The drake equation revisited

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In the almost half century since the Drake Equation was first conceived, a number of profound discoveries have been made that require each of the seven variables of this equation to be reconsidered. The discovery of hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, for example, as well as the ever-increasing extreme conditions in which life is found on Earth, suggest a much wider range of possible extraterrestrial habitats. The growing consensus that life originated very early in Earth's history also supports this suggestion. The discovery of exoplanets with a wide range of host star types, and attendant habitable zones, suggests that life may be possible in planetary systems with stars quite unlike our Sun. Stellar evolution also plays an important part in that habitable zones are mobile. The increasing brightness of our Sun over the next few billion years, will place the Earth well outside the present habitable zone, but will then encompass Mars, giving rise to the notion that some Drake Equation variables, such as the fraction of planets on which life emerges, may have multiple values.

The drake equation revisited

The drake equation revisited

The drake equation revisited

The drake equation revisited

The drake equation revisited

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Body Count Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the “War on Terror” Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan Four Million Muslims Killed in US-NATO Wars A March report by Physicians for Social Responsibility calculates the body count of the Iraq War at around 1.3 million, and possibly as many as 2 million. However, the numbers of those killed in Middle Eastern wars could be much higher. The actual death toll could reach as high as 4 million if one includes not just those killed in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but also the victims of the sanctions against Iraq, which left about 1.7 million more dead, half of them children, according to figures from the United Nations. In the wars that followed in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. not only killed millions, but systematically destroyed the infrastructure necessary for healthy, prosperous life in those countries, then used rebuilding efforts as opportunities for profit, rather than to benefit the occupied populations. To further add to the genocidal pattern of behavior, there is ample evidence of torture and persistent rumors of sexual assault from the aftermath of Iraq’s fall. It appears likely the U.S. has contributed to further destabilization and death in the region by supporting the rise of the self-declared Islamic State of Iraq and Syria by arming rebel groups on all sides of the conflict.

Body Count - Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the “War on Terror”

Body Count - Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the “War on Terror”

Body Count - Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the “War on Terror”

ARMY ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE END OF CHEAP OIL

ARMY ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE END OF CHEAP OIL

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Stephanie Seneff is a Senior Research Scientist at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. She received the B.S. degree in Biophysics in 1968, the M.S. and E.E. degrees in Electrical Engineering in 1980, and the Ph.D degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1985, all from MIT. For over three decades, her research interests have always been at the intersection of biology and computation: developing a computational model for the human auditory system, understanding human language so as to develop algorithms and systems for human computer interactions, as well as applying natural language processing (NLP) techniques to gene predictions. She has published over 170 refereed articles on these subjects, and has been invited to give keynote speeches at several international conferences. She has also supervised numerous Master's and PhD theses at MIT. In 2012, Dr. Seneff was elected Fellow of the International Speech and Communication Association (ISCA). In recent years, Dr. Seneff has focused her research interests back towards biology. She is concentrating mainly on the relationship between nutrition and health. Since 2011, she has written over a dozen papers (7 as first author) in various medical and health-related journals on topics such as modern day diseases (e.g., Alzheimer, autism, cardiovascular diseases), analysis and search of databases of drug side effects using NLP techniques, and the impact of nutritional deficiencies and environmental toxins on human health.

GMOs and Roundup: a Marriage Made in Hell

GMOs and Roundup: a Marriage Made in Hell

GMOs and Roundup: a Marriage Made in Hell

Michael J. W. Hall, Dirk-André Deckert, and Howard M. Wiseman ABSTRACT We investigate whether quantum theory can be understood as the continuum limit of a mechanical theory, in which there is a huge, but finite, number of classical “worlds,” and quantum effects arise solely from a universal interaction between these worlds, without reference to any wave function. Here, a “world” means an entire universe with well-defined properties, determined by the classical configuration of its particles and fields. In our approach, each world evolves deterministically, probabilities arise due to ignorance as to which world a given observer occupies, and we argue that in the limit of infinitely many worlds the wave function can be recovered (as a secondary object) from the motion of these worlds. We introduce a simple model of such a “many interacting worlds” approach and show that it can reproduce some generic quantum phenomena—such as Ehrenfest’s theorem, wave packet spreading, barrier tunneling, and zero-point energy—as a direct consequence of mutual repulsion between worlds. Finally, we perform numerical simulations using our approach. We demonstrate, first, that it can be used to calculate quantum ground states, and second, that it is capable of reproducing, at least qualitatively, the double-slit interference phenomenon. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.4.041013

