China and Japan experienced significant changes in the 19th century due to Western colonialism and Japan's modernization. European powers colonized much of Asia, controlling trade and imposing unequal treaties on China. Britain went to war with China over opium smuggling and took control of Hong Kong after their victory. Dissatisfied with this foreign domination, Chinese peasants formed the anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion in 1900. Meanwhile, Japan modernized its government and military under Emperor Meiji and defeated China and Russia to become the dominant power in East Asia, subsequently colonizing Korea from 1910 to 1945.

1. CHINA AND JAPAN
XIX CENTURY

2. COLONIALISM IN ASIA


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UK have expanded its
colonies from India (yellow).
France is based on southeast Asia (Indochina)
(purple).
The Netherlands are based
in south-east Asia
(Indonesia) (orange).
USA, after spanishamerican war, they
possessed the Philippines
(green).
Russia, they have expanded
its territories into Central
Asia and Manchuria (northeast Asia). (blue).

3. CHINA
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By 1800 Chinese produced
silks, high-quality cottons
and fine porcelain.
Economy was selfsufficiency. Chinese
allowed only trade with
West at the southern port of
Guangzhou. The balance of
trade was in favour of
Chinese. For example,
British imported millions of
kilos of tea from China.

4. OPIUM WARS

European countries
were determined to
change the balance
of trade withh China.
In late 18th Century
British merchants
smuggled opium into
China. By 1835 more
than 10 million
chinese were
addicted to opium.

5. 
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Chinese asked british to
stop smuggling opium
into China. As UK
refused to stop China
declared war.
British steam-powered
boats and cannons
defeated Chinese.
In 1842 China signed the
Treaty of Nanjing and
gave Hong Kong to
british.

6. SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

By late 19th century
foreign nations took
advantage of the
weakness of China
and attacked them.
China gave them the
control of the
economy: an sphere
of influence, a region
in which the foreign
nation controlled
trade and investment.

9. THE BOXER REBELLION
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Poor peasant and workers
resented the privileges granted
to foreigners. Chinese formed a
secret organization called The
Society of Harmonious Fists,
known as the Boxers.
In 1900 they surrounded the
European district of Pekin and
kept it under siege for several
months.
Months later a multinational
force (english, french, germans,
americans, russians, etc) of
20,000 marched toward Pekin
and defeated the Boxers.

10. Boxer Soldiers
Ending the rebellion

12. JAPAN: A MEIJI EMPEROR
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
Emperor Mutsuhito.
By 19th century Japan had
no contact with the
industrialized world.
Then, european countries
and USA tried to
convince/threat the
Japanese to open their
ports to free trade.
In 1854 the prime minister
signed a treaty and Japan
opened two ports and
gave permission to
foreigners to trade.

13. REFORM AND MODERNIZATION


Emperor Mutsuhito
deposed prime minister
and established a new
government. He chose
the name “Meiji” for his
reign, which means
“enlightened rule”.
Mutsuhito was 15
years old and reigned
for 45 years.
Rising Sun Flag.
National flag during Meiji Era. Now it is
still
Used in the Japan Army. This flag is
Considered offensive in some Asian
Countries such as South Korea and
China.

14. 
The best way to
oppose imperialism
was to adopt new
ways. Japan sent
ambassadors and
students to Europe
and North America to
study foreign ways
and adapted it to
Japan.

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From Germany they
liked a strong
centralized
government and the
discipline of the army.
From UK they
admired their navy.
From USA they
adopted the american
system of public
education.

15. Japan built its first railroad line in 1872 connecting
Tokyo with the port of Yokohama (30 km). By
1914 Japan had more than 10,000 km of
railroads.
Japan developed mode modern industries and
shipbuilding and weapons production made the
country competitive with the West.
Soon, Japanese government wanted a colonial
empire too.

16. MODERNIZATION OF THE ARMY

17. MODERNIZATION OF THE NAVY

18. JAPANESE IMPERIALISM
1. China.
2. Manchuria (clashing against Russia)
3. Korea

19. By 1900 Japan is the strongest military power in
Asia.

20. CHINESE-JAPANESE WAR (1895)
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In 1885 China and Japan
signed an agreement
pledging that they would
not send their armies into
Korea.
In 1894 China broke the
agreement and sent its
troops to Korea. Then
Japan declared war and in
only a few months they
defeated chinese.
In 1895 China signed a
treaty giving Japan the
island of Taiwan and the
Pescadores Islands.

21. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1905.
Manchuria (north-east China), the territory
Where Japan and Russia clashed their
armies.

22. 
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In 1903, Japan offered to recognize Russia's
rights in Manchuria if the Russians would
agree to stay out of Korea. Russians refused.
In february 1904 japanese launched a surprise
attack and destroyed or captured most of the
russian fleet.
In 1905 by the Treaty of Portsmouth Russia
withdrew from Manchuria and stay out of
Korea.

23. KOREA UNDER JAPANESE
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After defeating
Russia Japan
invaded Korea.
In 1910 Japan
officially annexed
Korea. They ruled
Korea for the next 35
years.

24. Japanese controlled Korean Schools: they
replaced the study of korean language and history
with that of Japan.
They took land away from korean farmers and
gave it to japanese settlers.
They encouraged japanese businessmen to start
industries in Korea.