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3. SOLAR
ENERGY

4. INTRODUCTION

5. AIM
To acquaint the student offrs with the concept of
“Solar Energy” and its practical implications.

6. SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
We shall discuss about solar energy in the fol three parts:-
PART - I
 History of Solar Energy Sys
 Capacity of a Solar Panel
PART – II
 Top 10 Countries using Solar Power
 Solar Energy System in Pakistan
 Common Appls of Solar Energy
PART- III
 Analysis
 Conclusion
 Questions & Answers

7. PART-I
History of Solar Energy Sys
Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, a scientist of France,
discovered solar energy in 1839. He discovered the photo
voltaic effect which explains how electricity can be
generated from sun light. He claimed that "shining light
on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution
would create an electric current." However, even after
much research and development
subsequent
to
the discovery, photo voltaic power continued to be very
inefficient and solar cells were used mainly for the
purposes of measuring light.

After 100 yrs, Russell Ohl invented the solar cell,
shortly after the invention of the transistor.


8. Capacity of a Solar Panel

Solar Panel
:
100w

Battery
:
700 w

Solar Charging :
7 x hrs

Energy Savers :
4x25w

Light Duration :
7 hrs

9. PART-II
Top 10 Countries using Solar Power
Fol are the top 10 countries using solar power
in the world:-
1st Germany (9,785 MW)
Germany is the world Ldr in using solar tech.
Alone, Germany installed 3806 MW of photo
voltaic solar energy capacity, which is more than
Spain’s total capacity and almost eight times more
than the US. Still in future, Germany has a goal of
using 100% renewable energy by 2050. So, it is
likely that Germany will remain a strong market
for solar power.

10. A Scene of a Solar Panel installation in Germany.

11. 2nd Spain (3,386 MW)
A Scene of a Solar Panel installation in Spain.
Spain is the 2nd world Ldr in newly installed photo
voltaic solar energy due to the govt’s focus on
creating a national solar energy industry.

12. 3rd Japan (2,633 MW)
Japan stands 3rd in the world Ldrs in using solar
tech. Govt residential photo voltaic programs,
net-metering, high national solar energy goals to
reach 28 GW by 2020 and 53 GW by 2030, as well as
the sp of local auths and the pvt sector make Japan
a world Ldr in this fd. Japan invested 9 billion
dollars for solar energy, and their prime minister
also announced a plan to install solar power
at 32,000 public schools of Japan.

13. A Scene of Solar Panels installation in Japan.

14. 4th United States (1,650 MW)
A Scene of Solar Panels installation in US.
Supportive state lvl policies are a main driver of growth
in the US. Many large gr mounted solar projs are in the
pipeline due to which the installed capacity in the US is
expected to grow significantly in coming yrs.

15. 5th Italy (1,167 MW)
Mixing net-metering and a well-segmented Feed
in Tariffs (combined with a lot of sunshine), Italy
has become a world Ldr in solar energy. In 2009,
Italy experienced the second-largest solar energy
growth in the world. Every two months, Italians
install more solar power than California does in
an entire year.

16. A Scene of Solar Panels installation in Italy.

17. 6th Czech Republic (465 MW)
A Scene of Solar Panels installation in Czech.
Generous Feed in Tariffs and simple administrative
procedures have put the Czech Republic on this
list. Per capita, it installed more new solar power
than any other country besides Germany.

18. 7th Belgium (363 MW)
A Scene of Solar Panels installations in Belgium.
The image above shows Belgian solar flowers.
Belgium’s success is from “a well-designed Green
Certificates scheme”.

19. 8th China (305 MW)
China gets a lot of attention these days for its clean
energy push and for good reason. China is a maj
solar panel manufacturer but has not installed a ton
of photo voltaic itself yet. However, it now has 12 GW
of large projs in the pipeline and if those projs are
implemented, China is expected to jump closer to the
top of the list. According to China’s national energy
plan, it is expected to reach a total of 20 GW by 2020.

20. A Scene of Solar Panels installation in China.

21. 9th France (272 MW)
A Scene of Solar Panels installation in France.
France has a well designed Feed in Tariffs
for building integrated photo voltaic which
dominates the market there.

22. 10th India (120 MW)
Similar to China, India has fast increasing elec
demand and it has very high sun irradiation lvls.
Its govt has also been moving fwd strongly on
clean energy. It has a goal to reach 20 GW by 2020
as well. India could quickly rise higher on this list
with proper govt strategies.