Quantum phenomena modeled by interactions between many classical worlds

Quantum phenomena modeled by interactions between many classical worlds

Quantum phenomena modeled by interactions between many classical worlds

The Project Gutenberg EBook of On War, by Carl von Clausewitz This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: On War Author: Carl von Clausewitz Release Date: February 25, 2006 [EBook #1946] Last Updated: January 26, 2013 Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON WAR *** Produced by Charles Keller and David Widger

On war, by General Carl von Clausewitz

On war, by General Carl von Clausewitz

On war, by General Carl von Clausewitz

Government agencies have long employed entertainment industry liaisons to work with Hollywood in order to improve their public image. For instance, the Federal Bureau of Investigation established its entertainment office in the 1930s and has used its influence to bolster the image of the bureau in radio programs, films and television shows such as G-Men (1935), The Untouchables (1959–1963), The FBI Story (1959), and The F.B.I. (1965–1979). In 1947, the Department of Defense established its first entertainment industry liaison, and now, the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the Marine Corps, the Department of Homeland Security, the Secret Service, and the US Coast Guard all have Motion Picture and Television Offices or official assistants to the media on their payroll. Even government centers are now working with Tinsel Town, as evidenced by Hollywood, Health, and Society—a program associated with the University of Southern California’s Annenberg Norman Lear Center and funded in part by the Center for Disease Control and the National Institute of Health to provide the entertainment industry with information for health-related story lines

Get smart a look at the current relationship between hollywood and the cia

Get smart a look at the current relationship between hollywood and the cia

Get smart a look at the current relationship between hollywood and the cia

The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: Marks' award-winning 1979 book, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate describes a wide range of CIA activities during the Cold War, including unethical drug experiments in the context of a mind-control and chemical interrogation research program. The book is based on 15,000 pages of CIA documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act and many interviews, including those with retired members of the psychological division of the CIA, and the book describes some of the work of psychologists in this effort with a whole chapter on the Personality Assessment System. A 'Manchurian Candidate' is an unwitting assassin brainwashed and programmed to kill. In this book, former State Department officer John Marks tells the explosive story of the CIA's highly secret program of experiments in mind control. His curiosity first aroused by information on a puzzling suicide. Marks worked from thousands of pages of newly released documents as well as interviews and behavioral science studies, producing a book that 'accomplished what two Senate committees could not' (Senator Edward Kennedy).

The search for the manchurian candidate: the CIA and mind control The secret ...

The search for the manchurian candidate: the CIA and mind control The secret ...

The search for the manchurian candidate: the CIA and mind control The secret ...

Prof Bernard Carr Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Queen Mary, University of London Astronomer and mathematician Bernard Carr theorizes that many of the phenomena we experience but cannot explain within the physical laws of this dimension actually occur in other dimensions. Albert Einstein stated that there are at least four dimensions. The fourth dimension is time, or spacetime, since Einstein said space and time cannot be separated. In modern physics, theories about the existence of up to 11 dimensions and the possibility of more have gained traction. Carr, a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Queen Mary University of London, says our consciousness interacts with another dimension. Furthermore, the multi-dimensional universe he envisions has a hierarchical structure. We are at the lowest-level dimension. “The model resolves well-known philosophical problems concerning the relationship between matter and mind, elucidates the nature of time, and provides an ontological framework for the interpretation of phenomena such as apparitions, OBEs [out-of-body experiences], NDEs [near-death-experiences], and dreams,” he wrote in a conference abstract. Carr reasons that our physical sensors only show us a 3-dimensional universe, though there are actually at least four dimensions. What exists in the higher dimensions are entities we cannot touch with our physical sensors. He said that such entities must still have a type of space to exist in. “The only non-physical entities in the universe of which we have any experience are mental ones, and … the existence of paranormal phenomena suggests that mental entities have to exist in some sort of space,” Carr wrote. The other-dimensional space we enter in dreams overlaps with the space where memory exists. Carr says telepathy signals a communal mental space and clairvoyance also contains a physical space. “Non-physical percepts have attributes of externality,” he wrote in his book “Matter, Mind, and Higher Dimensions.” He builds on previous theories, including the Kaluza–Klein theory, which unifies the fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism. The Kaluza–Klein theory also envisions a 5-dimensional space. In “M-theory,” there are 11 dimensions. In superstring theory, there are 10. Carr understands this as a 4-dimensional “external” space—meaning these are the four dimensions in Einstein’s relativity theory—and a 6- or 7-dimensional “internal” space—meaning these dimensions relate to psychic and other “intangible” phenomena.

Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard Carr

Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard Carr

Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard Carr

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão em torno da aceleração tecnológica atualmente em curso, utilizando o viés da IA como fio condutor, na tentativa de identificar tendências, implicações e perspectivas que poderão se concretizar no curto prazo, influindo, talvez radicalmente, no próprio futuro da humanidade. A atual escalada do desenvolvimento tecnológico coloca em bases concretas a perspectiva de realização do que tecnicamente está sendo chamado de Superinteligência Artificial (SIA), uma forma de inteligência muito superior a do ser humano em todos os sentidos. A possibilidade do desenvolvimento da SIA impõe, talvez pela primeira vez, em termos reais, a questão de uma tecnologia ser capaz de efetivamente “posicionar-se” contra a humanidade, com conseqüências imprevisíveis. Torna-se então necessário ampliar o debate em torno do tema para garantir ética e segurança nos rumos futuros do seu desenvolvimento.

Superinteligência artificial e a singularidade tecnológica

Superinteligência artificial e a singularidade tecnológica

Superinteligência artificial e a singularidade tecnológica

though high levels of narcissism can impair ethical judgment regardless of one's religious orientation or orthodox beliefs, narcissism is more harmful in those who might be expected to be more ethical, according to a Baylor University study published online in the Journal of Business Ethics. "Devout people who are narcissistic and exercise poor ethical judgment would be committing acts that are, according to their own internalized value system, blatantly hypocritical," said Marjorie J. Cooper, Ph.D., study author and professor of marketing at Baylor's Hankamer School of Business. "Narcissism is sufficiently intrusive and powerful that it entices people into behaving in ways inimical to their most deeply-held beliefs." The study identified three groups- skeptics, nominal Christians, and devout Christians. Skeptics largely reject foundational Christian teachings. Nominal Christians are moderate in their intrinsic religious orientation as well as in their orthodox beliefs. Devout Christians are high in intrinsic religious orientation and orthodoxy, which indicates that they fully internalize Christian beliefs and values. "We found that nominal and devout Christians show better ethical judgment than the skeptics overall, but especially those whose narcissistic tendencies are at the low end of the spectrum," said Chris Pullig, Ph.D., chair of the department of marketing and associate professor of marketing at Baylor. "However, that undergoes a notable alteration as levels of narcissism rise for subjects within each cluster." "Both the nominal and devout groups show degrees of poor ethical judgment equal to that of the skeptics when accompanied by higher degrees of narcissism, a finding that suggests a dramatic transformation for both nominals and the devouts when ethical judgment is clouded by narcissistic tendencies," he said. For the skeptics, the range of scores for ethical judgment from low to high lacks the range that is found for the nominals and devouts. Increased narcissism among skeptics does not result in significantly worse ethical judgment. "However, the same cannot be said for the nominals or the devouts," Cooper said. "For both of these groups as narcissism increases so does the tendency to demonstrate worse ethical judgment. Thus, a higher level of narcissism is more likely to be associated with unethical judgment among nominal Christians and devout Christians than skeptics."

Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religious

Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religious

Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religious

While one widely held view maintains playing video games is intellectually lazy, such play actually may strengthen a range of cognitive skills such as spatial navigation, reasoning, memory and perception, according to several studies reviewed in the article. This is particularly true for shooter video games that are often violent, the authors said. A 2013 meta-analysis found that playing shooter video games improved a player’s capacity to think about objects in three dimensions, just as well as academic courses to enhance these same skills, according to the study. “This has critical implications for education and career development, as previous research has established the power of spatial skills for achievement in science, technology, engineering and mathematics,” Granic said. This enhanced thinking was not found with playing other types of video games, such as puzzles or role-playing games. Playing video games may also help children develop problem-solving skills, the authors said. The more adolescents reported playing strategic video games, such as role-playing games, the more they improved in problem solving and school grades the following year, according to a long-term study published in 2013. Children’s creativity was also enhanced by playing any kind of video game, including violent games, but not when the children used other forms of technology, such as a computer or cell phone, other research revealed.

