APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian standards for research writing & citation

1. Different
Bibliographical Form
Standards
Report by: Allana Delgado, BLIS – 3
LIS 322 – Introduction to Indexing & Abstracting
November 23, 2012

2. Definition of Terms
• Bibliography is a list or enumeration of
written works by an author or subject that
are common in a way
– It may be comprehensive or selective, long
bibliographies may be published as a book or
by serials
– a list of references to sources cited or
suggested readings in an article or book
• Reference is used in a work to refer the
reader to another part of the text.

3. Definition of Terms:
Bibliographic Elements
• basic information used to identify a resource
such as a book or article:

4. Definition of Terms:
Bibliographic Elements
Book:

5. Definition of Terms:
in-text reference
• Citation within the text, containing author
surname, publication date of the source (in
parentheses). It is inserted directly after the
information cited.
• There are two options for in-text referencing
– author’s name as part of sentence
Bright and Western (1984) have argued that...
– Adding a citation at the end of a sentence.
Biological stoichiometry is the study of the
balance of energy and multiple chemical
elements in living systems (Reiners 1986).

6. BIBLIOGRAPHIC
FORM
STANDARDS

7. Chicago Manual of
Style
• What? The CMS writing style was
first used in 1890 by students at the
University of Chicago.
• When used? Humanities field: art, history,
and literature.
• How different? Simple & concise, focuses
on citing the author, rather than date of
source

8. CMS sample:
Bibliography
Book Author Last Name, First Name Middle
Name. Book Title. City Published: Publisher,
Year Published.
Website Author Last Name, First Name Middle
Name. Site Title. Created Day Month Year.
<URL Address> (Accessed Day Month Year).

9. MLA Style Manual
• Modern Language Association’s style
is used in the educational and
literary world, a new edition coming out about
every decade.
• When used? often used by writers who are
not required to use a particular writing style.
• How different? The MLA style focuses on
citing information about the author.

10. MLA sample:
Last Name Page #
Works Cited
Book Author Last Name, Author First Name.
Book Title. ed. Editor First Name Editor Last
Name. City Published: Publisher, Year.
Website Author Last Name, Author First Name.
Site Title. ed. Editor First Name Last Name.
Publication Day Month. Year. Accessed Day
Month. Year. <URL Address>.

11. Publication Manual of the
APA
• What? The American Psychological
Association style is the preferred
format in the social sciences
• When used? when writing any social
sciences paper. It is a helpful style when
most sources are from published journals,
articles, and published works.
• How different? APA references focus on the
date and title of a research source instead of
the author.

12. APA sample:
Title Page #
References
Book Author, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year).
Book Title. (Vols. Volume#(s)). In First Initial.
Middle Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.),
Published City, Published State: Publisher.
Web Document Author Last Name, First Initial.
Middle Initial. (Year). In Web Document Title.
(chap. Chapter/Section). Retrieved Month
Day, Year, from URL Address

13. Why are there different citation
styles?
Different fields call for different formats, some
bibliographic elements are emphasized more.
• CMS – Footnotes for historical primary
sources (so readers can focus on evidence
than publication info)
• MLA – emphasized author’s name and page
• APA – Date so reader can see how research
has evolved

14. AMA Manual of Style
• (for Medicine and Health) is a by the
editors of the Journal of the American
Medical Association (JAMA) and the
Archives Journals, published lately by Oxford
University Press
• specifies writing and citation styles for use in
international scholarly publications in
medicine
• It was first published in 1962, and its latest
10th edition came out in 2007.

15. AMA Style samples
• Online: National Cancer Institute. Underlying mortality
data provided by National Center for Health Statistics.
Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/. Accessibility
verified September 20, 2005.
• Article: Salwachter AR, Freischlag JA, Sawyer RG,
Sanfey HA. The training needs and priorities of male and
female surgeons and their trainees. J Am Coll Surg.
2005; 201: 199-20
• Book: Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman
& Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000.

16. ACS Style Guide
• (for Chemistry) contains document
and citation standards for academic
research related to chemistry made
by the American Chemical Society (ACS).
• In citation, journal titles are abbreviated
Last Name, First Initial.; Last Name, First
Initial. Journal. Year, Volume, Pages.
Deno, N. C.; Richey, H. G.; Liu, J. S.;
Lincoln, D. N.; Turner, J. O. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 4533-4538.

17. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of
Research paper, theses, & dissertation
Kate Larimore Turabian (1893–1987) was the
graduate school dissertation secretary at the
University of Chicago from 1930 to 1958.
She wrote a pamphlet describing correct writing
style which eventually grew to A Manual for Writers
published in 1937, which now has 7 editions and more
than 8 million copies sold.
• Turabian style is the same as The Chicago
Manual of Style, save for a few minor
differences, and it focuses more on student
papers in classes than academic publication.

18. APA Requirements for a
Reference List:
• References cited in the text of a research paper must
appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list
provides the information necessary to identify and
retrieve each source.
• Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order
by authors' last names. Sources without authors are
arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
• Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all
authors of a work. Use an (&) instead "and" when listing
multiple authors
• Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle,
and any proper names. In Journal articles, it is
recommended that original capitalization is maintained.

19. APA Requirements for a
Reference List:
• Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to
designate page numbers of articles from
periodicals that do not use volume numbers,
especially newspapers.
• Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush
with the left margin, and all subsequent lines
are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a
"hanging indent".
• Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to
use italics for titles of books and journals.

20. APA Requirements for a
Reference List: Online
• Internet Address: A stable Internet address should be
included and should direct the reader as close as
possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital
object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or
similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not
stable, use the home page of the site you retrieved the
work from.
• Date: If the work is a finalized version published and
dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within
the main body of the citation is enough. If the work is not
dated and/or is subject to change, include the date of
retrieval.

21. Reference list: author
The following rules for handling works by a single author or
multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your
reference list, regardless of the type of work (book,
article, electronic resource, etc.)
– Single Author: Last name first, followed by author initials.
– Two Authors: List by their last names and initials. Use the
ampersand (&) instead of "and."
– 3-7Authors: List by last names and initials; commas
separate author names, while (&) last author name.
– More Than 7 Authors: List by last names and initials;
commas separate author names. After the sixth author's
name, use ellipses in place of the author names. Then
provide the final author name. There should be no more
than seven names.

22. Reference list: author
– Unknown Author: use title
– Two or More Works by the Same Author: Use the author's name
for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes
first).
– When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another
citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries
first.
– References that have the same first author and different second
and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically
– Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year:
organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of
the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year.
– Introductions, Prefaces, etc.: Cite the publishing information
about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface, Foreword,
or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the
book.

23. Reference List: Books
• Basic format:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of
work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
Example:
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).
(1997). Consequences of growing up
poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage
Foundation.

24. Reference List: Periodicals
• Basic format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(Year). Title of article.Title of Periodical,
volume number(issue number), pages.
• Example:
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for
preparing psychology journal
articles. Journal of Comparative and
Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

25. Reference List: Other print
sources
• An Entry in an Encyclopedia:
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New
Encyclopedia Britannica. (Vol. 26, pp. 501-
508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.
• Dissertation (unpublished):
Lastname, F. N. (Year). Title of dissertation.
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Name of
Institution, Location.

26. Reference list: Electronic
sources & web publication
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).
Title of article.Title of Online Periodical, volume
number(issue number if available). Retrieved
from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living
Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make
Websites, 149. Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

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