23. A Scene of Solar Panels installations in India.

24. Current Posn of Top 10 Countries
using Solar Power
Previous Ranking
by 2009
1st
Present
Ranking
Countries
Capacity (MW)
1st
world Ldr
Germany
17,193
2nd Spain
5th
world Ldr
Spain
3,784
3rd
Japan
3rd
world Ldr
Japan
12,300
4th
USA
6th
world Ldr
USA
2,528
5th
Italy
2nd world Ldr
Italy
16,361
6th
Czech
8th
world Ldr
Czech
2,022
7th
Belgium
7th
world Ldr
Belgium
2,115
8th
China
4th
world Ldr
China
8,300
9th
France
10th world Ldr
France
1,025
9th
India
1,686
Germany
10th India
world Ldr

25. Solar Energy Sys in Pakistan
The world reserves of coal, oil and gas will get
exhausted within a few decades. The feasibility of
which is still uncertain and contested in many
countries of the world including Pak. Solar energy is
an alternative solution aval for the future
requirements of energy as Pakistan may not be
“Oil Rich” but it can definitely be claimed as
“Solar Rich”. Therefore, solar energy sys are highly
suitable to be installed in Pakistan to cover the
energy crises of Pakistan as an immediate measure.

26. A scene of solar panels installation in Pakistan

27.  On 29 May 2012, Pakistan inaugurated the first ever
solar power on grid power plant in Islamabad. The Proj
titled "Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar
Electricity Generation Sys" is a spec grant aid proj of
Japan International Coop Agency under Cool Earth
Partnership.
 This proj includes the instl of 178.08 KW Photo Voltaic
Solar sys each at the premises of Planning
Commission and Pak Engineering Council, Islamabad
which would cater to the needs of both, the Planning
Commission (P-Block), Pak Secretariat and Pak
Engineering Council Buildings. Combining the
generation capacity of both the photo voltaic sys, a
total of 356.16 KW of elec can be generated by the
entire setup.

28. This is the first on grid solar photo voltaic proj
which has the arrangement of net-metering thereby
allowing the beneficiaries to sell the surplus
electricity to Islamabad Electric Supply Company,
the electricity distr company of Islamabad Division.
The Project is executed with the grant assistance
worth 480 million Yen in three years of time
commencing from 2010. 50 to 100 MW of photo
voltaic was expected to be installed in 2013, and at
least 300 MW in 2014.

29. Common Appls of Solar Energy

33. Practical Appls of Solar Energy
Solar powered “Auto
Rickshaw”
NASA designed
Solar powered
vehicle- “HELIOS”

34. Solar Chimney

35. Solar street light
Solar cooker
used in
Rural Areas

36. Hubble's new Solar Panels unfolding
during Servicing Mission 3B in 2002.

37. Semi autonomous War machine- ”Odysseus”

38. PART-III
Merits




ANALYSIS
Solar thermal technology, the conversion efficiency
of sun energy is up to 90% in heating appls and up
to 45% in power generation and cooling appls.
Solar energies pay for themselves within a pd of
max up to six & a half yrs and are almost free for it’s
svc life up to 20 yrs or more.
Solar energy does not cause pollution.
If only two lac households switch over from
conventional source of heating, 15 to 20 lac KW of
our generating capacity can be saved for industrial
and agricultural use.

39.  Solar thermal heating does not create any adverse
effects on the environment as it traps sun energy to
heat water and space at almost no running cost to
the consumers and spins no harmful by-product
in the air.
 Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is
too expensive to extend the electricity power grid.
 So many items such as, calculators and other low
power consuming devices can be powered by solar
energy effectively.
 It is estimated that the world’s oil reserves will last
for 30 to 40 yrs. On the other hand, solar energy is
forever.

40. Demerits
 Sun-light is free but solar tech is not.
 Initial cost of solar water heating sys is more as
compared to the conventional sys.
 The challenge to the solar engineer is how to
capture, concentrate, accumulate and store enough
of sun’s sporadic energy for heating and power
generation.
 Less efficient in cloudy weather and in cold climatic
conditions. There is a possibility of failure of the sys,
where the temperature falls below
the
freezing
range. For that, additional care should be taken.

41.  Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is
daytime and sunny.
 Solar power stations can be built but they do not
match the power output of similar sized
conventional power stations. They are also very
expensive.
 Large areas of land are required to capture the
suns energy.
 Solar power is used to charge batteries so that
solar powered devices can be used at night.
However, the batteries are large and heavy and
need storage space. They also need replacing from
time to time.

42. CONCLUSION
Sun is the biggest source of energy in the universe.
The utilization of other energy sources like coal
energy, wood energy, oil and gas energy, electrical
energy etc are increasing day by day as increasing
demands of population. So, in a very near future or
even today we are hardly meeting our demands of
energy from the sources other than “Solar Energy”.
Advanced countries are already utilizing solar
energy. If we want to overcome our future
requirements of Pakistan successfully, we shall
definitely have to plan and execute in the direction of
achieving max use of solar energy.

43. Questions?