The benefits of playing video games amp a0034857

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The benefits of playing video games amp a0034857

Technology and cognition situated cognition2013

Technology and cognition situated cognition2013

Technology and cognition situated cognition2013

This is another type of war, new in its intensity, ancient in its origin—war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins, war by ambush instead of by combat; by infiltration, instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him. It preys on economic unrest and ethnic conflicts. It requires in those situations where we must counter it, and these are the kinds of challenges that will be before us in the next decade if freedom is to be saved, a whole new kind of strategy, a wholly different kind of force, and therefore a new and wholly different kind of military training

Defining asymmetric warfare

Defining asymmetric warfare

Defining asymmetric warfare

There are some not well known risks associated with the program of SETI—the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. One of them is the scenario of possible vulnerability from downloading hostile AI with “virus-style” behavior. The proportion of dangerous ET-signals to harmless ones can be dangerously high because of selection effects and evolutionary pressure. Alexey Turchin was born in Moscow, Russia in 1973. Alexey studied Physics and Art History at Moscow State University and actively participated in the Russian Transhumanist Movement. He has translated many foreign Transhumanist works into Russian, including N. Bostrom and E.Yudkowsky. He is an expert in Global Risks and wrote the book “Structure of the Global Catastrophe: Risks of Human Extinction in the XXI Century,” as well as several articles on the topic. Since 2010, he has worked at Science Longer Life where he is writing a book on futurology.

Risks of SETI

As the 21st Century dawns, warfare is in the midst of revolutionary change. Information Age warfare characterized by knowledge, speed, and precision is slowly supplanting Industrial Age war and its reliance on mass. The advent of precision firepower is but the first tremor of this tectonic shift. As it reverberates around the globe, the Precision Firepower Military Technical Revolution will dramatically increase the lethality and reach of defensive fires. Unless the means for offensive maneuver adapt to overcome the greatly enhanced power of the defense, future soldiers will face stalemate and indecision much like their forefathers confronted in 1914.

The revolution after next

The revolution after next

The revolution after next

Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arse...

Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arse...

Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arse...

There are inherent discrepancies between the nuclear declaratory policy and the nuclear employment policy of most countries, and the United States is no exception. U.S. declaratory policy is what officials say publicly about how nuclear weapons would be used. During the Cold War, official public statements usually suggested that the United States would employ its strategic nuclear arsenal only in retaliation against a Soviet nuclear “first-strike.” But this rationale poses a logical disconnect that suggests an unsettling theory. If the Russians attacked first, there would be little left to hit in retaliating against their nuclear forces, and even less by the time the U.S. “retaliatory” attack arrived at its targets. Many Russian missile silos would be empty, submarines would be at sea, and bombers would be dispersed to airfields or in the air. Ineluctably, the logic of nuclear war planning demands that options exist 14 Natural Resources Defense Councilto fire first. Thus the U.S. President retains a first-strike option, regardless of whether he has any such intention or not. The Soviet Union was faced with a similar dilemma and must have come to similar conclusions. As a consequence, therefore, both sides’ nuclear deterrent strategies have “required” large and highly alert nuclear arsenalsto execute preemptive strike options.

The us nuclear war plan

The us nuclear war plan

The us nuclear war plan

A assimetria se refere ao desbalanceamento extremo de forças. Para o mais forte, a guerra assimétrica é traduzida como forma ilegítima de violência, especialmente quando voltada a danos civis. Para o mais fraco, é uma forma de combate. No pensamento de Clausewitz, a guerra não é arte nem ciência, é um fenômeno que pertence ao campo da existência social, e que, dependendo das condições, pode tomar formas radicalmente diferentes, modificando a sua natureza em cada caso concreto, em analogia ao atributo do camaleão.

Guerra assimetrica

Guerra assimetrica

Guerra assimetrica

"Geoengineering describes activities specifically and deliberately designed to effect a change in the global climate with the aim of minimising or reversing anthropogenic (that is human caused) climate change. Geoengineering covers many techniques and technologies but splits into two broad categories: those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere such as sequestering and locking carbon dioxide in geological formations; and those that reflect solar radiation. Techniques in this category include the injection of sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere to mimic the cooling effect caused by large volcanic eruptions. The technologies and techniques vary so much that any regulatory framework for geoengineering cannot be uniform. Instead, those techniques, particularly carbon removal, that are closely related to familiar existing technologies, could be regulated by developing the international regulation of the existing regimes to encompass geoengineering. For other technologies, especially solar refection, new regulatory arrangements will have to be developed."

