver show how PR
activities are influencing the bottom line.
1. The profession has moved from looking at
large groups of people to looking at targeted,
specialized groups.
5. Informal & Formal Research
Observing of
people, events or
objects of interest
as they occur
Typically use
qualitative methods
Systematic
gathering,
analyzing, and
evaluating of data
via some
methodology
May use
quantitative or
qualitative methods
Informal Research Formal Research
6. Why Conduct PR Research?
Without research, PR practitioners are
essentially guessing when it comes PR
problems and PR campaigns / programs
This results in a greater risk of being unable to
predict outcomes accurately
Without research, we can not assess:
Where a problem begins
How it evolves
What the end product will be
7. Research & Decision Making
As PR has transitioned from a technical to a
management function, the role of research has
become increasingly important
Management decisions are influenced by many
factors — acquiring and analyzing data are
instrumental to the decision-making process
8. How is Research Used?
Research is used to:
Track, measure, assess and evaluate PR actions
To monitor trends and developments as they
occur
Research is essential to the assessment and
measurement of PR messages and campaigns
Helps PR practitioners know what’s working,
what’s not working and what corrective strategies
we need to employ
9. Research & Evaluation
Evaluation is conducted during all parts of the
PR process, including:
At the pre-campaign research phase
During the actual campaign
At the end of a campaign
11. Methodological Approaches to
Data
Research encompasses two methodological
approaches to data
Informal – observations, taken from the
researchers experiences
Formal – a more objective approach to data,
surveys and polls, social scientist
Each methodology has advantages and
disadvantages
12. What is Quantitative Research?
Quantitative
Research: The
objective, systematic
and controlled
gathering of data
13. What is Qualitative Research?
Qualitative Research:
relies on the subjective
evaluations that provide
researchers with an in-
depth description and
understanding of a
particular subject or
event
14. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Research
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Data Collection
• Controlled
• Objective
• Systematic Observation
• Uncontrolled
• Subjective
• Random Observation
Data Assessment
• Can be reliably measured
• Validity can be measured
• Is deductively interpreted
• Cannot be measured reliably
• Validity is assumed
• Is inductively interpreted
Outcomes
• Description
• Understanding
• Prediction
• Control
• Description
• Understanding
15. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Research
Quantitative research creates population norms
Qualitative research provides in-depth
understanding that is found outside of population
norms
Quantitative and Qualitative methods
compliment one another
When combined, we can both predict how groups
acted or reacted and provide richer detail and
understanding as to why they reacted a certain way
Triangulation: Using more than one research
method in order to provide a better understanding of
the problems under study
16. Introducing Theoretical & Applied
Research
Two basic types of research
Theoretical – seeks to provide an underlying
framework for the study of public relations
Applied – seeks to use theory-driven research in
business world situations
17. How Does Theoretical Research
Work?
The theoretical researcher's ideas are put to the test in
laboratory settings
This means the researcher is trying to test research questions
in as “pure” a condition as possible
The researcher establishes which variables cause changes
in other variables
There is little theoretical research performed in the PR field,
though this is changing due to an increased emphasis on
demonstrating how PR contributes to the “bottom line” (i.e.
return on investment, ROI)
18. How Does Applied Research
Work?
Theoretical research findings are used by the applied
researcher
The applied researcher practices strategic research
and evaluation research
Evaluation provides a baseline at a campaign’s start
and allows researchers to set benchmarks
against their research
Benchmarks enable researchers to determine how their
campaign / program results compare to the industry or
other companies
19. The Theoretical Researcher as the
Architect
The Theoretical Researcher as
the Architect
Creates abstract plans that
determine what the structure
should look like
Creates the framework for
how concepts and ideas work
together
Specifies how certain
materials should be used
Specifies which concepts or
ideas can be used
20. The Applied Researcher as the
Builder
The Applied Researcher as
the Builder
Takes the plans and uses
them to construct the end-
product
Uses the theoretical
researcher’s framework &
applies it to solve real-world
problems
21. Research Questions
The relationship between applied vs. theoretical
research and quantitative vs. qualitative research
is driven by the kinds of research questions that
are asked
A research question is actually a statement made
into a research question
23. Questions of Definition
Questions of definition: define what is it
that we are attempting to observe
Most basic question asked by PR researchers
These questions are judgmental in that they seek
to define what it is that we should be observing
May be answered by quantitative or qualitative
methodology
24. Questions of Fact
Questions of Fact: seek to compare across
or between groups
QoF arise from questions of definition
Answer questions dealing with quantity — how much, how
many
Questions of fact can be verified or refuted through observation
(i.e. quantitatively)
Not capable of being answered through qualitative research
Often used when:
We want to know whether a communication strategy has produced
change in how a public views a product
Whether a communication vehicle (how the message was delivered)
has made a difference in the perceptions of an organization’s
25. Questions of Value
Questions of Value: ask “how well” or
“how good” something is
Can be answered quantitatively or qualitatively,
but are best answered qualitatively
Answering QoV quantitatively means that
researches must rely on attitude measure
Answering QoV qualitatively allows researchers
to ask individuals what they think of the
research object being measured and why
26. Questions of Policy
Questions of Policy: ask what should be
done
QoP are always strategic
Are almost always categorized as applied research
Answered by carefully looking at the findings of
questions of definition, fact and value
Require agreement on the definition of the problem,
on the findings of fact and value
In its application, the QoP most often addressed is
the actual development and execution of a
communication campaign or program
27. Use of Research in PR
Research is on the rise and is getting increasingly
sophisticated
Employing both formal and informal research methods
Using more complex statistical analyses
More theoretical research is being conducted by
the industry
As we become increasingly global, there is a need
for better understanding of complex social and
economic issues
28. Best Practices in Public Relations
1. Research methods & procedures should:
1. Be clear and have well defined research
objectives
2. Have a through research design and strictly
adhere to it
3. Provide detailed supporting documentation
2. Quality and substantive research findings
should:
1. Demonstrate effectiveness
2. Link outputs (tactics) to outcomes
3. Develop better communications programs
4. Demonstrate an impact on business outcomes
29. Definitions
Applied research: seeks to use theory-driven research in business world
situations
Data: The observations we make of the world around us via some
methodology
Deductive reasoning: a “top-down” approach where research begins with a
theory which is narrowed into a more specific hypothesis, tested through
observation, and then confirmed or denied.
Evaluation research: provides assessments of how well the program or
campaign is working
Formal research: the systematic gathering, analyzing and evaluating of
data vis some methodology
Inductive reasoning: A “bottom-up” approach where research begins with
specific observations and measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities,
begin to formulate a tentative hypothesis, and finally develop general
conclusions or theories
Informal research: the observing of people, events, or objects of interest as
30. Definitions
Laboratory research: research that has been carefully controlled to exclude
anything that might influence the relationships under study other than the
specific concepts under study
Quantitative Research: The objective, systematic and controlled gathering
of data
Qualitative Research: relies on the subjective evaluations that provide
researchers with an in-depth description and understanding of a particular
subject or event
Strategic research: the development of a public relations campaign or
program that uses theoretical elements (e.g., messages, sources) in a practical
way
Theoretical research: seeks to provide an underlying framework for the
study of public relations
Triangulation: Using more than one research method in order to provide a
better understanding of the problems under study
Variables: concepts that have been carefully defined for measurement