The regulation of geoengineering - House of Commons

The regulation of geoengineering - House of Commons

The regulation of geoengineering - House of Commons

A recommended national program in weather modification

A recommended national program in weather modification

A recommended national program in weather modification

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Body Count - Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the “War on Terror”

Body Count - Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the “War on Terror”

Body Count - Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the “War on Terror”

ARMY ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE END OF CHEAP OIL

ARMY ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE END OF CHEAP OIL

ARMY ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE END OF CHEAP OIL

GMOs and Roundup: a Marriage Made in Hell

GMOs and Roundup: a Marriage Made in Hell

GMOs and Roundup: a Marriage Made in Hell

Quantum phenomena modeled by interactions between many classical worlds

Quantum phenomena modeled by interactions between many classical worlds

Quantum phenomena modeled by interactions between many classical worlds

On war, by General Carl von Clausewitz

On war, by General Carl von Clausewitz

On war, by General Carl von Clausewitz

Get smart a look at the current relationship between hollywood and the cia

Get smart a look at the current relationship between hollywood and the cia

Get smart a look at the current relationship between hollywood and the cia

The search for the manchurian candidate: the CIA and mind control The secret ...

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The search for the manchurian candidate: the CIA and mind control The secret ...

Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard Carr

Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard Carr

Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard Carr

Superinteligência artificial e a singularidade tecnológica

Superinteligência artificial e a singularidade tecnológica

Superinteligência artificial e a singularidade tecnológica

Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religious

Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religious

Narcissism impairs ethical judgment even among the highly religious

The benefits of playing video games amp a0034857

The benefits of playing video games amp a0034857

The benefits of playing video games amp a0034857

Technology and cognition situated cognition2013

Technology and cognition situated cognition2013

Technology and cognition situated cognition2013

Defining asymmetric warfare

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Defining asymmetric warfare

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The revolution after next

The revolution after next

The revolution after next

Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arse...

Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arse...

Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arse...

The us nuclear war plan

The us nuclear war plan

The us nuclear war plan

Guerra assimetrica

Guerra assimetrica

Guerra assimetrica

The regulation of geoengineering - House of Commons

The regulation of geoengineering - House of Commons

The regulation of geoengineering - House of Commons

A recommended national program in weather modification

A recommended national program in weather modification

A recommended national program in weather modification

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Grade 7 - Lesson 1 - Microscope and Its Functions

Grade 7 - Lesson 1 - Microscope and Its Functions

Grade 7 - Lesson 1 - Microscope and Its Functions

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Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation: Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases. Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses. Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease. Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe. Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases. Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses. Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations. Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach. Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

Mustard, as a crop, is susceptible to a variety of pests that can affect its growth and yield. Here’s a rundown of some common pests that target mustard plants: Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can cause significant damage by feeding on the leaves and stems. Aphids also excrete a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the plants. Flea Beetles: These tiny beetles jump like fleas when disturbed and chew small holes in the leaves. They are particularly damaging in the early growth stages of the plant. Cabbage Loopers: The larvae of a type of moth, these caterpillars are known for their distinctive looping movement. They chew large holes in the leaves and can defoliate plants if present in large numbers. Diamondback Moth Larvae: Another caterpillar pest, these larvae chew small holes in the leaves and can cause extensive damage, especially when infestations are heavy. Whiteflies: These are tiny, winged insects that feed on plant sap and can quickly become a problem in greenhouse or close planting conditions. Like aphids, they also secrete honeydew. Cutworms: These are the larvae of certain types of moths and are known for cutting young plants at the stem base at ground level. They are most destructive during the night. Root Maggots: The larvae of root maggot flies, these pests attack the roots of mustard plants, causing wilting and potentially killing young plants. Harlequin Bugs: These are colorful stink bugs that suck the sap from mustard plant stems and leaves, causing the leaves to become stippled, wilt, and eventually die if the infestation is severe. Mustard Sawfly: The larvae of the mustard sawfly can cause considerable defoliation, as they feed voraciously on the leaves. Clubroot: Caused by a fungus-like organism, clubroot affects the roots, causing them to swell and distort. While technically a disease, it is often associated with pest management because controlling it involves similar preventative strategies. Control Measures: Managing pests in mustard involves a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical methods. Crop rotation, resistant varieties, timely sowing, maintaining plant health, and using natural predators like ladybugs and parasitic wasps can help keep pest populations under control. Chemical pesticides should be used as a last resort due to their potential impact on the environment and non-target species.

Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

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The Mariana Trench remarkable geological features on Earth.pptx

The Mariana Trench remarkable geological features on Earth.pptx

The Mariana Trench remarkable geological features on Earth.pptx

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Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

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Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

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Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

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GBSN - Microbiology (Unit 1)

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